Greek city-states of Crimea. Ancient cities of Crimea Locations of ancient Greek cities in Crimea
Since ancient times sea routes connected the Black Sea coast with the Mediterranean, where at the end of the 2nd - beginning of the 1st millennium BC. the great civilization of Greece arose. From the shores of Hellas, brave sailors set off in search of new lands.
Where large ones are now located sea ports, industrial and resort centers of Crimea - Evpatoria, Sevastopol, Feodosia and Kerch, in the VI - V centuries. BC. The Greeks founded the cities of Kerkinitida, Chersonesus, Feodosia, Panticapaeum, and near it - Myrmekiy, Tiritaka, Nymphaeum, Cimmeric and others. Each of them was the center of an agricultural region, where wheat was grown, grapes were cultivated, and livestock were raised. In the cities there were temples, public and administrative buildings, markets, and artisans' workshops. Convenient geographical position contributed to the development of trade. Merchants exported slaves and food to the Mediterranean Agriculture, purchased from local tribes - Scythians, Maeotians, Sindians. In exchange, olive oil, wine, art and crafts were brought from the cities of the Balkan Peninsula and Asia Minor.
Chersonesos was founded in 421 BC. on the shore of the bay, which is now called Karantinnaya. Later, the city significantly expanded its holdings. During its heyday, Kerkinitida, Beautiful Harbor (on the site of the modern village of Chernomorskoye) and other settlements of northwestern Crimea were subordinate to him.
The Chersonesos state was a slave-owning democratic republic. The highest authority was the people's assembly and council, which decided all issues of foreign and domestic policy. The leading role in management belonged to the largest slave owners, whose names were conveyed by Chersonesos inscriptions and coins.
Archaeological excavations, begun as early as 1827, showed that the city was well fortified. The remains of defensive structures - massive towers, fortresses, parts of stone walls - have also been preserved throughout the state. This indicates the constant military danger to which the residents were exposed. The famous Chersonesos oath speaks about their patriotism. Its text was carved at the end of the 4th - beginning of the 3rd centuries. BC. on a marble slab found during excavations of the city:
... "I swear by Zeus, Gaia, Helios, the Virgin, the gods and goddesses of the Olympians... I will not betray Chersonesos..." The Chersonesos swore that they would not betray either the city or its possessions to the enemies, they would protect the democratic system, and would not divulge the state secrets.
As archaeological studies have confirmed, the city had the correct layout. Residential buildings were united into blocks, the streets intersected at right angles. They were paved with small stones. Stone gutters ran along the streets. Temples rose in the squares. Public buildings and the houses of wealthy citizens were decorated with colonnades and mosaic floors.
From ancient buildings, only the bases of the walls and basements have survived to this day. Particularly interesting mint, baths, ruins of a theater that existed since the 3rd century. BC e. to the 4th century n. e. Only the staircases and stone benches for spectators have partially survived from it. Judging by their size, the theater could accommodate up to 3 thousand spectators.
Near the city walls there was a district of artisans. There, archaeologists discovered the remains of ceramic production: kilns for firing pottery, stamps for ornaments, molds for making terracotta reliefs. Other crafts also flourished in Chersonesus - metalworking, jewelry, and weaving.
The largest ancient state in the Black Sea region was the so-called Bosporan kingdom. It was formed as a result of the unification of initially independent Greek cities, such as Panticapaeum, Myrmekium, Tiritaka, Phanagoria and others, located along the banks of the Cimmerian Bosporus - modern Kerch Strait. Panticapaeum became the capital of the state. From 438 BC for more than three hundred years it was ruled by the Spartokid dynasty.
At the end of the 5th - beginning of the 4th centuries. BC. Nymphaeum and Theodosia, as well as lands inhabited by other tribes, were annexed to the possessions of Bosporus. In the 1st century BC. Bosporus captured most territory of Crimea, subjugated Chersonesos.
Excavations on Mount Mithridates, carried out in Kerch since the end of the 19th century, made it possible to restore the size and plan of Panticapaeum. At the top was the acropolis - the central fortification of the city with powerful defensive walls and towers. The most important temples and public buildings. Blocks of one- or two-story stone buildings ran down the slopes in terraces. The entire city and its surroundings were surrounded by numerous lines of fortifications. The deep and convenient harbor reliably sheltered merchant and military ships.
Found fragments of marble statues, pieces of painted plaster and architectural details allow us to speak about the rich decoration of the squares and buildings of the city, about the skill of ancient architects and builders.
At the site of Myrmekia and Tiritaki, not far from Kerch, in addition to city walls, residential buildings and sanctuaries, archaeologists discovered several wineries and baths for salting fish. In Nymphea, near the modern village of Geroevki, there are temples of Demeter, Aphrodite and Kabirov; in Ilurat, near the modern village of Ivanovka, is a Bosporan military settlement of the first centuries AD, guarding the approaches to the capital.
Near every ancient city there was its necropolis - City of dead. They were usually buried in simple earthen graves, sometimes lined with tiles or stone slabs. The rich and noble were placed in wooden or stone sarcophagi. For their burial, crypts were built, made of stones or carved into rocks. The walls of crypts and sarcophagi were decorated with paintings, reliefs, and inlays. Ornaments were applied to them, mythological subjects and scenes were depicted real life. Things that belonged to him were placed with the deceased: jewelry, dishes, weapons, vessels with incense, terracotta figurines and other items. In one of the Panticapaean burials of the 3rd century. AD, possibly the Bosporan king Riskuporides, a unique golden mask was found that reproduced the facial features of the deceased.
Researchers have long been interested in large mounds located in the vicinity of Kerch. Burials of Bosporan kings and nobility with outstanding works of Greek art were discovered in them: gold and silver jewelry, bronze and glass items, painted and figured vases.
The gold temple pendants of the 4th century are rightfully considered a masterpiece of world art. BC. from the Kul-Oba mound. They are made in the form of disks, to which are attached numerous woven intersecting chains connected by plates and rosettes. On the disk with a diameter of 7 cm there is a relief of the head of Athena in a helmet with clearly visible figures of griffins, an owl and a snake. The thinnest originated plates, rosettes, as well as the circumference of the disc are covered with grain and blue enamel.
Most valuable finds from excavations of ancient cities of Crimea are presented in the collections of the State Hermitage in St. Petersburg, the State Historical Museum and the State Museum fine arts them. A.S. Pushkin in Moscow, as well as others.
Nowadays, nature reserves have been organized on the territory of Chersonese in Sevastopol and on Mount Mithridates in Kerch. Every year thousands of people come there to walk through the streets and squares of ancient cities, get acquainted with the greatest cultural monuments, and better understand the distant past of our Motherland.
Encyclopedia “Sights of Crimea”
Greek city-states of Crimea:
history of construction, location, public order
The formation of Greek city-states in Crimea is an achievement of the Great Colonization of the Hellenes, which took place on the lands of the peninsula between the 8th and 6th centuries. BC e. It is sometimes believed that the process of mastering Mediterranean coast and the Black Sea region is better designated by the term “resettlement”. However, what made the Greeks leave their native places and go to places where they had to start life again?
Firstly, during this period of history there was a population explosion in Greece. The overpopulation of Hellas gave rise to migration processes. Secondly, the Greeks were sorely short of agricultural land. In addition, the migration processes were associated with trade expansion, the search for products and sources of raw materials that were scarce or did not exist at all in Greece.
All this is complemented by military, social and ethnic reasons. The Hellenes were threatened by the Lydians and Persians, and there were significant disagreements between the Greeks, generated by belonging to different segments of the population and interethnic tensions.
Pampered under the warm sun, the Hellenes initially did not like the relatively cold local climate, and the inhabitants of Crimea were fearful. They called the Black Sea the phrase “Pont Aksinsky”, which means “inhospitable sea”. However, they soon changed their point of view and the prefix “a” was transformed into “ev”. This is how the Greek toponym Pont Euxine (“hospitable sea”) appeared, and the history of Crimea began to take on a different character.
The Greek city-states of Crimea were built by immigrants from Miletus. Less often - immigrants from Heraclea Pontic. However, scientists managed to find traces of the habitation of Greeks on the peninsula who arrived from Colophon, Ephesus and Teos. The area of the Greek settlers was formed: the South-East of Crimea, the shores of the Kerch Strait and the territory of the Taman Peninsula.
Greek city-states and settlements in the Northern Black Sea region:
The political structure of the Crimean ancient settlements was similar to that in mainland Hellas. The Greek city-states of Crimea were predominantly slave-owning republics with a democratic way of life. The polis model allowed the city and its choir to organically coexist and made such settlements independent and viable units.
The Greek city-states of Crimea had three traditional branches of government today; they could solve all internal problems and independently elect government bodies. Their legislative power was represented by the people's assembly, the executive power by collegiums and magistrates. Adult men were allowed to solve problems of national importance. Slaves, foreigners and females had no rights. The courts in the Greek colonies of Crimea were highly specialized.
First greek city grew up in the east of Crimea, its name is Panticapaeum.
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| Kerch. Ruins of Panticapaeum - the first Greek city-state on the territory of Crimea | In the center of the picture is K.F. Bogaevsky “Theodosius” (1930) - Quarantine Hill - the alleged site of the founding of the Greek city-state, traces of which are now hidden by the layers of subsequent civilizations. The Genoese fortress of Kafa is depicted on Quarantine Hill. |
Over time, several more large settlements were built on the peninsula: Chersonesos, Kerkinitida, Kalos-Lymen, Nymphaeum, Feodosia.
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| Greek city-state of Chersonesos: ruins of a residential quarter (Gagarinsky district of Sevastopol) | Ruins of the Greek city-state of Kalos-Limen (northwestern coast of Crimea) |
The largest Greek state association Crimean peninsula ancient times - the Bosporan kingdom - appeared as a result of constant confrontations with local barbarians; it will be discussed separately.
The Greek city-states on the Crimean peninsula can be divided into two parts - those that at some historical moment came under the influence of Chersonesos and those that found themselves in the sphere of interests of Panticapaeum. The latter, starting as independent city-states, united in a union, or rather, they were forced to do so by necessity - it was necessary to confront local tribes and develop trade with the metropolis. Later, these policies became part of the Bosporan kingdom of the Spartokid dynasty. What cities are these?
Greek city-states under the influence of Panticapaeum
If the capital was founded in the 7th century BC, then Nymphaeum, located a little south, was founded at the beginning of the 6th century. It was one of the largest and most important Greek city-states.
Founded by the Milesians, it soon came under the influence of Athens and, accordingly, entered the Delian symmachy, which was eventually defeated in the fight against Sparta. Nymphaeus broke away from Athens and handed over his fate to the Spartokids and the Bosporan kingdom. The city was destroyed more than once (especially catastrophically by the Goths), artifacts were stolen more than once in our time, so archaeologists did not get much. But what remains allows us to judge the greatness of the city and its architectural splendor.
A little north of Nymphaeum, in the same period as the last one, another policy was founded by the Milesians - Tiritaka. This Greek city-state had an industrial and economic orientation, which is confirmed by excavations. It was surrounded by walls only in the 3rd century AD. It was repeatedly destroyed by both the enemy and earthquakes. Under the Byzantines, during the reign of Justinian I, a basilica was established in Tiritaka, the ruins of which were explored during an archaeological expedition.
Among all the Greek city-states of Crimea, the most attractive is Acre, all because this city almost completely went under water as a result of transgression, a rise in the water level of the Black Sea. This city was not as large as Panticapaeum; its main structure was the port. As a result of underwater archaeological expeditions, walls, towers, building foundations, many small objects and a rich collection of coins were found.
From the west, the port Greek city-states were constantly subject to raids by nomads, especially after the fall of the Pontic kingdom. To protect the policies from these raids from the depths Kerch Peninsula The city of Ilurat was built in the 1st century AD. Active excavations were carried out after the war; massive walls were discovered, which were rebuilt more than once. Underground passages, wells, towers - Ilurat was built using all modern fortification knowledge at that time. However, the fortress did not last long; at the end of the third century AD, the defenders abandoned it.
The history of Crimea in antiquity is a constant search for comrades-in-arms and a regular struggle for survival. Who were the Crimean Greeks afraid of? Their relations with the Tauri who inhabited the peninsula were changeable. At first, the Crimean aborigines were perceived by the Hellenes only as a pirate people, capable of killing a stranger in order to sacrifice him. In the places where the Taurians settled, practically no objects made by the Greeks were found. This means that there were no trade relations between the peoples.
In ancient policies, samples of molded ceramics with black walls were found, which suggests the presence of marital ties between young representatives of the Taurus tribes and the sons of the colonists. A 5th century tombstone was also found in Panticapaeum. BC e., located above the grave of the respected brand. This means that male Tauris sometimes lived in the Greek cities of Crimea. Scholars believe that, as a rule, they had the status of slaves, but there were still exceptions.
The Greek settlers tried to live peacefully with their Scythian neighbors, bringing rich gifts to the barbarian kings, who ceded their territories to them. From time to time, short-term military confrontations arose between them and the frightened Greeks built defensive fortresses. One of these wars marked the end of the Scythian kingdom.
During excavations of some Greek cities, surgical instruments made of bronze and bones were found. These artifacts suggest that quite developed medicine existed in the Crimean ancient settlements of immigrants from Greece.
About the high level cultural life in the Greek city-states of Crimea is evidenced by the presence of the same theaters as those that existed on historical homeland Hellenes. In such structures there could be up to 3,000 people at the same time. Scientists also found musical instruments used by the Greeks in Crimea: lyre, trumpet, flute, cithara.
The people who inhabited the Greek city-states of Crimea professed polytheism and polytheism. They worshiped pagan gods who personified the forces of nature. Very soon they began to pay more attention to Apollo, the protector of the settlers.
In Chersonesus, the cult of Artemis, the patron goddess of this polis, was honored. They made sacrifices in the form of fish, domestic animals, and agricultural products. Deities were worshiped in sanctuaries, temples, and home altars. Clay copies of victims were often brought there. In the 3rd century. n. e. paganism in Crimea began to be replaced by Christian teaching.
Let's draw some conclusions. The ancient colonization of Crimea began in the VIII-VII centuries. BC e. and the Greek city-states existed until the invasion of the Huns, which occurred in the 4th century. n. e.
All settlements founded by people from Miletus, Heraclea Pontus, Colophon, Ephesus and Theos were republics with three branches of government. Among them, only one monarchy stands out - the Bosporus Kingdom. The first Greek city in Crimea is Panticapaeum. It appeared in the 7th century. BC e.
A century later the Nymphaeum was built. Then Tiritaka, Acre, Ilurat, Kitey, Cimmeric, Pormfiy, Mirmekiy, Zenon Chersonesos, Theodosius grew up. Soon they all fell under the influence of Panticapaeum and became part of the Bosporan kingdom.
In the VI century. BC e. The Greeks built the Tauride Chersonese, which managed to conquer Kerkinitida and Kalos-Lymen. The Crimean Greeks got along with the Tauri, Scythians, and Sarmatians, who also lived on the peninsula. From the 1st century BC e. the authorities of the Greek city-states of Crimea were forced to submit to Rome. Chersonesus existed longer than all other Greek city-states and became a stronghold of Byzantinism in Crimea.
INLIGHT/olegman37
Ancient cities of Crimea
In ancient times, sea routes connected the Black Sea coast with the Mediterranean, where at the end of the 2nd - beginning of the 1st millennium BC. the great civilization of Greece arose. From the shores of Hellas, brave sailors set off in search of new lands.
Where large seaports, industrial and resort centers of Crimea are now located - Evpatoria, Sevastopol, Feodosia and Kerch, in the VI-V centuries. BC. the ancient Greeks founded, respectively, the cities of Kerkinitida, Chersonesos, Theodosia, Panticapaeum, and near them Myrmekios, Tiritaka, Nymphaeum, Cimmeric and others. Each of them was the center of an agricultural region, where wheat was grown, grapes were cultivated, and livestock were raised. In the cities there were temples, public and administrative buildings, markets, and artisans' workshops.
The convenient geographical location contributed to the development of trade. Merchants exported slaves and agricultural products to the Mediterranean, purchased from local tribes - Scythians, Maeotians, Sindians. In exchange, olive oil, wine, art and crafts were brought from the cities of the Balkan Peninsula and Asia Minor.
Chersonesos was founded in 421 BC. on the shore of the bay, which is now called Karantinnaya. Later, the city significantly expanded its holdings. During its heyday, Kerkinitida, Beautiful Harbor (on the site of the modern village of Chernomorskoye) and other settlements of northwestern Crimea were subordinate to him.
The Chersonesos state was a slave-owning democratic republic. The highest authority was the people's assembly and council, which decided all issues of foreign and domestic policy. The leading role in management belonged to the largest slave owners, whose names were conveyed by Chersonesos inscriptions and coins.
Archaeological excavations, begun back in 1827, showed that the city was well fortified. The remains of defensive structures - massive towers, fortresses, parts of stone walls - have also been preserved throughout the state. This indicates the constant military danger to which the residents were exposed. The famous Chersonesos oath speaks about their patriotism. The Chersonese swore that they would not betray either the city or its possessions to the enemies, that they would protect the democratic system, and that they would not divulge state secrets.
As archaeological studies have confirmed, the city had the correct layout. Residential buildings were united into blocks, the streets intersected at right angles. They were paved with small stones. Stone gutters ran along the streets. Temples rose in the squares. Public buildings and the houses of wealthy citizens were decorated with colonnades and mosaic floors.
From ancient buildings, only the bases of the walls and basements have survived to this day. Particularly interesting are the mint, baths, and the ruins of a theater that existed from the 3rd century. BC. to the 4th century AD Only the staircase passages and stone benches for spectators have been partially preserved from it. Judging by their size, the theater could accommodate up to 3 thousand spectators.
Near the city walls there was a district of artisans. There, archaeologists discovered the remains of ceramic production: kilns for firing pottery, stamps for ornaments, molds for making terracotta reliefs. Other crafts also flourished in Chersonesus - metalworking, jewelry, and weaving.
The largest ancient state in the Black Sea region was the Bosporan kingdom. It was formed as a result of the unification of initially independent Greek cities, such as Panticapaeum, Myrmekium, Tiritaka, Phanagoria and others, located along the shores of the Cimmerian Bosporus - the modern Kerch Strait. Panticapaeum became the capital of the state. From 438 BC for more than three hundred years it was ruled by the Spartokid dynasty.
At the end of the 5th - beginning of the 4th centuries. BC. Nymphaeum and Theodosius, as well as lands inhabited by other tribes, were annexed to the possessions of Bosporus. In the 1st century BC. The Bosporus captured most of the territory of Crimea and subjugated Chersonesus.
Excavations on Mount Mithridates, carried out in Kerch since the end of the 19th century, made it possible to restore the size and plan of Panticapaeum. At the top was the acropolis - the central fortification of the city with powerful defensive walls and towers. The most important temples and public buildings were located inside it. Blocks of one- or two-story stone buildings ran down the slopes in terraces. The entire city and its surroundings were surrounded by numerous lines of fortifications. The deep and convenient harbor reliably sheltered merchant and military ships.
Found fragments of marble statues, pieces of painted plaster and architectural details allow us to speak about the rich decoration of the squares and buildings of the city, about the skill of ancient architects and builders.
At the site of Myrmekia and Tiritaki, not far from Kerch, in addition to city walls, residential buildings and sanctuaries, archaeologists discovered several wineries and baths for salting fish. In Nymphea, near the modern village of Geroevki, there are temples of Demeter, Aphrodite and Kabirov; in Ilurat, near the modern village of Ivanovka, is a Bosporan military settlement of the first centuries AD, guarding the approaches to the capital.
Next to every ancient city there was its necropolis - the city of the dead. They were usually buried in simple earthen graves, sometimes lined with tiles or stone slabs. The rich and noble were placed in wooden or stone sarcophagi. For their burial, crypts were built, made of stones or carved into rocks. The walls of crypts and sarcophagi were decorated with paintings, reliefs, and inlays. Ornaments were applied to them, mythological subjects and scenes of real life were depicted. Things that belonged to him were placed with the deceased: jewelry, dishes, weapons, vessels with incense, terracotta figurines and other items. In one of the Panticapaean burials of the 3rd century. AD, possibly the Bosporan king Riskuporides, a unique golden mask was found that reproduced the facial features of the deceased.
Researchers have long been interested in large mounds located in the vicinity of Kerch. Burials of Bosporan kings and nobility with outstanding works of Greek art were discovered in them: gold and silver jewelry, bronze and glass items, painted and figured vases.
The gold temple pendants of the 4th century are rightfully considered a masterpiece of world art. BC. from the Kul-Oba mound. They are made in the form of disks, to which are attached numerous woven intersecting chains connected by plates and rosettes. On the disk with a diameter of 7 cm there is a relief of the head of Athena in a helmet with clearly visible figures of griffins, an owl and a snake. The finest filigree plates, rosettes, as well as the circumference of the disc are covered with grain and blue enamel.
The most valuable finds from excavations of the ancient cities of Crimea are presented in the collections of the State Hermitage in St. Petersburg, the State Historical Museum and the State Museum of Fine Arts. A.S. Pushkin in Moscow, as well as others.
Nowadays, nature reserves have been organized on the territory of Chersonese in Sevastopol and on Mount Mithridates in Kerch. Every year thousands of people come there to walk through the streets and squares of ancient cities and get acquainted with the greatest cultural monuments.
When the Romans established themselves on the southern coast, they created fortified points on the coast to protect Chersonesos. Of the Roman fortifications, the largest was Charax on Cape Ai-Todor (now there is a lighthouse next to the Swallow's Nest). The fortification of Charax (in Greek “pillar”, “stake”, that is, “fenced place”) was founded in the 70s. I century under the Roman Emperor Vespasian. At the end of the century there was a garrison here, in the 2nd century. soldiers of the I Italian Legion were stationed. The last Roman garrison of the fort consisted of soldiers of the XI Claudian Legion (end of the 2nd - first half of the 3rd century). These three periods in the history of Charax are evidenced by marks on bricks and tiles.
N.I. Sheiko
Photo beautiful places Crimea
List of the most major cities Crimea: we briefly tell you what is remarkable about the cities and what sights you can see there.
Now on the Crimean Peninsula, only 18 settlements have received city status, the largest of them in terms of area occupied are Sevastopol, Sudak, Yalta, Yevpatoria, Kerch and Simferopol.
Sevastopol is the largest city in Crimea
Large sea and Trading port, most Big City Crimea, which has a special status and received the rights of a separate subject of the Russian Federation. According to 2015 data, the population was 398.97 thousand people - it is also the largest city in Crimea by population.
A huge number of attractions are concentrated here: the ruins of the ancient Greek settlement of Chersonesos, monuments of military eras (Russian-Turkish War, Great Patriotic War) and museums, a magnificent embankment, an Aquarium. Not far from the city - cave monastery Inkerman and Balaklava, the place where they were based submarines. In the Sevastopol a large number of and picturesque bays.
Photo © mr. Wood / flickr.com
Once upon a time there was the capital of the Scythian state, which was later destroyed by the Goths. Simferopol is located in the central part of the peninsula and has no access to the sea. The Salgir River flows here.
Simferopol is the second largest city in Crimea by population after Sevastopol, with 332.6 thousand people living in it. Tourists in Simferopol are attracted by local attractions: the ancient settlement of Naples Scythian, Vorontsov Palace, Ethnographic Museum, Central Museum Tauris, Kebir-Jami Cathedral Mosque, Weeping Rock, Chokurcha Cave, Red Cave (Kizil-Koba).
Third in the list of the largest cities in Crimea and the most eastern city peninsula, located on the shore of Kerch Bay. The local population is about 148 thousand people. The rich history of the city goes back more than 2.5 thousand years; there are a huge number of monuments of the Bosporan and Scythian kingdoms, Tmutarakan, and Byzantine villages. Kerch is a great hero city that has perpetuated the memory of the events of the Great Patriotic War in numerous monuments and memorials.
Photo © Alexxx1979 / flickr.com
An ancient city in the west of Crimea, population - just over 106 thousand. Yevpatoria is one of the large cities of Crimea, stands on the shores of the Kalamitsky Bay, there are wonderful sandy beaches and a warm shallow sea. There are many in Evpatoria entertainment centers, water parks, attractions, Juma-Jami mosque, dervish monastery, ancient water supply system, Turkish baths, ancient temples. Nearby is a city with therapeutic mud Saki, which has a large number of health facilities.
Photo © Yuriy Kuzin / flickr.com
Most popular resort The South Coast with a population of 78.2 thousand people is at the same time the most big city on this coast of Crimea. The city has many hotels and holiday homes, there is a beautiful embankment, monuments, alleys, a local history museum, the Chekhov House Museum, the Yalta Zoo "Fairy Tale", "Glade of Fairy Tales", the Uchan-Su waterfall, the Massandra Palace, the famous winery "Massandra", not far from Yalta - Livadia Palace and Nikitsky Botanical Garden.
Photo © B. Rad / flickr.com
Feodosia - located in the southeastern part of the peninsula ancient city, founded by Greek colonists. Now about 70 thousand people live here, which makes this locality one of the largest in terms of population in Crimea. There are few ancient buildings here; the excavations that have begun are making residential areas difficult, so the main architectural monuments preserved from the Middle Ages: the remains of the citadel of the Genoese fortress, the walls of Hayots Berd, Armenian temples and the Armenian fountain, the Mufti-Jami mosque. Art connoisseurs will enjoy the Alexander Greene Literary and Memorial Museum and the National Art Gallery of the famous marine painter I.K. Aivazovsky.
Photo © naiv.super1 / flickr.com
Dzhankoy
An important railway junction in the northern part of the peninsula. According to the latest data, the population was about 39 thousand people. Shallow rivers flow through Dzhankoy and there is no access to the sea. The city is not rich in attractions: the Kalinovsky landscape park, home to more than 100 species of birds, a mosque, Svyato-Pokrovskaya Orthodox Church and a local history museum.
Alushta
Well known resort town South Bank Crimea, population is about 30 thousand people, which is much less than in Yalta, but nevertheless Alushta is one of the large cities of Crimea. Alushta has many beaches and attractions, an aquarium, a dolphinarium, a nature museum and an arboretum, not far from the city (near the village of Luchistoye) Mount Demerdzhi and the famous Valley of Ghosts.
Photo © lazy_lizzy / flickr.com
Bakhchisaray
Former capital of the Crimean Khanate. The city with a population of just over 27 thousand people is located in the steppe zone of Crimea in the foothills. Main attraction – khan's palace Khansaray, no less interesting for tourists is the Fountain of Tears, glorified by A.S. Pushkin, mosques and the cave city of Chufut-Kale.
Krasnoperekopsk
An industrial city in Crimea (specializing in chemical production), with a population of just over 26 thousand people. Located in the southern part of the Perekop Isthmus, the North Crimean Canal passes nearby.
This is the name given to ancient policies (city-states), whose inhabitants were equal citizens, each of whom had the right to their own land plot and all political rights. Part of the population was not included in the policy and did not have the rights of citizens. From the 6th century BC. such ancient Greek cities began to emerge in the northern Black Sea region. Chersonese Tauride (Sevastopol) was such an ancient city along with Feodosia, Panticapaeum (Kerch), Olbia and others.
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Modern encyclopedia
- - ; arose during Greek colonization from the 6th century. BC e. The largest ancient cities: in the north - Thira - Olbia, Chersonesus, Feodosia, Panticapaeum, Phanagoria, Tanais; on the Caucasian coast - Gorgippia, Dioscurias, Phasis...
- - a narrow gently rolling strip of the coast of the Crimean Peninsula, bounded from the north by the slopes of the Main Range of the Crimean Mountains. Length approx. 150 km - from Cape Aya to the west to the Karadag massif in the east...
Large encyclopedic dictionary
- - city - scientific center, city - scientific center, pl. cities/ - scientific centers, cities/in - scientific...
Together. Apart. Hyphenated. Dictionary-reference book
- - He’ll make it to the Crimea like a khan...
IN AND. Dahl. Proverbs of the Russian people
"ANTIQUE CITIES OF CRIMEA" in books
Chapter Seven FROM GLUPOV’S CITY TO “THE HISTORY OF ONE CITY”
From the book Saltykov-Shchedrin author Tyunkin Konstantin IvanovichChapter Seven FROM GLUPOV'S CITY TO "THE HISTORY OF ONE CITY" A village... a village... Alien to Turgenev's subtle poeticization of nature, Saltykov, in his own way, with his characteristic spiritual severity and, at the same time, emotional depth, perceived the natural world and expressively,
Chapter VII, which tells how Francis reached the city of Gubbio, cared for lepers and dealt with a ferocious wolf that was attacking the inhabitants of the city.
From the book The Life of Saint Francis of Assisi author Yacovelli AnacletoChapter VII, which tells how Francis reached the city of Gubbio, cared for lepers and dealt with a ferocious wolf that was attacking the inhabitants of the city. Leaving the monastery of St. Verecundius, Francis soon reached the city of Gubbio, located lower down the slope
Cave cities of Crimea
From the book Atlantis and Other Vanished Cities author Podolsky Yuri FedorovichCave cities Crimea Between Sevastopol and Bakhchisarai lies a special region, deserted and harsh. Humid heat in the valleys and an eternal wind in the heights, steep white cliffs and a forest covered in some wild thorns, scatterings of shards in the fields, in ravines and, finally, ruins on the rocks
7.54 The Queen presents the honorary citizen of the city to B.E. Chertoku city mayor A.F. Morozenko
From the book Rockets and People. Hot days cold war author Chertok Boris Evseevich7.54 The Queen presents the honorary citizen of the city to B.E. Chertoku city mayor A.F.
2. Civil administration of the city of Rome. - The Senate no longer exists. - Consuls. - City officials. - Know. - Judicial device. - Prefect of the city. - Papal court. - Seven ministers of the court and other court officials
author Gregorovius Ferdinand2. Civil administration of the city of Rome. - The Senate no longer exists. - Consuls. - City officials. - Know. - Judicial device. - Prefect of the city. - Papal court. - The Seven Ministers of the Court and Other Court Persons Our information about general situation Roman people in
3. Description of the city. - Anonymous Einsiedeln. - Roman legends. - Sounding statues on the Capitol. - The legend about the construction of the Pantheon. - graphia of the golden city of Rome. - memoria of Julius Caesar
From the book History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages author Gregorovius Ferdinand5.2. The walls of China Town, White Town and Zemlyanoy Town in Moscow are described by Josephus as three walls surrounding Jerusalem
From the author's book5.2. The walls of China Town, White City and the Earthen City in Moscow are described by Josephus as three walls surrounding Jerusalem. This is what Josephus tells about the fortress walls of Jerusalem. “THE CITY WAS PROTECTED BY THREE WALLS... THE FIRST of the three walls, the Old Wall, was almost impregnable
From the book History of Ukraine. Popular science essays author Team of authorsAncient cities Northern Black Sea coast Ancient Greek cities, as well as unfortified settlements on the northern shores of the Pontus Euxine and Maeotis (Black and Azov seas) appeared at the final stage of the “great Greek colonization”. Development of this region
Chapter V. ANCIENT CITY-STATES OF THE NORTHERN BLACK SEA REGION
author Team of authorsChapter V. ANCIENT CITY-STATES OF THE NORTHERN BLACK SEA REGION Ancient society and its culture were of outstanding importance in the history of mankind. His numerous achievements in various branches of human activity became an integral part of the basis
2. ANCIENT CITY-STATES IN THE PERIOD FROM VI TO II CENTURIES BC
From the book History of the Ukrainian SSR in ten volumes. Volume one author Team of authors2. ANCIENT CITY-STATES IN THE PERIOD FROM VI TO II CENTURIES BC Main stages of development of city-states. In the life of the Northern Black Sea cities of the 6th–2nd centuries. BC e. Several stages can be traced. The earliest of them dates back to the 6th century. BC e., when the foundation occurred
3. ANCIENT CITY-STATES IN THE I CENTURY B.C. - IV C. AD
From the book History of the Ukrainian SSR in ten volumes. Volume one author Team of authors3. ANCIENT CITY-STATES IN THE 1st CENTURY BC - IV Century AD Northern Black Sea region at the end of the 2nd century. BC e. - IV century n. e. The end of the 2nd–1st century. BC e. were for the ancient cities-states of the Northern Black Sea region a time of general socio-economic and political crisis.
ANCIENT CITY-STATES in the 1st century. BC e. - IV century n. e.
author Dyulichev Valery PetrovichANCIENT CITY-STATES in the 1st century. BC e. - IV century n. e. NORTHERN BLACK SEA REGION at the end of the 2nd century. BC e. - IV century n. e. The end of the 2nd-1st centuries BC. e. was a time of general crisis for the ancient cities of the states of the Northern Black Sea region. The internal crisis coincided with profound changes in their
CITIES OF CRIMEA
From the book Stories on the History of Crimea author Dyulichev Valery PetrovichCITIES OF CRIMEA Success in the economy contributed to the growth of Crimean cities. By the end of the century, Simferopol was rightfully the administrative, cultural and economic center of the province. All provincial institutions and organizations were located in the city. Simferopol is the first of all
Ancient cities of the Northern Black Sea region
From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (AN) by the author TSBABOUT THE CAPTURE OF THE CITY OF THESSALONICA BY THE LATINS. MESSAGE OF EUSTATHIUS, ARCHBISHOP OF THESSALONICIA, ABOUT THE LAST CONQUEST OF THIS CITY, WE HOPE
From the book Monuments of Byzantine Literature of the 9th-15th centuries by the authorABOUT THE CAPTURE OF THE CITY OF THESSALONICA BY THE LATINS. MESSAGE OF EUSTATHIUS, ARCHBISHOP OF THESSALONICIA, ABOUT THE LAST, AS WE HOPE, CONQUEST OF THIS CITY During the ill-fated reign of Emperor Andronikos Komnenos, Thessalonica weakened and reached the point of exhaustion, which
