Individual excursion text. Walking Tour Business Plan How to Attract People to Take a Tour

* The calculations use average data for Russia

49,000 ₽

Starting investments

121,500 RUR

81,000 ₽

Net profit

2 months

Payback period

City walking tours are a leisure activity that allows you to delve deeper into the history of the streets. In the business plan, we will consider excursions with elements of a performance that can bring in from 80 thousand rubles.

1. PROJECT SUMMARY

This business plan discusses a project to implement walking tours in a city with a population of more than 1 million people. The project is an event in the “excursion + street performance” format. The financial resources required to start the project will amount to 49 thousand rubles. and will be used to purchase excursion equipment, create presentation materials, purchase costumes for actors and stage attributes.

The projected volume of revenue per month with one excursion per week and the participation of 15 excursionists in it will be 121.5 thousand rubles, net profit 81.5 thousand rubles. The financial plan is designed for a three-year period of activity. After this, it is planned to expand the types of excursions and update the program of events. The project will require a preparatory phase of 3 months, necessary for writing a script, conducting test excursions and rehearsals, as well as creating advertising products and pre-filling social networks.

Table 1. Key project indicators

2. DESCRIPTION OF THE INDUSTRY AND COMPANY

City walking tours are an increasingly popular type of excursion that allows participants to delve deeper into the history of the streets, explore objects and imagine themselves as participants in past events. Unlike bus tours, they allow for more maneuverable routes and provide participants with a logical and consistent visual sequence. The length of such routes usually does not exceed 6 kilometers, and the duration is no more than 3 hours.

From the point of view of organization, walking excursions require much less financial and time expenditure, since there is no need to enter into an agreement with a transport company, coordinate the travel time with the driver and adjust the excursion route to traffic rules. At the same time creation walking route requires a more thoughtful script. Display objects should be fairly close to each other. Excursionists are required to be physically prepared, and the guide is required to be able to keep the pace and catch up on time with those lagging behind the group. Feature excursion business V largest cities such as Moscow and St. Petersburg there is a high level of competition. In other million-plus cities and regional centers with a population of less than a million inhabitants, the competition is not so significant, but it is quite difficult to immediately stand out from the existing proposals.

This project proposes the organization of events, the format of which will combine an excursion with a thematic performance on the history of the city. The choice of this format was due to high competition among excursion organizers. On the one hand, such an event will require large amounts of time and money to organize, on the other hand, if positioned well, it will attract public attention and can become one of the landmark cultural events in the city. The project will be implemented on its own based on the organizer’s knowledge of the history of the city and interest in local history, the presence of some skills in this area, a certificate of completion of courses for guides, as well as personal connections with creative personalities of the city who will be involved in the performance in as partners.

3. DESCRIPTION OF GOODS AND SERVICES

At the initial stage, two excursion scenarios will be developed, each of which will include a short 30-minute street performance on the theme of the excursion. The duration of one of the events will be 3 hours, the other - 2 hours 30 minutes. The cost of participation will be divided for children and adults (see Table 2). The cost was determined taking into account the analysis of competitors' proposals. Thus, the cost of a regular walking tour in the regions varies from 400 to 650 rubles, the cost of bus excursions or excursions with any additional services, including a quest, coffee break, etc. ranged from 1100 to 1500 rubles. Thus, 800-950 rubles is, on the one hand, a more expensive option compared to regular excursions, but at the same time more profitable compared to similar offers.

Table 2. Description of goods and services

We also note that at the start of the project it is planned to conduct two or three free excursions to attract attention to the project when excursionists themselves determine the level of remuneration for the guide. In addition, excursionists will have free access to audio and photographic materials offered by the guide during the excursion, as well as incentive prizes for activity during the excursion (badges, souvenirs, keychains, etc.).

4.SALES AND MARKETING

The target audience of the project will be, on the one hand, an age audience actively interested in the history of the city (mainly women aged 35-40 years), on the other hand - creative youth from 18 to 30 years old, as well as tourists and guests of the city. The process of organizing sales and advertising will require the implementation of several stages.

Preparatory stage. At this stage, two months before the start of sales, pages are created in in social networks“VKontakte”, “Odnoklassniki” and Instagram, which are planned to be used as generators of the main flow during the main period of work. Communities are filled with thematic content on the history of the city, a preliminary set of target audiences is made, and advertising messages are published about a set of free trial excursions. A one-page website is being created with basic information about the cost, time of excursions, route and contacts for pre-registration. Advertising templates are created and advertisements are printed.

First stage. Two or three free excursions are conducted, during which photographs are taken, feedback from participants is collected, and gaps in the organization that arise along the way are eliminated. Whenever possible, the attention of online media and television is attracted. Next, advertising posts are published in popular city groups on social networks. There is an active distribution of advertisements in places visited by tourists.

Main stage. Ongoing advertising activities using all available channels to reach the target audience. At the same time, contacts are being established with the heads of museums, cultural and entertainment institutions, anti-cafes, who can place advertisements on their own sites, and advertisements are being distributed. The following can also be used as additional channels for attracting customers:

a guide's own blog on the history of the city;

partnership with travel companies with the transfer of clients for a percentage;

partnership with tourist information centers (transfer of clients for a percentage, placement of advertising or business cards).

Earn up to
200,000 rub. per month while having fun!

Trend 2020. Intellectual business in the field of entertainment. Minimum investment. No additional deductions or payments. Turnkey training.

Table 3 shows approximate expenses for advertising purposes during the main period of work. Filling groups on social networks with content and updating information on the website is planned to be organized on our own. Applications for participation in the excursion will be accepted by telephone, payment will be collected by the organizer before the start of the event. In the future, it is planned to use special services (timepad and others).

5. PRODUCTION PLAN

At the initial stage, it is planned to organize excursions and performances once a week - on Saturdays or Sundays, during the daytime. To create performances, you will need to hire actors from among the volunteers of the acting circle at one of the city’s universities. The cast will include five regular actors and three people playing either episodic roles or substitutions. To get started, you will need to purchase the necessary stage and excursion equipment. Expenses for these purposes will amount to about 39.2 thousand rubles.

Table 4. List necessary equipment and inventory

When conducting one excursion per week, taking into account the participation of 10 adult tourists with an average bill of 900 rubles, monthly revenue will be 81 thousand rubles. This plan is planned to be followed during the first year of operation. The plan for the second year of operation will be 15 participants per excursion, i.e. 121.5 thousand rubles per month. In the future, with an increase in the number of participants and the organization of two excursions per week, the planned revenue can be increased by one and a half to two times.

6. ORGANIZATIONAL PLAN

The project will require a preparatory period of 3 months, during which an excursion route, performance scripts are created, rehearsals are organized, actors are selected, etc. Unlike many countries in the world, in Russia a license to provide excursion services is not required. In order for activities to be carried out within the legal framework, only registration of an individual entrepreneur is necessary. OKVED activity codes:

• 79.90.2 Activities for the provision of excursion tourism services
• 79.90.22 Activities of independent tour guides and tour guides in the provision of excursion tourism services.

The processing time for registration of individual entrepreneurs will be 3 days. State duty - 800 rubles. The most appropriate taxation system for this type of business is a simplified one, where the object of taxation is income of 6%.

Documents for business on walking tours:

Here is a list of documents required to conduct activities within the right field:

contract for services, where all excursion offers, its obligations and those points for which the company is not responsible will be indicated;

job description for employees. It describes in detail the job responsibilities for each position and the action plan in case of an emergency;

agreements with employees. Not necessarily according to the Labor Code, but the contractual basis must be fixed;

for employees (preferably) - a document that confirms the status of a teacher of history/culture/philology, etc. or the right to engage in tourism business.

Additionally, it is necessary to draw up a memo for clients, rules for safe behavior on the route and a list of possible sources of dangers that may be encountered. Also, in some cases, tour guides require accreditation. For example, to conduct excursions, foreigners need a special state permit.

The project team

The project team will include two organizers and at the same time performers of the project in the person of a guide and the head of the theater troupe, as well as the actors themselves.

Guide. This is a person with a historical or philological education, who knows English language, who is interested in local history and the history of the city, has a certificate of completion of guide courses from a specialized training center that trains personnel for the tourism industry. Personal qualities: sociability, competent speech, articulate voice, creativity and resourcefulness, talent as a teacher and psychologist, patience.

Director of a theater troupe. He has experience as a director in a student theater, a talent as an organizer, advertiser, and designer.

Actors. A group of eight actors (five regular actors, three substitutes), participants in major theater competitions, city performances, a student theater troupe. The actors will be paid 500 rubles per performance. Based on the experience of similar projects, it is recommended to select a reserve troupe for all roles (in case of illness of the actors, absence from rehearsals/performance for family or other reasons, etc.).

7. FINANCIAL PLAN

The financial plan takes into account all income and expenses of the project. The initial investment in the project will be 49 thousand rubles. The expenses of the main period of work will include wages for the actors - 22,500 rubles, expenses for advertising and promotion of the project. Detailed financial plan of the project, taking into account tax deductions, is given in Appendix 1.

Table 5. Investment costs of the project

	NAME	AMOUNT, rub.
Equipment and inventory
	Equipment for excursions
	Equipment for performances
Intangible assets
	Registration of individual entrepreneur
	Flyer printing
	Funds for paying actors (for the first 2 excursions)

Table 6. Main period expenses

8. EVALUATION OF EFFECTIVENESS

Thanks to minimal investments, the project can pay for itself within the second month from the start of excursion sales. The annual turnover of the project in the first year will be 972 thousand rubles, net profit - 521.8 thousand rubles. Profitability - 53%. Annual turnover in the second year is 1,458 thousand rubles, net profit is 978.2 thousand rubles, profitability is 67%.

9. RISKS AND GUARANTEES

The project will require minimal investment in opening, there are no costs for rent and connection to any real estate and material assets (the product is intellectual and acting work), in connection with which all financial risks are minimal. Most of the possible difficulties can be associated with internal problems - errors in the organization, incorrect promotion, incorrect presentation of information by excursionists, etc. These risks are prevented, firstly, through careful preparatory work, which should include writing a high-quality script for the excursion and performance, and their test run. Secondly, a competent market analysis is important: monitoring of all current offers in the field, analysis of the pricing and advertising policies of competitors, their methods of smoothing out the seasonality factor, etc. The key factor for the main period will be work to improve the quality of services, expand the list of services, provide feedback to clients and advertise.

There are also external risk factors - competition, an unfavorable situation in the country’s economy, which affects the solvency of the population and forces them to give up leisure, etc. To minimize these factors, it is necessary to ensure high-quality promotion from the first days of the project’s existence, and in the future, to gain status and recognition of the event as significant cultural event city, which is visited by representatives of middle and large companies and which is actively recommended to tourists and guests of the city.

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Introduction.

Hello, dear friends. My name is Anna. And today I am your guide. You and I have gathered today to listen to very interesting excursion. The theme of our excursion is “Malakhov Kurgan monument - two defenses”. The route of our excursion passes through the territory of the Malakhov Kurgan, here you will see many monuments, guns, a defensive tower, the places where Nakhimov and Kornilov were fatally wounded, and the only tree that survived the Second World War. I ask you to keep up with the group, and I will answer your questions during the tour.

Well, now let's get back to the topic of our Excursion!! Malakhov Kurgan is not just historical monument, this is sacred land for every Sevastopol resident; the fate of the first defense of Sevastopol was decided here. The name of the mound, as one version explains, is associated with the name of a retired naval sailor Mikhail Malakhov, who was a highly respected man on the Ship Side, one of the first to settle at the foot of the mound. His house stood on the slope of this mound. People often came to Malakhov for advice, help, and court proceedings: he was an honest and fair man. So they said: “Let’s go to the mound, to Malakhov.” The mound gradually began to be called by his name.

The mound may not be very impressive from the outside - a hill is like a hill. Its height is only 97 meters above sea level, but the glory of the mound is great. Over the course of one hundred years, the mound twice became the scene of fierce battles.

During the defense of Sevastopol in 1854-1855 Malakhov Kurgan, dominating the surrounding area, was a key position on the left flank of the defense. Here was the main bastion of the Ship side, which after the death of Vice Admiral V.A. Kornilov began to be called Kornilovsky.

Here the French troops conducted their most furious assaults. However, the enemy managed to capture the mound only after eleven months of fighting, when the defensive structures were demolished by multi-day artillery bombardments and the strength of its defenders was exhausted. The loss of the Malakhov Kurgan predetermined the outcome of the 11-month defense of the city.

During the period of defense, there were nine batteries on the Malakhov Kurgan, two of them were reproduced in 1958. They are equipped with authentic ship cannons from the times Crimean War. The guns are cast from cast iron and weigh from two to seven tons. The sailors had to put a lot of effort into dragging them onto the bastions. The cannons fired solid and explosive (bomb) cannonballs. Despite the imperfection of weapons and the need of the defenders for literally everything, the two powerful imperial powers could not take Sevastopol for almost a year.

The enemy managed to launch the first assault on the city only nine months after the start of the siege, on June 6, 1855. This assault was heroically repulsed by the defenders of Sevastopol. Tells about the events of this day Panorama of the defense of Sevastopol, located on the former fourth bastion.

Many outstanding defense heroes fought on Malakhov Kurgan: admirals Nakhimov, Kornilov, Istomin, sister of mercy Dasha of Sevastopol, and sailor Koshka, a participant in many forays into the enemy’s camp. At night, brave hunters (as they were called) captured trophies, prisoners, destroyed enemy fortifications, and most importantly, it was a very powerful psychological weapon. After the Crimean War, the name "Malakhov Kurgan" became known throughout the world. In 1856, the French Marshal Pelissier, who commanded the French army in Crimea in 1855-1856, was awarded the title "Duke of Malakhovsky". In Germany there is Fort Malakhov, small town near Paris it became known as "Malakof".

The mound became famous during second defense of Sevastopol. Therefore, Malakhov Kurgan - memorial complex of monuments to two wars: the Crimean and the Great Patriotic War.

Main part

Now we are at the Main Entrance to Malakhov Kurgan. Arch adorns a massive Doric portico with dates on the frieze: 1854-1855. Wide main staircase leads to the top of the mound. The staircase bifurcates and joins again to form a large lawn with a manicured lawn. From here you can see the whole of Sevastopol: the central part of the city; Vladimir Cathedral is the tomb of admirals, three of whom died here on the Malakhov Kurgan; open sea; Konstantinovskaya battery at the entrance to Sevastopol Bay; The northern side of Sevastopol, crowned with the pyramid of the Church of St. Nicholas at the Fraternal Cemetery. Now you and I will climb these stairs

Now we are on the first wide horizontal platform, on which there are two monuments. The one on the left is from the Crimean War, the one on the right is from the Great Patriotic War. Let's go to the monument which is located to the right. This monument to the pilots of the 8th Air Force, who liberated Sevastopol from the Nazis in May 1944. It was commanded by Major General Khryukin. A night bomber women's regiment under the command of Evdokia Bershanskaya fought as part of the army. The girls flew on planes with PO-2 percale wings; they flew out only at night, since the planes were imperfect and, if hit by a shell, they burned like matches. On these planes, female pilots terrified the enemy; the Nazis called them night witches. More than forty female pilots of the regiment
were awarded the title of Hero Soviet Union.

The monument is a granite rock from which a fighter plane “takes off”. One of the best fighters of World War II, the Yak-3, was used as a prototype for the memorial aircraft. The monument was built by military builders in July 1944 and restored in 1994. Next to the monument there are granite plaques, which list the flight formations and units that participated in the liberation of Sevastopol.

Now let's proceed to the left side of the site. Here is a small white marble monument , installed in 1892 abovemass grave of Russian and French soldiers . It contains the rest of the soldiers who died in the last battle on Malakhov Kurgan on August 27, 1855.

When, on the last day of the first defense, the French broke into Malakhov Kurgan, the Russians launched several counterattacks, fought selflessly, and as a result the losses were very large on both sides. Those killed in this battle were buried in the same grave. The funeral was carried out by the French, who highly appreciated the courage of their opponents.

A black stele with a black cross rises above the white pedestal. The symbolism of flowers is explained by the inscription in French, embossed on the back of the monument: "They were inspired by victory and united by death. Such is the glory of the brave, such is the lot of the soldier." On the front side of the monument are the words: “Monument to Russian and French soldiers who fell on Malakhov Kurgan during the defense and attack on August 27, 1855.”

During the Great Patriotic War, the monument was severely damaged and restored in 1960.

From this site, which the French soldiers nicknamed “the devil’s,” the main alley of the Malakhov Kurgan begins; its age is already approaching fifty years. The trees on this alley were planted by party, state and public figures of the USSR and foreign countries, Heroes of the Soviet Union, cosmonauts (including Yuri Gagarin). Previously, there were signs near the trees with names written on them. This alley was called Alley of Friendship.

Now let's walk along the alley. So on the left you see a powerful ship gun . This is an authentic WWII ship's cannon. The gun caliber is 130 mm, the firing range is 20 km. The second gun stood in this place (the first one was in front behind the trees). In October 1941, the destroyer Sovershenny was blown up by a Nazi mine. The guns were removed from it and installed on land. This is how it was created battery "Malakhov Kurgan". The guns were serviced by the destroyer's sailors (60 people), the battery was commanded by Lieutenant-Commander Matyukhin. That’s what the battery workers were called - “Matyukhintsy”. The battery provided support to our units in the Mekenzi Mountains (16 km north), on the northern side of the city.

The Matyukhinites fought until last days defense On June 30, 1942, the Nazis captured Malakhov Kurgan. The forces were unequal. The survivors went to the southwest of Sevastopol and continued to fight there. Many suffered the same fate as other defenders of the city: they were captured. The guns you see were taken from the Boikiy destroyer. They are exactly the same as those on the destroyer "Perfect" and stand here as monuments to the sailors who defended Sevastopol.

Walking a little further we see unusual monument. Thismonument tree - old almond , he survived the Great Patriotic War. When Sevastopol was liberated, even the earth on the Malakhov Kurgan was burned; of course, all the greenery died, and only a small scorched almond tree survived and bloomed. There was only one living branch left on it. But every spring it is covered with white flowers, symbolizing the triumph of life over death.

Now pay attention to the center of the alley, there is a bronze relief map of the Malakhov Kurgan bastion ( architect A. Sheffer). The map shows batteries, powder magazines, shelters - everything that was here during the defense of 1854-1855. In the area of ​​the angle directed towards the enemy, the so-called outgoing one, there is a Defensive tower , in which it is now located branch of the Museum heroic defense and the liberation of Sevastopol.

Let's go to the Defense Tower. This donjon tower is the only stone defensive structure on the bastion. It was built in the summer of 1854 with funds from the residents of Sevastopol according to the design of military engineer F.A. Starchenko. A tower was built from Inkerman stone. The thickness of the walls of the lower tier is 152 cm, the upper one is 88 cm. The tower had 52 loopholes on two tiers, and five eighteen-pound fortress cannons were installed on the upper platform. On the tower there is a memorial plaque with the names of the regiments and units that defended the Malakhov Kurgan during the first defense.

On October 5, 1854, during the first bombardment of Sevastopol, the upper tier of the tower was demolished by enemy shells, while the lower one served as a shelter. It housed a dressing station, a powder warehouse, a camp church and the headquarters of Rear Admiral V.I. Istomin, who commanded the fourth distance of the defensive line (which included Malakhov Kurgan). March 7, 1855 Istomin Inspected the remote fortification of the Malakhov Kurgan, the so-called Kamchatka lunette (in front behind the defensive tower), where he was killed outright by an enemy cannonball that hit him in the head. This was a great loss for the defenders of Sevastopol.

To the left of the tower you can see the Anti-Assault Battery. At this place during the war, there was a frontal naval cannon of the 1803 model. Now let's go up the road behind the tower. Here you see the Battery on the glacis; there is also a marble slab installed here, marking the place where Admiral Nakhimov was mortally wounded

On June 28, 1855, Nakhimov stood on the glacis and observed the positions of the French. As always, the admiral was in uniform with gold epaulettes, presenting a good target for the French shtutserniks (a chtuztser is a gun with a rifled barrel). The commander of the fourth distance, which included Malakhov Kurgan, captain of the first rank F.S. Kern (a relative of Anna Kern) asked him to go down to the shelter, Nakhimov rather sharply refused. Several bullets hit the parapet nearby, he managed to say: “They shoot quite accurately today,” when one of the bullets hit him in the left temple. No amount of medical efforts could save the admiral, and two days later, without regaining consciousness, Nakhimov died.

On this day, the whole of Sevastopol mourned. An eyewitness wrote that there was not a person in the city who would not gladly give his life for the life of the admiral. On July 1, Pavel Stepanovich was buried next to his unforgettable teacher Lazarev and his comrades who died on the Malakhov Kurgan, Kornilov and Istomin. The obituary for Nakhimov says: “Peace be to your ashes, intelligent, skillful and experienced, passionately loved his art and his subordinates, equally loved by them, always cold-blooded and courageous, kind-hearted, great in intelligence and courage, an honest, generous person!” Those who knew him closely! Admiral Nakhimov wrote: "entirely devoted to service, he did not know and had no interests outside of it." He devoted himself entirely to naval service, did not start a family. His fellow sailors were his family, all his ambition lay in the strict fulfillment of his duty. “Everything here is so clearly and strongly inspired by the soul and strength of Nakhimov that it is impossible not to realize that he really personifies the present era, and it is impossible to imagine what would have happened without him...” Spent the night wherever necessary, slept without undressing, because own apartment took him to the infirmary for the wounded, and the admiral’s personal money went to help the families of the sailors. There were legends about his courage and contempt for death. The appearance of the admiral on the batteries and bastions was accompanied by a loud, enthusiastic “Hurray!” The soul of the Sevastopol defense died with Nakhimov.

Proceeding further you see the batteries of Senyavin and Emelyanov. To the right of the batteries is a monument to Kornilov, erected at the site of Kornilov’s injury (architect A. Bilderling, sculptor academician I. Schroeder). On the pedestal, the top of which represents part of the fortification, there is a figure of a mortally wounded admiral. With his right hand he points to the city, his words spoken before his death are inscribed below, sounding like a call or even an order: “Defend Sevastopol!” On the right is the figure of a sailor-artilleryman, who is given a resemblance to the famous hero-sailor P. Koshka. At the foot of the monument is a cross, laid out by order of Nakhimov by Sevastopol cabin boys from enemy cannonballs.

Admiral Kornilov was wounded on the day of the first bombardment of Sevastopol, October 5, 1854, at about 11 o'clock. Kornilov arrived at the Malakhov Kurgan, inspected the tower, fortifications and headed towards the horse to continue the inspection, but then an enemy cannonball crushed his left leg at the groin. On the same day at half past four, Vice Admiral Kornilov died. When the defense began, Kornilov was chief of staff Black Sea Fleet. He led the defense, being an excellent organizer, and did a lot for the construction of defensive fortifications and for the organization of defense as a whole. Despite the fact that Kornilov died at the very beginning of the defense, his merits were great, and the loss for Sevastopol was very great.

The words of the dying Kornilov, inscribed on the pedestal, infuriated the fascist occupiers, who paid a terrible price for the capture of Sevastopol. Therefore, they destroyed the monument: the bronze was taken away and the pedestal was blown up. The monument was restored for the 200th anniversary of Sevastopol. The basis was taken from the original version of the monument, a model of which is kept in the Naval Museum of St. Petersburg. Malakhov Kurgan is the place of heroism of hundreds, thousands of defenders of the city. Let us note that among those who fought on the Malakhov Kurgan was the father of the “red lieutenant” Peter Schmidt - P.P. Schmidt, who commanded the anti-assault battery, and together with the famous N.I. Pirogov and professor of Kyiv University X.Ya. Gübbenet fought for the lives of the wounded and Schmidt’s mother E.Ya. Wagner.

Conclusion

So, our excursion has come to an end. Thanks everyone for your attention. You are very good listeners. I'm ready to answer your questions.

An excursion, as we have already found out, is both a way of relaxation and a method of learning new information. In connection with this two-sidedness, special methodological techniques are being developed for conducting the excursion. The main emphasis of the excursion is on the show, on introducing tourists to objects that are new to them, and on brief comments on the show.

When conducting an excursion, the following general methodological techniques are used: the main display technique, the preliminary inspection technique, the mental reconstruction technique of the excursion object, the mental reconstruction technique of the historical background, the comparison technique, the abstraction technique, the discussion technique, the report technique, the complicity technique, the personification technique, the problem situation technique , method of retreat, method of activating attention, use of visual aids from the “tour guide’s portfolio”, display and description of an object as the bus moves, panoramic display, brief description of the object shown, brief information about a unique historical or natural site, detailed description features of the object, explanations and comments during the excursion, inclusion of vivid quotes in the story, taking pauses, answering questions from tourists.

When developing an excursion, the guide must take into account that:

o the maximum number of objects that adult tourists can perceive is 30, children - no more than 15; o the maximum time for a continuous excursion story is 15 minutes for adults and 10 minutes for children;

o the maximum display time of one excursion object is 4 minutes;

o For every hour of the guide's story, a 10-minute pause is possible.

Methodological techniques, their use and features depend on: the form of the excursion, the content and theme of the excursion, the composition of the group, the venue, and the method of transportation.

1. The choice of methodological techniques depending on the form of the excursion. The form of the excursion (educational excursion, excursion-conversation, excursion-game, excursion-walk, excursion-performance, etc.) significantly influences the possibility and need to use certain methodological techniques.

On the most common educational excursion (previously they were called educational excursions), almost all techniques are used; their use and alternation depend on other decisive factors.

In an excursion-conversation (most often this form is used to conduct individual excursion) the optimal methods will be the main display, comparisons, abstraction, brief comments, and receiving answers to questions from tourists.

In an excursion-game, most often carried out for primary schoolchildren, vivid comparisons, activation of imagination, panoramic display, and inclusion of additional display objects (films, computer videos, archaeological finds) will help keep children’s attention.

During an excursion-walk, to keep children’s attention, the guide tries to influence not only visual and auditory sensations, but also tactile ones. For example, excursionists are given the task of collecting a small herbarium, finding a fossil on their own, etc.

2. The choice of methodological techniques depending on the composition of the group. As you know, the most inquisitive groups are middle-aged schoolchildren and adults. Student participants have low attention span.

In children's groups, it is advisable to use the techniques of the main display, brief comments, techniques of comparison and mental reconstruction; At the same time, it is undesirable to pause frequently and for a long time, which weakens concentration.

In adult groups, in addition to the main display and a more detailed story, the techniques of abstraction, historical reconstruction, participation, reportage, and personification are used. In individual adult groups, it is optimal to use the technique of conversation and comments during the show.

An experienced guide always “feels” his group and, depending on its mood, intellectual preparation and other factors, applies certain methodological techniques.

3. The choice of methodological techniques depending on the location of the excursion. An excursion in the city does not require any special methodological techniques, while a country excursion is carried out according to its own laws. In this case, it is best to use the techniques of comparison, reporting, problem situations, and panoramic display.

In museum excursions using exhibits, the best methods are a combination of showing and telling techniques, the technique of mentally creating a historical background, the technique of personification and the technique of explanation.

When conducting a thematic excursion in the museum under open air the optimal methods will be the main display, comments on objects, brief explanations, methods of abstraction, reporting, methods of providing brief information about the uniqueness of a particular exhibit.

4. The choice of methodological techniques depending on the method of movement. It is clear that a bus tour without getting off the bus will be very different from a regular walking tour or museum excursion.

Regarding the conduct of a bus excursion with stops at certain places, clear rules have been developed regulating boarding the bus, showing and telling along the way, and getting off the bus. The best techniques when driving on a bus: the technique of showing with comments, the technique of comparisons, the technique of abstraction, the technique of using visual aids from the “guide’s portfolio”, the technique of comments and techniques of activating attention.

When walking, the guide should not speak while moving from one object to another. Walking tours use the techniques of preliminary inspection, detailed display and commentary, the technique of comparison, the technique of abstraction, the technique of participation, and the technique of personification.

5. The choice of methodological techniques depending on the content of the excursion and its topic. During city sightseeing tours, it is possible to use all existing methodological techniques. Some features are inherent in the techniques used in thematic excursions. Thus, in a historical excursion you can use almost all techniques, but the best techniques will be the mental reconstruction of the historical background, the technique of the main display and the technique of comparison. On a botanical excursion, for example natural park, it is advisable to use the main display technique, the comments technique, and the comparison technique. When conducting an ecological excursion, the technique of a problem situation, the technique of the main display, the technique of complicity, and the technique of reporting will bring success. A religious excursion will be more effective using the techniques of the main display and brief comments on it; it is possible to use the technique of complicity and mental reconstruction of the historical background. It should be borne in mind that it is not very ethical to tell the story directly in the temple, but it is better to limit yourself to small explanations and provide most of the information to the excursionists on the bus in advance or after visiting the temple.

A production tour is, first of all, a method of reporting, a method of participation, a method of main display, a method of problem situation, a method of discussion. In a literary excursion, it is worth using the technique of the main display and comments, the technique of personification, the technique of quotations, and the technique of digression. When conducting a theatrical excursion, one cannot do without the method of mental reconstruction of the historical background, the method of abstraction, the method of reporting, the method of complicity.

Features of displaying objects along the bus route without stopping or exiting the bus. Such a display is typical for an excursion group departing from their place of residence (for example, from a hotel outside the city) to the old part of the city to visit the local museum. The excursion route does not involve stops, and the guide tells the story while driving. The display of objects along the route must be prepared in advance. The guide may first give brief description object, and then show it (the story either precedes the show or smoothly “flows around” it). The guide's comments should be structured in such a way as to orient tourists in advance to appearance the object of interest and its location.

• 1. “Peter I stayed in our city during one of the Azov campaigns. Now, on the right as the bus moves, you can see the temple that the Russian Tsar visited during his short stay in our city.”
• 2. “The Volga is the pride of our country, and we are especially proud that the sources of this great river are in our region. Ahead as the bus moves, you can see the main bed of the Volga, and the bridge we are passing over is one of 5 bridges in our city. It was built according to the design of a famous St. Petersburg architect.”
• 3. “In a few minutes we will approach the landing site of the world’s first cosmonaut Yu.A. Gagarin. At the moment we are driving along an alley of poplars planted for the 10th anniversary of the first space flight.”

Panoramic display. The opportunity to show the city, the beauty of the surrounding nature or any architectural complex With high point is the highlight of the excursion. A panoramic display can serve as a bright start to an excursion, be its culmination or finishing touch. In any case, a panoramic view allows you to create a more complete impression of everything you saw and heard. It is advisable to provide excursionists with the opportunity to ask questions after the panoramic display (no more than 5 minutes).

The most beautiful panoramas open from the observation deck in the mountains to the picturesque foothills; city panoramas also have a strong emotional impact. On excursions around Moscow, excursion groups are often brought to the Sparrow Hills, from which a beautiful panorama of the capital opens; perfectly visible most of Moscow and observation deck Ostankino Tower. In those cities where there are no elevated natural places, bell towers, preserved fortresses, high-rise buildings, etc. can be used for panoramic display. Thus, in St. Petersburg, guests of the city are often shown a panorama of the city from the height of the observation deck of St. Isaac's Cathedral.

• 1. Panoramic display before the start of the excursion (the panoramic platform is located on one of the low mountains surrounding the city): “Before you is the Volga city, surrounded on three sides by mountains. You can see the old part of the city on the Volga coast, where ancient buildings and temples have been preserved. Most big temple with a high bell tower - this is Cathedral of our city, it was built 100 years ago by a local architect. From here you can see several small city parks and green alleys along many streets. The city was developed in such a way that all central streets intersect with each other exclusively at right angles. The central part of the city resembles a chessboard viewed from above. To the right of the cathedral you can see old bridge through the Volga. It is 3.5 km long and is one of the largest bridges in Europe. In the plains between the mountains there are new residential areas, but our goal is the old part of the city and the Volga embankment. Let's get on the bus and continue our journey."
• 2. Panoramic display as the culminating moment: “You and I got acquainted with the history of the city, its main architectural and historical attractions. And now you have the opportunity to see the city from a bird's eye view. Do you see the temple on the left? This is the cathedral that you visited. To the right of it is a bridge across the Volga, along which we took a sightseeing trip. If all our guests have admired the panorama of the city, we can move on. We are going to visit an open-air ethnographic museum.”
• 3. Panoramic display as the final stage of the excursion: “In front of you is a city through which we have already completed our journey. Now from above you can once again see all the memorable places about which you have learned a lot. If you have any questions, I will be happy to answer them."

In any of the three described cases, the panoramic display will remain in the memory of the excursionists for a long time and will leave the best memories of the excursion.

Museum excursion. When conducting a museum excursion, most basic methodological techniques are used, but taking into account limited space.

The guide meets the group that comes to the museum at a place specially designated for this, in each museum. The guide immediately introduces himself, loudly announces the topic of the excursion and leads the group to the beginning of the story. If there is already another excursion in the room where the group has entered, the guide should either speak more quietly or go to the next room, if the topic of the excursion allows.

In the introductory part of any museum excursion, you should provide the group with brief (no more than 2-3 minutes) information about the history of the creation of the museum, and remind you of the rules of conduct in rooms where there are many glass display cases and fragile objects. After this, the guide begins the main part of the tour, standing half-turned towards the display case or the first exhibit. You should not focus the attention of a large group on small exhibits, since most tourists will not see anything, but there will be a risk of breaking the display case. Transitions from one display case to another or from one hall to another should be accompanied by logical transitions in the story. In the final part of the excursion, the results are summed up and information is provided about the remaining halls of the museum where tourists can visit. After this, the guide answers questions from the excursion participants and says goodbye to them.

An important condition for a well-conducted excursion in the museum is strict adherence to time.

Additional methodological techniques. Every experienced guide always has in stock several proprietary methodological techniques that help turn the excursion into both a quality learning process and a pleasant time spent.

• 1. Including a short meeting in the excursion with a specialist, nair and mer during an archaeological excursion - with an archaeologist, during a paleontological excursion - with a paleontologist, during an art excursion - with an artist or musician, etc. Communication with specialists activates and deepens the interest aroused by the topic of the excursion, helps to better understand the issues under consideration and, of course, has a strong emotional impact on excursionists.
• 2. Watching movies or computer clips on the topic of the excursion. Innovative moments add a special flavor to the excursion and enhance the visual impact on the excursion participants. Such additions are suitable during a long trip on a bus equipped with the necessary equipment.
• 3. Introduction of the search and research part on the topic of the excursion. Active actions help excursionists improve the process of learning new information and feel like real researchers. During archaeological, paleontological, geological, botanical, environmental excursions, you can provide excursionists with the opportunity to find any artifacts or objects of research on the surface of the earth:

o lifting material on archaeological sites(fragments of dishes, fragments of iron objects washed from the soil by rainwater);

about fossils at paleontological outcrops (mollusk shells, ancient sponges);

o minerals at the sites of geological monuments (precious stones, gems);

o herbarium objects (leaves, flowers).

Material collected on the surface of the earth can be taken with you if it does not harm the monument.

4. Including mini-quizzes in the excursion process. Conducting a mini-quiz is positively perceived even in adult groups. For example, a guide may invite group members to remember the length of the Volga, paintings by a famous artist, in addition to those seen in the museum, name writers whose books are dedicated to events on the Don, etc. You can invite excursionists to determine which architectural style the building belongs to, what is the approximate height of the memorial stele, the length of the bridge, etc.

Questions may be presented along with answer options, for example:

“What do you think is the principle by which the name of a Russian city was most often given:

about the name of its founder;

o by the name of the ancient tribes that lived in this place earlier;

oh by the name of the river on which the city is founded?”

Of course, the guide must not only convincingly prove the correctness of the answer, but also give examples. In this case, the correct answer is third, and examples include cities such as Moscow, Samara, Tsaritsyn, Tomsk, Tver, etc.

• 5. Incorporating conversational elements into the tour. The guide, who has become acquainted with the group, during the excursion can include elements of conversation that activate the group’s attention and make the psychological environment comfortable. For example, knowing that the group came to the northern city from Krasnodar region, you can ask whether the guests are freezing while walking along the snow-covered embankment, or ask the guests what particularly surprised them among the objects they examined, whether there are similar ones in their city, etc. The guide's reciprocal interest in the guests will cause greater satisfaction with the excursion and will leave a good impression of the city and its inhabitants.
• 6. Inclusion of theatrical elements into the excursion- participation in a folk festival, carnival, historical reconstruction festival. Elements of theatricalization have been included in tourism for quite a long time and, as it were, turn participants of educational excursions into direct participants in events. Theatricalization has a beneficial effect both on the perception of the information provided on the excursion and on the formation of the overall impression of the trip. For example, during some archaeological excursions, guests attend a theatrical show organized by a historical fencing club. The excursion scenario includes the “kidnapping” of one or more excursion participants, releasing them from captivity with the help of Russian soldiers, watching a stunt fight, taking photographs with show participants in colorful costumes, archery, tasting pilaf prepared according to medieval recipes, etc. d. Such theatrical performances are successfully held in Saratov region; in Yaroslavl, guests are invited to put on simple robes and try their hand at being barge haulers on the Volga; at the Yekaterinburg Museum of Local History, guests are certainly greeted by a beauty dressed as the Mistress of the Copper Mountain. Such theatrical elements (even in a shortened version) cannot leave tourists indifferent and are a wonderful addition to a thematic excursion around ancient history the edges.

Working with tourists (continued)

Always weigh what you say carefully. Use reputable sources, double-check the information several times. Even if incorrect information occurs frequently, this does not make it correct and there is no need to tell it to tourists. Preferred sources of information are scientific lectures, specialized museum publications, local history magazines, and books written by historians. Television, newspapers, magazines, and the Internet are in last place, because... unverified or distorted information prevails there.

You can read what the “excursion”, created from stories, fiction, TV shows and modern books, turns into here:
" Night excursions are one of the favorite summer entertainments for bored citizens and curious guests of the capital, which was confirmed by the sold-out crowd last night. Yours truly couldn’t help but poke his nose into this industry, grabbing a barley notebook) I highlight nonsense italics, I’m commenting offtopic. As we were leaving Sukharevskaya, the first to suffer from the guide’s imagination was the Sukharevskaya Tower that had previously stood there:

When building a story, do not forget that in the group there are people who perceive information differently: the majority, of course, are visual learners, but there are also kinesthetic and auditory learners. Therefore, when describing objects, use words that characterize not only the width and volume of the house, but also the bright color of the stained glass windows, the rustling of leaves near the house, and the unevenness of the bricks in the masonry. There are people for whom it is enough to look at the monument, and there are those who need to touch and feel it to get to know the object.

The guide only conveys information taken from trusted sources. He does not express his own opinion, much less impose it. People go to relax, to learn something new, but not to receive moral instruction or initiation into any religion. There should be no pressure or aggression in the tone of the conversation. People feel this and then the trip turns into torture, into the imposition of an opinion.

"As a professional historian, I know very well how to captivate an audience interesting stories on historical topics. For my lectures, I prepared dozens of examples so that the recorded lecture would not be too “dry” and academic, so that the listeners would be interested. There is no need to prepare lecture-level material here. It is enough to know the basic facts and tell tales on this topic, fortunately there are more than enough of them.
This is what happens abroad. Besides the fact that the general level of knowledge of guides is an order of magnitude higher than in Moscow travel agencies, no one tries to teach tourists about life, preach to them their religious views and political views. Perhaps this is due to the fact that a slightly different contingent goes on excursions there. Although I can’t say that local routes are ridden by people who have never seen anything in their lives or been abroad. But why is the level of “export” guides so much higher than the level of “homegrown” ones?
We rode back without a guide, avoiding a rather boring lecture about his religious views mixed with leavened patriotism. And I don’t envy the part of the group with whom he stayed, despite the fact that they had the opportunity to just walk around this incredible city...."

Tell the story in an interesting, expressive, exciting way:
"...we were taken on an excursion to Lomonosov. The guide spoke so boringly that I wanted to hang myself! It's just torture."
“...during the guide’s story about the defense and surrender of Odessa, the men cried (they actually wiped away their tears)”

If you are going to lead a tour of the temple, you need to obtain permission (blessing) from the priest in advance. If you receive it, do not forget that the story must be told in a relatively quiet voice, without disturbing the believers in the temple. A loud voice is inappropriate in a temple. It is also worth remembering that they do not stand with their backs to the altar or icons. You can stand sideways to them or slightly to the side, forming a triangle with the group.

The story should be interesting, comprehensive and not turn into a dry description of facts. For example, you drive past an enterprise, a TV tower, Mosfilm, botanical garden- tell us what interesting excursions there are, how you can get on them, how to get here.

“Yes, this is the problem with many storytellers and tour guides: they do not always understand that their interlocutors may be interested in the reasons for unusual (illogical) technical solutions, and not just the history of creation.”

"We went on a tour of Minsk on July 25. I liked Minsk very much, but the guide Margarita did not. The tour was not educational, just dry historical facts, dates. Margarita herself was languishing in the heat and constantly complained that she felt bad."

Speak rather slowly and with expression. The pace of speech and its delivery should be such that you want to listen, so that you can remember and comprehend what you heard. Otherwise it might look like this:

"...I was simply dumbfounded. Not only did my brain not have time to digest the information, it simply did not perceive some of it :-) The guide spoke very quickly, very self-confidently, not always coherently and things that contradict school textbooks (in particular - about the education of St. Petersburg)"

"...the guide, a young girl, a student, spoke very carefully and to the point about the city and the legends of the city. At the end of the excursion there was applause on the bus, the guide and driver were somewhat embarrassed. :) And we didn’t even want to leave them"

Summarize what you saw, summarize what was said. This will help tourists better remember and understand what they saw.

“I was convinced that a guide is still needed, because he structures what he saw and heard.”

If they try to interrupt you with a question in the middle of the story, don’t pay attention. When you finish the story, you can turn to the person and ask him to repeat his question.

If during the story something sudden happens around that distracts people's attention (for example, a wedding procession, dogs, squirrels), it is worth taking a short pause and then continuing.

When building a story, speak from the general to the specific. First, tell us where we are, what surrounds us, and then proceed to describe a specific object. You cannot start the story right away with some story that happened in a certain house. People simply will not understand what kind of house we are talking about, where to look and where they are in general.

Use logical transitions. Don't jump from fact to fact. No one needs a bunch of little information. Fragmentary information is difficult to digest.

When communicating important information, provide links to sources. Otherwise, your speech may be considered unfounded or fiction.

It is clear that after the three hundredth or thousandth time it is difficult to tell it as if it were the first time. But still, people’s opinions and the emotions they receive about the walk depend on your acting talent and inspiration.

“And most of all I remember the guides, who are included in the ticket price, and I listened to lectures from as many as three. They talk so vividly, with soul and in colors! I even started recording the last, third girl guide on a voice recorder.”

The guide is an organizer, but not a driver of people. If you work in a group all day, it would be appropriate to warn everyone before the start of the trip that at the exits you will first talk about interesting things for 5-10 minutes, and then have free time. Because people are often nervous, they look at you - they worry that they won’t have time to take photos and buy souvenirs. It is important to give them time for this. Otherwise it might look like this:

“I’ve been to Kostroma once, on an excursion. I was left with a terrible impression - dog-like cold, although the rest of the boat trip was warm. The excursion was crumpled, the guide was a loud, nervous lady, she commanded a lot, told little.”

Don't keep people in one place for too long. 10 minutes is enough. Then people get distracted, worry that they won’t have time to take a photo, and in cold weather they freeze.

Don't wave your arms senselessly, watch your gestures. With your hand movements you direct the gaze of tourists, helping them not only to look, but also to see.

When interacting with people, do not wear sunglasses that are too dark. People should see your eyes, this is respect. If the sun is very bothersome, a wide-brimmed hat will help.

Depending on the position of the sun, during the story, position people so that the sun does not hit their eyes. If the weather is hot, place the group in the shade; if it is cold, on the contrary, choose a sunny place, sheltered from the wind.

If lunch is planned on the route, do not forget that the guide is the last one to sit down to eat. First, he must check all the tables - how people were seated, whether everyone has enough cutlery, what exactly was served to tourists (compare with the information from the travel agency). If you travel by bus, make sure the driver is also fed. Guides, drivers, managers dine at a separate table from tourists.

Give us the amount of information that people can absorb. There is no need to overload them with unnecessary facts, abstract topics and specific terms. Take small breaks. They are necessary for understanding and assimilation of information.

How much should a tour guide say? For example, the excursion lasts 6 hours. If this is a walk around the city, then the guide says 6 astronomical hours. If outside the city - 6 academic ones, i.e. every 45 minutes he has the right to take a break for 15 minutes. On the way back, the guide, as a rule, does not speak. Tourists are relaxing at this time, some are sleeping, some are sharing their impressions with a neighbor, some are listening to music.

Sometimes on excursions there are people who lack communication. They ask questions they don't need answers to. They need time and attention. If you have the opportunity, give it to them.

If a tourist expresses his point of view on the information provided and tells a lie, do not argue with him. Everyone has the right to make mistakes. Your task is to give knowledge, and to assimilate it is everyone’s personal job. Maybe he will learn it, maybe he won’t, it’s voluntary.

If you had a country bus excursion and are returning back, warn tourists in advance that the bus goes without intermediate stops to the starting point of the excursion. People should be informed about this in advance. Otherwise, when approaching the city by bus, a procession of “walkers” will be arranged to the driver and everyone will ask him to stop there. Such situations often make drivers nervous. After all sightseeing bus- not a taxi and the driver should not drop off groups of people here and there, slowing down, changing lanes and wasting time. The guide also monitors the travel time. At the end of the excursion, he must document the time the bus stopped when he left it last tourist. Otherwise Travel Company will overpay for the duration of the bus transfer.

At the end of the tour, remind tourists that you can answer their questions. And there are usually a lot of questions.

The guide tries to make the walk interesting, filled with reliable information. Moreover, he presents it in such a way that tourists understand and remember a lot. They gain knowledge and the opportunity for further reflection and perhaps independent reading and walking. It's great when the work of one person encourages you to find interesting things in new objects.

At the end of the excursion, be sure to sum up the results - tell briefly where you visited, what you saw. Thank your colleagues for organizing the walk and the tourists for their attention. This is usually followed by applause :) Your reward for a job well done.

2.5. Excursion techniques

The effectiveness of any excursion largely depends on the technique of its implementation, the connection between the methodology and the technique of conducting it. There are a number of requirements for the technique of conducting an excursion. These include the guide’s introduction to the group, the correct placement of the group at the object, the excursionists getting off the bus and returning to the bus (other vehicle), the use of a microphone by the guide, adherence to the time allotted for the excursion as a whole and the disclosure of individual subtopics, answers to questions from tourists, etc.

The guide introduces the group. The guide, upon entering the bus, introduces himself to the group. He greets those present, states his last name, first name, patronymic, the excursion institution that he represents, introduces the excursionists to the bus driver, i.e. begins the excursion with an introduction.

It is important that from the very beginning the guide subordinates his actions to the established rules of communication with the group. He doesn't start talking right away. There is a pause that lasts ten to twenty seconds. The first acquaintance occurs; further contacts between the guide and the group largely depend on it. The tourists gradually fall silent, sit down more comfortably, and their attention turns to the guide. The excursionists figure out what the guide is capable of, what interesting things he will tell them, and the guide thinks about how to interest these people, how to rivet their attention to the topic.

With proper organization of excursion work, preparation for it should occur in advance. This is done by excursion organizers or travel agents.

The plot of the excursion must be known to the excursionist in advance. The tourist must know the topic of the excursion. It is extremely important that promotional activities and the purchase of a tour package are separated from the tour by one or two days. This is significant in the sense that during this period of time a certain psychological attitude of the tourist will take place. He will have time to think about it and get used to the plot of the excursion.

Each topic has its own introduction. If the composition of the group is different (for example, local population and visiting tourists, adults and children), the same excursion will have different introductions. The guide pays special attention to the preparation and execution of the introduction, which gives a specific instruction to the excursionists and allows them to establish contact with them.

Excursionists exit the bus (trolleybus, tram). Tourists need to prepare in advance for departure. In cases where this is not done, a significant part of the group remains sitting on the bus, without getting out to observe the monuments at their location. Thus, excursionists lose the opportunity to personally get to know the object.

At stops where the excursion group is provided to exit, the guide leaves first, showing an example to the group and determining the direction of its movement to the object. In cases where other stops are made during excursions, for example, sanitary stops or for purchasing souvenirs, the guide informs you of the exact time (hour and minutes) of the bus departure. It is necessary to require tourists to comply with the regulations for the excursion, which affects the bus schedule along the route. If the parking time on a country excursion is shortened or increased for some reason, the guide informs all excursionists about this.

Arrangement of the group at the object. When developing an excursion, as a rule, several options for accommodating a group to observe the excursion object are determined. This is done in the case when the place determined by the methodological development is occupied by another group or when the sun's rays shine into the eyes, making it difficult to examine the object. There are other reasons that prevent you from using the recommended location. In hot weather, opportunities are used to arrange groups in the shade. In case of rain, there is an option to accommodate tourists under a roof, under the canopy of trees. In some cases, the technique requires that several points be selected to examine an object: distant, if the object is shown together with the environment or other objects; near, if individual details of a building, structure, area, or natural object are analyzed. These features are reflected in the column “Organized instructions for methodological development.” Each guide carefully studies these instructions and, before leaving with the group on the route, clarifies issues related to the arrangement of the group to observe objects. It is also necessary to ensure the safety of tourists when inspecting objects and when crossing highways.

When several groups are simultaneously located at one object, such a distance must be maintained between them so that one guide does not interfere with the other with his story, so that one group does not obscure another object of observation. Known difficulties in meeting this condition are caused by the placement of groups for displaying museum exhibitions.

Movement of tourists from bus to object, from object to bus, between objects is carried out by a group. The guide's place is in the center of the group, several people walk in front, a few next to each other, and the rest behind. It is important that the group does not stretch: the distance between its head and those who come last should not exceed 5-7 meters. The guide must ensure that the integrity of the group is not compromised when moving the group along the route. If the group is extended, not everyone will hear the guide’s story, his explanations and logical transitions that are presented along the way. Experienced guides skillfully guide the movement along the route.

The pace of the group’s movement depends on the composition of the group (children, youth, middle age, elderly people), on the terrain, for example, climbing a mountain, poor road conditions, overcoming ditches in dangerous areas in working workshops, etc.

On a walking tour, the pace of the tourists is slow and leisurely, since the objects on display are located next to each other.

It is more difficult to establish the required pace of movement of the group on a bus excursion. Here, after getting off the bus, the guide does not immediately start moving, especially if the object is located in the distance. He allows most of the excursionists to get off the bus and then, slowly, but not too slowly, at the head of the group heads towards the goal. Approaching the object, he begins his story not immediately, but after the whole group has gathered.

The guide guides the movement of tourists during their independent work along the route. Tourists walk around the object to read the inscription on it themselves, go inside it, and see the peculiar features of the architecture. They climb a hill to determine its height, climb a bell tower, a minaret to make sure of the unusual “step” of the steps of a steep staircase, go down into the fortress moat to determine its depth, etc. These movements of excursionists enrich them additional information and new impressions, make it possible to experience the unique features of the objects, the features of the events to which the excursion is dedicated.

Return of tourists to the bus. During the group's movement, it is led by a guide. When a group boards the bus, he stands to the right of the entrance and counts the excursionists who enter the cabin. This is done unnoticed. Having made sure that all participants of the excursion have gathered, he enters the bus last and gives a conventional sign to the driver to start moving.

It is necessary to avoid counting tourists who have already taken their seats on the bus. This introduces unnecessary nervousness and sometimes causes comical situations, thereby disrupting the course of the excursion.

Guide's place. The guide on the bus should occupy a place from where he can clearly see the objects discussed on the excursion, but so that all the excursionists are in his field of vision. At the same time, sightseers must see it. Typically, this is a designated front seat next to the driver (the seat behind the driver is reserved for another driver). The guide is not allowed to stand while the bus is moving (as well as tourists) for safety reasons.

On a walking tour, the guide should be positioned halfway to the object. Displaying visually perceived objects requires that they be in front of the guide’s eyes, because he analyzes them based on his visual impressions. This is especially important on country excursions, when the guide, while the bus is moving, sitting in his seat with his back to the excursionists, looks out the front window of the bus and talks about what the excursionists are already seeing or are about to see.

Keeping time during the excursion. The methodological development indicates the exact time allocated for the disclosure of each subtopic in minutes. Everything is provided here: a demonstration of objects, a story from a guide, movement along the route to the next one, and movement of the group around the observed objects. The ability to meet the allotted time does not come to the guide right away. This requires a lot of practice, including conducting an excursion with a watch in hand: at home, at a specific object. It is necessary to ensure compliance with time when carrying out a logical transition, covering a single subtopic and main issues. It helps the guide to time the time spent on individual parts of the excursion. Based on this timing, taking into account the listener’s comments, the guide makes appropriate adjustments to his story. Everything unnecessary is removed from the excursion, which leads to time overrun. Often, for reasons beyond the guide’s control, a tour is significantly reduced in time. This is due to the group getting ready for a long time, breakfast not being served to tourists on time, the bus being late, etc. As a result, the excursion starts late. The guide has only one option - to reduce the time allotted to cover the topic. This should be done by preserving all that is important in the content of the excursion and removing the unimportant. To do this, you need to prepare in advance for a possible reduction in excursion material.

Technique for telling a story while the bus is moving. The story while driving on the bus should be conducted by the guide through a microphone. If the equipment does not function well or there is no microphone at all, it is useless for the guide to narrate the story while driving. The engine noise and shaking of the bus limit audibility, so explanations will only be heard by tourists sitting nearby. In this case, the guide gives information about the nearest section of the route before the start of the movement, and during the movement only reports the names of objects or areas. When there are important objects or settlements it is necessary to stop the bus, turn off the engine and only then give an explanation. This must be agreed upon with the driver in advance.

Answers to questions from tourists. In excursion practice, a certain classification of issues has developed. They are divided into four groups: questions from the guide, answered by excursionists; questions posed during the story, answered by the guide; rhetorical questions that are posed to activate the attention of tourists; questions asked by excursion participants on the topic. The first three groups of questions are related to the methodology of conducting excursions, and only the fourth group of questions is related to the technique of conducting excursions. Their content is different - sometimes they are connected with objects, sometimes with the lives of famous figures, and often with events that are not related to the topic of the excursion. The main rule for working with such questions is that you should not interrupt the story and give an immediate answer to them; you also do not need to answer questions at the end of each of the subtopics. This scatters attention and distracts the audience from perceiving the content of the topic being revealed, since not everyone in the group is concerned about these particular issues. Therefore, the guide should answer questions not during the tour, but after it ends. The content of the answers should not be of a debatable nature, that is, cause tourists to want to argue or continue the topic raised in the question.

When making an introduction to the topic, the guide informs his listeners about this order of answers to questions.

Pauses in the excursion. The guide should not talk continuously. There should be short breaks between individual parts of the story, the story and excursion information along the way, the logical transition and the story about the object and the events associated with it.

Pauses serve the following purposes:

The first is semantic, when people use the break time to think about what they heard from the guide and saw with their own eyes. To consolidate factual material in memory, formulate your conclusions and remember what you see. It is important that excursionists have time at each object free from showing and telling for independent inspection, preparing for the perception of what will be shown and told at the next stop;
- the second is to give short-term rest to excursionists. It does not carry any semantic load. This is especially important for those who are not yet accustomed to such an active form of cultural and educational work as an excursion.

Pauses in country excursions are combined with rest, which, in accordance with the existing procedure, is provided to the guide: 15 minutes. after each hour of work (for a guide, an hour of conducting a tour is 45 minutes). This rest can be summed up and used by the guide at the end of the excursion. There may also be pauses during excursions - free time used for purchasing souvenirs, printed materials, quenching thirst, as well as for sanitary stops on long excursions.

Technique for using the "tour guide's briefcase". The contents of the “guide’s portfolio”, its meaning and role in the use of methodological techniques of demonstration are related to the methodology of preparing and conducting the excursion. Each exhibit - photograph, drawing, reproduction of a painting, portrait, drawing, copy of a document - has its own serial number. This determines the sequence of demonstration of this exhibit to tourists.

The exhibit can be shown by the guide from his workplace, handed over to the tourists in rows for more detailed acquaintance.

Sometimes according to methodological development The guide will organize the playback of tape and video recordings. It is important to check in advance the serviceability of the equipment, the availability of the necessary recordings, and ensure audibility for all participants in the excursion. The guide must be able to use this equipment.

During excursions, elements of ritual (a ceremony developed by folk customs) are used. Sightseers at burial sites and memorials honor the memory of the dead with a minute of silence, are present at the changing of the guard of honor, participate in processions and rallies, and listen to mourning melodies. The guide needs to know the procedure for laying flowers, the passage of tourists at the locations of mass graves and obelisks, participation in the guard of honor, a minute of silence, the rules of conduct at the Eternal Flame and at the burial sites of heroes of the Civil War, the Great Patriotic War (1941-1945) and others. wars. Before the start of the excursion, the guide informs you about everything, emphasizing the importance of observing the ritual when visiting historical places.

conclusions

The importance of issues related to the technique of conducting excursions is difficult to overestimate. Neither a fascinating story about objects, nor methodological techniques for displaying monuments will give the necessary effect if all aspects of its implementation are not seriously thought out, if conditions for observing objects are not created.

Control questions

1. The concept of “techniques for conducting excursions”.
2. Contents of the column “Organizational instructions”.
3. Organizing the work of the guide with the group.
4. Skillful use of excursion techniques.
5. Skills in using excursion techniques.
6. The pace of movement of the group, its significance.
7. Using a microphone. Work in the absence of a microphone.
8. Establishing the necessary order in the group.
9. Use of free time during the excursion.
10. Answers to questions from tourists.
11. Techniques for using visual aids.