Which ancient Russian city does not have a Kremlin? ​12 Kremlins of modern Russia

Moscow, Novgorod, Kazan, Suzdal, Nizhny Novgorod, Pskov, Smolensk, Kolomna, Astrakhan, Tobolsk, Tula, Rostov, Alexandrovsk, Vlashy; Dimir, Vologda. There are also Volokolamsk, Dmitrov, Ryazan, Yaroslavl without walls.

Ancient fortifications, designed to protect and gather surrounding residents under their protection, called the Kremlin, were the beginning of the transformation of settlements into cities in Rus'. The origin of the word Kremlin is interpreted in different ways, but the fact that it is associated with scaffolding and (or) shelter (chrome) is most correct, in my opinion.

Since in Ancient Rus' it was pretty a large number of cities, then there were also enough Kremlins in Rus'. So we can only try to find those that have survived.

I will name among the first Moscow, Kazan, Pskov and Novgorod ( Velikiy Novgorod) Kremlins. Completely or partially preserved fortifications are Tula, Tobolsk, Ryazan, Astrakhan, Zaraisky, Kolomensky, Vologda, Nizhny Novgorod, Rostov, Gdov, Izborsk, Porkhov, Rostov, Smolensk, Staroladoga. I can’t help but mention the Kiev Kremlin, although all that remains of it is the restored Golden Gate

The photo shows:

1) Pskov Kremlin

2) Novgorod Kremlin



3) Kazan Kremlin



4) Izborsk fortress



Kremlin is a fortress in old Russian cities. Therefore, almost all old Russian cities once had their own kremlins. For example (so far in the Moscow region): Volokolamsk, Kolomensky, Zaraisky, Mozhaisky, Dmitrovsky, Zvenigorod, Ruzsky, Vereisky Kremlins.

We especially note the Izmailovo Kremlin. This is a remake. The Kremlin has never been a defensive fortress. This is a cultural, entertainment and shopping complex, vernissage.

A feature of Russian Kremlins was the presence on the territory of the Kremlin Orthodox church, master's and administrative buildings.

In pre-Mongol Rus' there were about 400 cities and towns. Each of them had a detinets (fortress). The term Kremlin (krom) appeared in the 14th century.

Of the surviving (at least partially) Kremlins in Russia we can highlight: Alexandrov, Astrakhan, Vladimir, Vologda, Vyazma, Gdov, Zaraysk, Izborsk, Kazan, Kolomna, Mozhaisk, Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod (Nizhegorodsky), Novgorod, Porkhov, Pskov, Rostov, Ryazan, Serpukhov, Smolensk, Staraya Ladoga, Tobolsk, Tula.

Cities in which ramparts or archaeological excavations confirmed the presence of kremlins in ancient times (about the Moscow region, see at the beginning of the answer): Aleksin, Belgorod, Belozrsk, Borovsk, Bryansk (Pokrovskaya Mountain), Velikiye Luki, Irkutsk, Kaluga, Kleshchin (a settlement near Pereyaslavl Zalessky), Kostroma, Murom, Mtsensk, Opochka (fortification, Pskov region), Orel, Pustozrsk (fortification on the Pechora river), Radonezh (fortification), Rzhev, Rurik fortification in Veliky Novgorod, Sviyazhsk, Slobodskoy (Kirov region), Staritsa, Old Ryazan fortification, Starodub , Suzdal, Torzhok, Toropets (the Kremlin was called Red Val), Uglich, Ufa, Kirov (in ancient times Khlynov, Vyatka), Tsivilsk (Chuvashia), Cheboksary, Yuryev-Polsky, Yaroslavl.

Which Russian cities have a Kremlin? In the form in which we are most accustomed to seeing them. Their Short story and photo

Pskov Krom (Kremlin) - historical and architectural center of Pskov. Located on a narrow and high cape at the confluence of the river. Pskov in the river Great. It occupies an area of ​​3 hectares. The initial settlement in the cape part of the site dates back to the middle of the first millennium.

Smolensk fortress wall (often called the Smolensk Kremlin) - a defensive structure built in 1595-1602 during the reign of Tsars Fyodor Ioannovich and Boris Godunov. Architectural monument. Architect - Fyodor Kon. The length of the walls is 6.5 km (less than half of the walls and towers have survived). It had enormous defensive significance in the Russian state.

Kolomensky
Astrakhan
Tobolsk
Tula
Rostovsky
Alexandrovsky
Vladimirsky
Vologda

Without walls: Volokolamsky, Dmitrovsky, Ryazansky, Yaroslavsky
In the ruins: Gdovsky, Izborsky, Porkhovsky, Serpukhovsky, Velikoluksky
Only marks from the walls: Belozersky, Borovsky, Opochkinsky, Starodubsky, Tverskoy, Khlynovsky
Unknown condition: Ostrovsky, Torzhoksky

The Kremlin (the original name until the 14th century was Detinets; other synonyms were krom; city, town or city; fortress) is the currently accepted name for city fortifications in ancient Rus'; a city surrounded by a fortress wall with loopholes and towers. In many cities there were settlements located behind the Kremlin wall, for the defense of which additional external fortifications were often erected; In this case, the Kremlin was the name given to the central part of the city surrounded by walls. In Ancient Rus', only those cities were called settlements, in which similar fortresses were built.
Since ancient times, the powerful fortress, the central part of the ancient Russian city, was called the Kremlin. This word was first mentioned in the 14th century. There are several versions of its origin. According to one of them, “Kremlin” comes from the ancient Greek “kremnos”, i.e. "solid".
But in the ancient Slavic language there were such words as “kremnik”, “krem”, which, according to different versions, meant “pine forest”, “forest”, a fortress inside a city or a wall enclosing it.
Thus, it can be assumed that the Kremlin was a fortress surrounded by a high wooden fence. Moreover, some historians suggest that this fence was made from a special type of wood, impregnated with resin for greater strength.
The Kremlin was considered the core of the entire settlement. Its walls were the last possible barrier for enemies. The entire surviving population of the city gathered here for a “siege.”
Initially, the Kremlins were wooden, but already in the 13-14th centuries, in order to increase their defensive capability, architects began to erect stone outposts, impervious to fire, surrounded by impregnable towers and water ditches. Over time, the Kremlins lost their original significance as a military fortress, but to this day these - architectural ensembles never cease to be masterpieces of fortification art.
The Kremlin is both a place of concentration of state power and an inimitable city-forming ensemble, within which large administrative, political, spiritual and cultural centers are concentrated.
The history of each Kremlin is a small grain in the history of the formation of Russian statehood. The Kremlins are the stronghold of the state, within whose walls its historical past was born.
The Moscow Kremlin is a fortress, a symbol of reliability and inviolability, a stronghold of state power, the main religious and Cultural Center. This is truly the focus of all the main vital functions of the city, containing its idea, ideal image, genetic code. That is why it became a symbol of Moscow and the entire Russian state.
In Russia there are more than 20 historical and cultural complexes, behind which the name “Kremlin” has firmly established itself. These are not only military fortresses with stone walls and towers, they are also wonderful architectural complexes with temples, palaces, chambers, and solemnly decorated entrances. The Kremlins of Russia are the pride of our Russian land.

Moscow Kremlin — a large architectural complex, a fortress, the geographical and historical center of Moscow, located on the left bank of the Moscow River, on Borovitsky Hill, the most ancient part of the city, currently the residence of the highest government bodies of Russia and one of the main historical and artistic complexes of the country. Administratively located in the Central Administrative District, it is designated as an independent administrative unit.

Kazan Kremlin (Tat. Kazan kirməne, Qazan kirməne) — citadel of Kazan. Today serving as a center of self-government, it is the southernmost example of the Pskov architectural style in Russia. The Kremlin is located on the cape of a high terrace on the left bank of the Kazanka River.

Extant:
Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin — a fortress in Nizhny Novgorod, the historical center of the city, a stone belt covering the top of a mountainous cape and lying in ledges on the Volga slopes.

Pskov Krom (Kremlin) — historical and architectural center of Pskov. Located on a narrow and high cape at the confluence of the river. Pskov in the river Great. It occupies an area of ​​3 hectares. The initial settlement in the cape part of the site dates back to the middle of the first millennium.

Smolensk fortress wall (often called the Smolensk Kremlin) — a defensive structure built in 1595-1602 during the reign of Tsars Fyodor Ioannovich and Boris Godunov. Architectural monument. Architect - Fyodor Kon. The length of the walls is 6.5 km (less than half of the walls and towers have survived). It had enormous defensive significance in the Russian state.

Kolomensky
Astrakhan
Tobolsk
Tula
Rostovsky
Alexandrovsky
Vladimirsky
Vologda

Without walls: Volokolamsky, Dmitrovsky, Ryazansky, Yaroslavsky
In the ruins: Gdovsky, Izborsky, Porkhovsky, Serpukhovsky, Velikoluksky
Only marks from the walls: Belozersky, Borovsky, Opochkinsky, Starodubsky, Tverskoy, Khlynovsky
Unknown condition: Ostrovsky, Torzhoksky

list:

Stone Kremlins
Astrakhan Kremlin (preserved)
Vologda Kremlin (bishop's house, preserved)
Gdov Kremlin (partially preserved)
Zaraisky Kremlin (preserved)
Izborsk Kremlin (preserved)
Kazan Kremlin (preserved)
Kolomna Kremlin (partially preserved)
Mozhaisk Kremlin (minor fragments and the Kremlin hill have been preserved)
Moscow Kremlin (preserved)
Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin (preserved)
Novgorod Detinets (preserved)
Porkhov Kremlin ( for the most part preserved)
Pskov Krom (preserved)
Rostov Kremlin (bishop's house, preserved)
Serpukhov Kremlin (two fragments of the wall and the Kremlin hill have been preserved)
Smolensk Kremlin (partially preserved)
Staraya Ladoga Kremlin (partially preserved)
Tobolsk Kremlin (partially preserved)
Tula Kremlin (preserved)
Yaroslavl Kremlin (two towers preserved)

Stone-wooden kremlins
Vladimir Kremlin (the Golden Gate and ramparts have been preserved)
Vyazemsky Kremlin (one tower and the Kremlin hill have been preserved)
Grodno Detinets (the hill has been preserved; in the 14th century a Lithuanian castle was erected on it)
Kamenets Kremlin (the vezha has been preserved)
Kyiv Detynets (Golden Gate rebuilt)
Lyubsha settlement (a small hill has been preserved)
Pereyaslav Kremlin (modern city of Pereyaslav-Khmelnitsky, ramparts preserved)
Tver Kremlin (not preserved)
Truvorovo settlement (ramps preserved)
Kholm Kremlin (now the city of Chelm in Poland)

Wooden kremlins
Alexander Kremlin (since the 17th century, the Assumption Kremlin has been located on its territory convent with stone walls)
Aleksinsky Kremlin
Belgorod-Kyiv (fortification)
Belz child
Borovsky Kremlin
Velikoluksky Kremlin (the ramparts have been preserved; in the 18th century, Peter the Great's bastions were built on them)
Vereisky Kremlin (ramps preserved)
Volokolamsk Kremlin (ramps preserved)
Dmitrov Kremlin (ramps preserved)
Zvenigorod town (ramps preserved)
Kaluga Kremlin
Kleshchin (fortified settlement, preserved ramparts)
Kostroma Kremlin (the ramparts have hardly survived)
Minsk child
Mtsensk Kremlin
Novgorod-Seversky Detinets
Opochka Kremlin
Oryol Kremlin
Pereslavl Kremlin (Pereslavl-Zalessky) (ramps preserved)
Pustozersk (fortification)
Putivl child
Radonezh (fortification, preserved ramparts)
Ruza Kremlin (ramps preserved)
Rurik settlement
Ryazan Kremlin (ramps preserved)
Sviyazhsk Kremlin (ramps preserved)
Staritsky Kremlin (ramps preserved)
Starodub Kremlin
Old Ryazan (fortified settlement, preserved ramparts)
Suzdal Kremlin (ramps preserved)
Torzhok Kremlin
Uglich Kremlin
Tsivilsky Kremlin
Cheboksary Kremlin
Chernigov child
Yuryev-Polsk Kremlin

Which Russian cities have a Kremlin? In the form in which we are most accustomed to seeing them. Their brief history and photos

Pskov Krom (Kremlin) - historical and architectural center of Pskov. Located on a narrow and high cape at the confluence of the river. Pskov in the river Great. It occupies an area of ​​3 hectares. The initial settlement in the cape part of the site dates back to the middle of the first millennium.

Smolensk fortress wall (often called the Smolensk Kremlin) - a defensive structure built in 1595-1602 during the reign of Tsars Fyodor Ioannovich and Boris Godunov. Architectural monument. Architect - Fyodor Kon. The length of the walls is 6.5 km (less than half of the walls and towers have survived). It had enormous defensive significance in the Russian state.

Kolomensky
Astrakhan
Tobolsk
Tula
Rostovsky
Alexandrovsky
Vladimirsky
Vologda

Without walls: Volokolamsky, Dmitrovsky, Ryazansky, Yaroslavsky
In the ruins: Gdovsky, Izborsky, Porkhovsky, Serpukhovsky, Velikoluksky
Only marks from the walls: Belozersky, Borovsky, Opochkinsky, Starodubsky, Tverskoy, Khlynovsky
Unknown condition: Ostrovsky, Torzhoksky