How big planes take off. The force of land rejection, pilot training and how an airplane flies

Do you want to overcome your fear of flying? Most The best way— learn more about how an airplane flies, at what speed it moves, to what altitude it rises. People are afraid of the unknown, and when the issue is studied and considered, then everything becomes simple and understandable. So be sure to read about how a plane flies - This is the first step in the fight against aerophobia.

If you look at the wing, you will see that it is not flat. Its lower surface is smooth, and its upper surface is convex. Due to this, as the speed of the aircraft increases, the air pressure on the wing changes. At the bottom of the wing the flow velocity is less, so the pressure is greater. At the top, the flow rate is greater and the pressure is less. It is due to this pressure difference that the wing pulls the plane upward. This difference between the lower and upper pressure is called the lift of the wing. In fact, during acceleration, the aircraft is pushed upward when it reaches a certain speed(pressure differences).

The air flows around the wing at different speeds, pushing the plane upward

This principle was discovered and formulated by the founder of aerodynamics Nikolai Zhukovsky back in 1904, and 10 years later it was successfully applied during the first flights and tests. The area, shape of the wing and flight speed are designed in such a way as to easily lift multi-ton aircraft into the air. Majority modern airliners They fly at speeds from 180 to 260 kilometers per hour - this is quite enough to stay confidently in the air.

At what altitude do planes fly?

Do you understand why planes fly? Now we will tell you about the altitude at which they fly.Passenger aircraft “occupied” the corridor from 5 to 12 thousand meters. Large passenger liners usually fly at an altitude of 9-12 thousand, smaller ones - 5-8 thousand meters. This altitude is optimal for aircraft movement: at this altitude, air resistance is reduced by 5-7 times, but there is still enough oxygen for normal engine operation. Above 12 thousand, the plane begins to fail - the rarefied air does not create normal lift, and there is also an acute lack of oxygen for combustion (engine power drops). The ceiling for many liners is 12,200 meters.

Note:a plane that flies at an altitude of 10 thousand meters saves approximately 80% of fuel compared to if it were flying at an altitude of 1000 meters.

What is the speed of the plane during takeoff?

Let's consider, how the plane takes off . Picking up a certain speed, it takes off from the ground. At this moment, the airliner is most uncontrollable, so the runways are made with a significant margin in length. Lift-off speed depends on the mass and shape of the aircraft, as well as the configuration of its wings. As an example, we provide table values ​​for the most popular types of aircraft:

1. Boeing 747 -270 km/h.
2. Airbus A 380 - 267 km/h.
3. IL 96 - 255 km/h.
4. Boeing 737 - 220 km/h.
5. Yak-40 -180 km/h.
6. Tu 154 - 215 km/h.

On average, the takeoff speed of most modern airliners is 230-250 km/h. But it is not constant - it all depends on wind acceleration, the mass of the aircraft, the runway, weather and other factors (values ​​may differ by 10-15 km/h in one direction or another). But to the question: At what speed does a plane take off? you can answer - 250 kilometers per hour, and you will not be mistaken.

Different types of planes take off at different speeds

At what speed does the plane land?

Landing speed, like takeoff speed, can vary greatly depending on aircraft models, wing area, weight, wind and other factors. On average, it varies from 220 to 250 kilometers per hour.

Humanity has long been interested in the question of how it is that a multi-ton aircraft can easily rise to the skies. How does take-off happen and how do planes fly? When an airliner moves at high speed along the runway, lift is generated at the wings and works from the bottom up.

When an aircraft moves, a pressure difference is generated on the lower and upper sides of the wing, resulting in a lifting force that keeps the aircraft in the air. Those. High air pressure from below pushes the wing upward, while low air pressure from above pulls the wing towards itself. As a result, the wing rises.

For an airliner to take off, it needs a sufficient runway. The lift of the wings increases as the speed increases, which must exceed the limit takeoff mode. Then pilot increases takeoff angle, taking the helm to himself. The nose of the airliner rises up and the car rises into the air.

Then landing gear and exhaust lights are retracted. In order to reduce the lift of the wing, the pilot gradually retracts the mechanization. When the airliner reaches the required level, the pilot sets standard pressure, and engines - nominal mode. To see how the plane takes off, we suggest watching the video at the end of the article.

The aircraft takes off at an angle. From a practical point of view, this can be explained as follows. The elevator is a movable surface, by controlling which you can cause the aircraft to deflect in pitch.

The elevator can control the pitch angle, i.e. change the rate of gain or loss of altitude. This occurs due to changes in the angle of attack and lift force. By increasing the engine speed, the propeller begins to spin faster and lifts the airliner upward. Conversely, by pointing the elevators down, the nose of the aircraft moves down, and the engine speed should be reduced.

Tail section of an airliner equipped with a rudder and brakes on both sides of the wheels.

How airliners fly

When answering the question why planes fly, we should remember the law of physics. The pressure difference affects the lift of the wing.

The flow rate will be greater if the air pressure is low and vice versa.

Therefore, if the speed of an airliner is high, then its wings acquire a lifting force that pushes the aircraft.

The lifting force of an airliner wing is also influenced by several circumstances: angle of attack, speed and density of air flow, area, profile and shape of the wing.

Modern airliners have minimum speed from 180 to 250 km/h, during which the takeoff takes place, plans in the skies and does not fall.

Flight altitude

What is the maximum and safe flight altitude for an aircraft?

Not all ships have the same altitude, the “air ceiling” can fluctuate at altitude from 5000 to 12100 meters. At high altitudes, air density is minimal, and the airliner achieves the lowest air resistance.

The airliner engine requires a fixed volume of air for combustion, because the engine will not create the required thrust. Also, when flying at high altitudes, the aircraft saves fuel up to 80%, in contrast to altitudes up to a kilometer.

What keeps a plane in the air?

To answer why airplanes fly, it is necessary to examine one by one the principles of its movement in the air. A jet airliner with passengers on board reaches several tons, but at the same time, it easily takes off and carries out a thousand-kilometer flight.

The movement in the air is also influenced by the dynamic properties of the device and the design of the units that form the flight configuration.

Forces affecting the movement of an aircraft in the air

The operation of an airliner begins with the engine starting. Small ships run on piston engines that turn propellers, which generate thrust to help propel the aircraft through the air.

Large airliners are powered by jet engines, which emit a lot of air as they operate, and the jet force propels the aircraft forward.

Why does the plane take off and stay in the air for a long time? Because the shape of the wings has a different configuration: round at the top and flat at the bottom, then the air flow on both sides is not the same. The air on top of the wings glides and becomes rarefied, and its pressure is less than the air below the wing. Therefore, due to uneven air pressure and the shape of the wings, a force arises that leads to the aircraft taking off upward.

But in order for an airliner to easily take off from the ground, it needs to take off at high speed along the runway.

It follows from this that in order for an airliner to fly unhindered, it needs moving air, which the wings cut and creates lift.

Airplane takeoff and speed

Many passengers are interested in the question: what speed does the plane reach during takeoff? There is a misconception that the takeoff speed is the same for every aircraft. To answer the question, what is the speed of the aircraft during takeoff, you should pay attention to important factors.

1. An airliner does not have a strictly fixed speed. The lift of an airliner depends on its mass and the length of its wings. Takeoff occurs when a lifting force is created in the oncoming flow, which is much greater than the mass of the aircraft. Therefore, the takeoff and speed of the aircraft depends on wind direction, atmospheric pressure, humidity, precipitation, length and condition of the runway.
2. To create lift and successfully lift off the ground, the aircraft needs reach maximum takeoff speed and sufficient takeoff run. This requires long runways. The larger the aircraft, the longer the runway is required.
3. Each aircraft has its own takeoff speed scale, because they all have their own purpose: passenger, sport, cargo. The lighter the aircraft, the significantly lower the takeoff speed and vice versa.

Boeing 737 passenger jet take off

• The take-off run of an airliner on the runway begins when the engine will reach 800 rpm per minute, the pilot slowly releases the brakes and holds the control lever at a neutral level. The plane then continues on three wheels;
• Before leaving the ground the speed of the airliner should reach 180 km per hour. The pilot then pulls the lever, which causes the flaps to deflect and raise the nose of the aircraft. Further acceleration is carried out on two wheels;
• After, with the bow raised, the airliner accelerates on two wheels to 220 km per hour, and then lifts off the ground.

Therefore, if you want to learn more about how a plane takes off, to what altitude and at what speed, we offer you this information in our article. We hope that you will enjoy your air travel greatly.

Airplanes, especially up close, are impressive with their g dimensions and ma piss. However, it remains unclear how such a bulky and heavy object rises into the heavenly heights. Moreover, not even all adults can answer this, and children’s questions can often confuse them. The occurrence of lift is often explained by the difference in static pressures of air flows on the upper and lower surfaces of the aircraft wing.

The design of the wing is such that the upper part of its profile has a convex shape. The air flow flowing around the wing is divided into two: upper and lower. The speed of the bottom flow remains almost unchanged. But the speed of the top one increases due to the fact that it must cover a greater distance in the same time. Consequently, the pressure above the wing becomes lower. Due to the difference in these pressures, a lifting force arises, which pushes the wing upward, and with it the plane rises. And the greater this difference, the greater the lifting force
An airplane can only take off if the lift force is greater than its weight. It develops speed with the help of an engine

lei As speed increases, lift also increases. And the plane rises up. Each of you probably made paper airplanes and launched them with force. WITH A modern aircraft, even weighing tens of tons, its wing must have sufficient area. The lift of a wing is influenced by many parameters, such as profile, area, wing planform, angle of attack, air speed and density. Each plane has its own minimum speed at which it can take off and fly without crashing. Thus, the minimum speed of modern passenger aircraft is in the range from 180 to 250 km/h.In order for the lift force to lift into the air If such an airplane is thrown upward with force, it can fly far, but if it is launched slightly, it will immediately fall to the ground. This means that in order for a paper airplane to stay in the air, it must constantly move forward. Large airplanes are propelled forward by powerful engines that turn a propeller. A rapidly rotating propeller throws out huge masses of air behind itself, providing forward motion of the aircraft.

If the lift and weight of an airplane are equal, then it flies horizontally.

When creating an aircraft, great attention is paid to the wing, because the safety of flights will depend on it. Looking out the window, the passenger notices that it is bending and is about to break. Don't be afraid, it can withstand enormous loads.
If the plane's engine fails, it's okay, the plane will fly on the second one. If both engines fail

History knows of cases where people landed in such circumstances. Chassis? Nothing prevents the plane from landing on its belly; if certain fire safety measures are observed, it will not even catch fire. But a plane can never fly without a wing.

Why do planes fly so high?

Because it is what creates lift. The flight altitude of modern jet aircraft ranges from 5,000 to 10,000 meters above sea level. This can be explained very simply: at such an altitude, the air density is much lower, and, therefore, air resistance is lower. Airplanes fly at high altitudes because when flying at an altitude of 10 kilometers, the aircraft consumes 80% less fuel than when flying at an altitude of one kilometer. However, why then do they not fly even higher, in the upper layers of the atmosphere, where the air density is even less? The fact is that to create the necessary thrust by an aircraft engine, a certain minimum supply of air is required. Therefore, every aircraft has a maximum safe flight altitude, also called a “service ceiling.” For example, the service ceiling of the Tu-154 aircraft is about 12,100 meters.

Why does a plane need to burn all its fuel before landing?

To summarize, we can say that the aircraft burns fuel so that the load on the landing gear during landing does not exceed the maximum, otherwise the landing gear simply will not withstand it.
When designing an aircraft (both civil and military, by the way) and in particular its landing gear, there is always such a parameter as the maximum landing weight. It is quite obvious that this is the maximum weight that the landing gear will support during landing. When an aircraft is being prepared for a mission, it is filled with enough fuel to fly to the planned landing site + navigation fuel reserves. When everything is normal, the fuel is not drained. If the crew decides to land the vehicle and its weight exceeds the maximum landing weight, then the fuel is disposed of. Such situations occur especially often in the event of a serious failure immediately after takeoff. It should also be noted that not all aircraft simply “burn” fuel in order to “lose weight”; some are equipped with an emergency fuel drain system.

Many people are afraid of falling down from a height of 10 km. This is impossible due to the strong pressure under the aircraft's wings. It handles in the air no worse than a car on the highway. You can put it on its tail, rotate it 100 degrees around its axis, point it down - and if you release the steering wheel, the plane will simply sway in the air, like a boat on the waves.

A person will fly relying not on the strength of his muscles, but on the strength of his mind.
N. E. Zhukovsky

Photo by I. Dmitriev.

Rice. 1. When a flat plate interacts with an air flow, a lifting force and a drag force arise.

Rice. 2. When air flows around a curved wing, the pressure on its lower surface will be higher than on the upper. The difference in pressure gives lift.

Rice. 3. By deflecting the control stick, the pilot changes the shape of the elevator (1-3) and wings (4-6).

Rice. 4. The rudder is deflected by pedals.

Have you ever flown? Not on a plane, not on a helicopter, not on hot-air balloon, and you yourself are like a bird? Didn't you have to? And I didn't have the chance. However, as far as I know, no one succeeded.

Why couldn’t a person do this, because it seems that all you need to do is copy the wings of a bird, attach them to your hands and, imitating the birds, soar into the sky. But it was not there. It turned out that the man did not have enough strength to lift himself into the air on flapping wings. The annals of all peoples are replete with stories about such attempts, from ancient Chinese and Arab (the first mention is in the Chinese chronicle “Canhanshu”, written back in the 1st century AD) to European and Russian. Masters in different countries They used mica, thin rods, leather, and feathers to make wings, but no one managed to fly.

In 1505, the great Leonardo da Vinci wrote: “... when a bird is in the wind, it can stay in it without flapping its wings, for the same role that the wing plays in relation to the air when the air is still, the moving air plays in relation to the wings when the wings are stationary " This sounds complicated, but in essence it is not only true, but brilliant. From this idea it follows: in order to fly, you don’t need to flap your wings, you need to make them move relative to the air. And to do this, the wing just needs to be given horizontal speed. From the interaction of the wing with the air, a lifting force will arise, and as soon as its value is greater than the weight of the wing itself and everything connected with it, flight will begin. All that was left to do was to make a suitable wing and be able to accelerate it to the required speed.

But again the question arose: what shape should the wing be? The first experiments were carried out with flat-shaped wings. Look at the diagram (Fig. 1). If an incoming air flow acts on a flat plate at a small angle, then a lifting force and a drag force arise. The drag force tries to “blow” the plate back, and the lift force tries to lift it up. The angle at which air blows onto the wing is called the angle of attack. The greater the angle of attack, that is, the steeper the plate is inclined to the flow, the greater the lifting force, but the drag force also increases.

Back in the 80s of the 19th century, scientists found that the optimal angle of attack for a flat wing ranged from 2 to 9 degrees. If the angle is made smaller, the drag will be small, but the lift will also be small. If you turn more steeply towards the flow, the resistance will be so great that the wing will turn into a sail. The ratio of the magnitude of the lift force to the magnitude of the drag force is called aerodynamic quality. This is one of the most important criteria related to an aircraft. This is understandable, because the higher the aerodynamic quality, the less energy the aircraft spends on overcoming air resistance.

Let's return to the wing. Observant people noticed a long time ago that birds’ wings are not flat. All in the same 1880s, the English physicist Horatio Phillips conducted experiments in a wind tunnel of his own design and proved that the aerodynamic quality of a convex plate is much greater than that of a flat one. There was also a fairly simple explanation for this fact.

Imagine that you managed to make a wing whose lower surface is flat and the upper surface is convex. (It’s very easy to glue a model of such a wing from an ordinary sheet of paper.) Now let’s look at the second diagram (Fig. 2). The air flow flowing onto the leading edge of the wing is divided into two parts: one flows around the wing from below, the other from above. Please note that the air from above has to travel a slightly longer path than from below, therefore, the air speed from above will also be slightly greater than from below, right? But physicists know that as the speed increases, the pressure in the gas flow drops. Look what happens: the air pressure under the wing turns out to be higher than above it! The pressure difference is directed upward, and that’s the lifting force. And if you add an angle of attack, the lift will increase even more.

One of the first to make concave wings was the talented German engineer Otto Lilienthal. He built 12 glider models and made about a thousand flights on them. On August 10, 1896, while flying in Berlin, his glider was overturned by a sudden gust of wind and the brave explorer pilot died. The theoretical substantiation of bird soaring, continued by our great compatriot Nikolai Egorovich Zhukovsky, determined everything further development aviation.

Now let’s try to figure out how lift can be changed and used to control an airplane. Everyone has modern aircraft the wings are made of several elements. The main part of the wing is stationary relative to the fuselage, and small additional wing flaps are installed on the trailing edge. In flight, they continue the profile of the wing, and during takeoff, landing or during maneuvers in the air they can deviate downward. At the same time, the lifting force of the wing increases. The same small additional rotating wings are on the vertical tail (this is the rudder) and on the horizontal tail (this is the elevator). If such an additional part is rejected, then the shape of the wing or tail changes, and its lifting force changes. Let's look at the third diagram (Fig. 3 on p. 83). In general, lift increases in the direction opposite to the deflection of the control surface.

I’ll tell you in very general terms how the plane is controlled. To go up, you need to lower the tail slightly, then the angle of attack of the wing will increase, and the plane will begin to gain altitude. To do this, the pilot must pull the steering wheel (control stick) towards himself. The elevator on the stabilizer deflects upward, its lifting force decreases and the tail lowers. At the same time, the angle of attack of the wing increases and its lifting force increases. To dive, the pilot tilts the control wheel forward. The elevator deflects down, the plane lifts its tail and begins to descend.

You can tilt the car to the right or left using the ailerons. They are located at the ends of the wings. Tilt of the control stick (or rotation of the wheel) to starboard causes the right aileron to go up and the left aileron to go down. Accordingly, the lift on the left wing increases, and on the right it decreases, and the plane tilts to the right. Well, figure out for yourself how to tilt the plane to the left.

The rudder is controlled using pedals (Fig. 4). Push the left pedal forward - the plane turns left, push the right pedal - right. But the machine does this “lazy”. But in order for the plane to quickly turn around, you need to make several movements. Let's say you're about to turn left. To do this, you need to tilt the car to the left (turn the steering wheel or tilt the control stick) and at the same time press the left pedal and take the steering wheel.

That's all, actually. You may ask why pilots are taught to fly for several years? Yes, because everything is just on paper. So you gave the plane a roll, took the stick, and the plane suddenly began to slide sideways, as if on a slippery hill. Why? What to do? Or, in a horizontal flight, you decided to fly higher, took the helm, and the plane suddenly, instead of climbing to a height, nosed down and flew down in a spiral, as they say, went into a “tailspin.”

During the flight, the pilot needs to monitor the operation of the engines, the direction and altitude, the weather and passengers, his own course and the courses of other aircraft, and many other important parameters. The pilot must know the theory of flight, the location and operation of the controls, must be attentive and courageous, healthy, and most importantly, love to fly.

The plane picks up speed gradually. The takeoff phase lasts a long period of time and begins with the process of moving on the runway. There are several types of takeoff and speed gain.

How does takeoff happen?

The aerodynamics of the airliner are ensured by a special wing configuration, which is almost the same for all aircraft. The lower part of the wing profile is always flat, and the upper part is convex, regardless of the type of aircraft.

The air passing under the wing does not change its properties. At the same time, the air flow passing through the convex upper part of the wing narrows. This way, less air flows through the top of the wing. Therefore, in order for the same air flow to pass through a unit of time, it is necessary to increase its speed.

As a result, there is a difference in air pressure in the lower and upper parts of the airliner wing. This is explained by Bernoulli's law: an increase in air flow speed leads to a decrease in air pressure.

The difference in pressure produces lift. Its action seems to push the wing upward, and with it the entire plane. The plane lifts off the ground at the moment in time when the lift force exceeds the weight of the airliner. This is achieved by gaining speed (increasing the speed of the aircraft leads to an increase in lift).

Interesting. Level flight is achieved when the lift force is equal to the weight of the airliner.

Thus, at what speed the plane will take off from the ground depends on the lift force, the magnitude of which is determined primarily by the mass of the airliner. The thrust of an aircraft engine provides the speed necessary to increase lift and take off the airliner.

A helicopter flies using the same principle of aerodynamics. Outwardly, it seems that a helicopter rotor and an airplane wing have little in common, but each rotor blade has the same configuration, providing a difference in air flow pressure.

Takeoff speed

In order for a passenger plane to take off from the ground, it is necessary to develop a takeoff speed that can provide an increase in lift. The greater the weight of the airliner, the greater the acceleration speed required to get the plane into the air. What is the speed of the aircraft during takeoff? This depends on the weight of the aircraft.

Thus, a Boeing 737 will take off from the ground only at the moment when the speed on the runway reaches 220 km/h.

Boeing's 747 model has a large mass, which means it needs to reach higher speeds to take off. The speed of this model aircraft during takeoff is 270 km/h.

Yak 40 model aircraft accelerate to 180 km/h to take off from the runway. This is due to the lighter weight of the aircraft compared to the Boeing 737 and 747.

Types of takeoff

Several factors influence the takeoff of an aircraft:

• weather;
• length of the runway (runway);
• runway covering.

Weather conditions that are taken into account when an aircraft takes off include wind speed and direction, air humidity and precipitation.

There are 4 types of takeoff:

• from the brakes;
• classic speed dial;
• takeoff using additional means;
• vertical climb.

The first acceleration option involves achieving the required traction mode. For this purpose, the airliner is on the brakes while the engines are running, and is released only when the required mode is achieved. This takeoff method is used when the runway is insufficient.

The classic takeoff method involves a gradual increase in thrust as the aircraft moves along the runway.

Classic take-off from the runway

By auxiliary means we mean special springboards. Ski-jump takeoff is practiced on military aircraft taking off from an aircraft carrier. The use of a springboard helps compensate for the lack of a runway of sufficient length.

Vertical take-off is carried out only with special engines. Thanks to vertical thrust, the takeoff is similar to the takeoff of a helicopter. Having taken off from the ground, such an aircraft smoothly transitions into horizontal flight. A striking example of aircraft with vertical take-off is the Yak-38.

Boeing 737 take off

To understand exactly how a plane takes off and picks up speed, we need to look at a specific example. For all passenger jet aircraft, the takeoff and climb pattern is the same. The only difference is in achieving the required speed of the aircraft taking off, which is determined by the weight of the airliner.

Before the plane starts moving, the engine must reach the required operating mode. For a Boeing 737, this value is 800 rpm. When this mark is reached, the pilot releases the brake. The plane takes off on three wheels, the control stick is in the neutral position.

To take off from the ground, an airplane of this model must first reach a speed of 180 km/h. At this speed, it is possible to raise the nose of the aircraft, then the aircraft accelerates on two wheels. To do this, the pilot smoothly lowers the control down, as a result the flaps are deflected, and the nose part rises up. In this position, the aircraft continues to accelerate, moving along the runway. The airliner will take off from the ground when the acceleration reaches 220 km/h.

It should be understood that this is an average speed value. In a headwind, the speed is lower, since the wind makes it easier for the airliner to lift off the ground, further increasing the lift.

Acceleration of an aircraft becomes more difficult with high air humidity and precipitation. In this case, the takeoff speed must be greater for the aircraft to take off.

Important! The decision about what speed can be considered sufficient to gain altitude is made by the pilot, having assessed the weather conditions and the features of the runway.

Flight speed

The flight speed of the aircraft depends on the model and design features. Usually the maximum possible speed is specified, but in practice such figures are rarely achieved and aircraft fly at cruising speed, which is usually about 80% of the maximum value.

For example, speed passenger plane Airbus A380 is 1020 km/h, this value is indicated in technical specifications aircraft and is the maximum possible flight speed. The flight is carried out at cruising speed, which for this aircraft model is about 900 km/h.

The Boeing 747 is designed to fly at a speed of 988 km/h, but flights are made at cruising speeds, which vary between 890-910 km/h.

Interesting. Boeing Company is developing the fastest passenger airliner, maximum speed which will reach 5000 km/h.

How the plane lands

The most crucial moments during a flight are the takeoff and landing of the airliner. Movement in the sky is usually provided by an autopilot, while landing and takeoff are carried out by pilots.

Landing is what most passengers worry about, as it involves the thrill of dropping altitude and then the jolt of the airliner touching down on the runway.

Often, when asking how the flight was, you can get the answer that the landing was soft. It is a soft landing that is considered an indicator of the pilot’s skill.

Preparations for landing begin in the air, at an altitude of 25 m above the runway threshold for large aircraft, and 9 m for small aircraft. Until the moment when the plane comes in to land, the vertical speed of descent and the lifting speed of the wing decrease. Reducing speed causes a decrease in lift, allowing the plane to land.

Planes do not land on the runway right away. During landing, contact with the runway first occurs and the aircraft lands on its landing gear. Then the airliner continues to move along the runway on wheels, gradually reducing speed. It is the moment of contact with the runway that is accompanied by shaking in the cabin and causes anxiety among passengers.

As a rule, the landing speed is approximately equal to or slightly different from the take-off speed. Thus, a Boeing 747 will be able to land at a speed of about 260 km/h.

Video

When a plane lands, all decisions about whether to reduce speed are made by the pilot. Thus, a soft landing characterizes the professional skills of the pilot. However, it should be remembered that the characteristics of an airliner landing also depend on a number of climatic factors and runway characteristics.