home Departure The indigenous people of Madagascar called them lemurs. Population of Madagascar: size, density, age and racial composition

The indigenous people of Madagascar called them lemurs. Population of Madagascar: size, density, age and racial composition

Madagascar is an independent state located on the island of the same name in the Indian Ocean. Its area is 578 thousand km 2. It ranks fourth in the ranking of the largest islands in the world. The population of Madagascar is about 24.2 million people. The capital of the state is the city of Antananarivo.

Historical information

Madagascar is one of the largest states located on the territory of one island. According to scientists, the settlement of these lands occurred during the early Middle Ages in Europe. The Malagasy (as the indigenous population of Madagascar is called) had close cooperation with the Arab peoples and borrowed the Surabe alphabet from them. In 1500, Europeans learned about the island after Portuguese ships moored on its shores.

In the 18th and 19th centuries, a kingdom called Imerina was created on the territory of the current state. But in 1897 these lands were colonized by the French Empire. Between 1940 and 1943, the island came under British occupation and only in 1960 did it gain independence. Despite the liberation from the colonists, the population of Madagascar remained below the poverty line. All this happened due to the instability of the economic and political component of the country. Various military groups came to power and tried to maneuver between European states and the countries of the socialist camp during the period Cold War. At the end of this confrontation, the process of democratization began on the island of Madagascar.

Population

Today, more than 24 million people live in Madagascar, and according to some sources, this figure has already exceeded 25 million. Over the last century, population growth has increased 10 times. The main percentage of citizens are children and the younger generation of Malagasy, whose age does not exceed 20 years. There are 60% of them.

According to demographers, the number of females and males is almost the same, the difference in numbers is less than 100 thousand.

Interesting fact! Since the era of the Great Geographical Discoveries, when the population of Madagascar was 600 thousand people, by 1900 it reached 2.5 million.

According to preliminary estimates, if the birth rate in the country increases at the same rapid pace as it is now, by 2100 the number of island citizens will increase to 70 million.

The population density of Madagascar (according to 2015 data) is 41.3 people. per km 2.

official languages

There are two official languages in Madagascar: French and Malagasy. The first of them is a legacy of colonialism, but the second is considered indigenous. The Malagasy language belongs to the Malayo-Polynesian group. During its existence, it combined dialects from Malay and Polynesian. It contains Arabic, Amharic and Creole words, and also borrows a lot from Swahili and Bantu.

Linguists studying the Malagasy language have found echoes of Sanskrit (the ancient language of the Hindus) in it, indicating that settlers from Malaysia and India arrived on the island more than 2,000 years ago.

The dialect of indigenous peoples is little studied. But since it has much in common with other languages of the Malayo-Polynesian group, Malagasy can be understood by the inhabitants of Java and Sumatra, the Visayas and Tagalogs living in the Philippines.

Age indicator

The age composition of the population of Madagascar, according to 2015 data, looks something like this:

children from 0 to 14 years old - more than 40%;
young people from 15 to 24 years old - 20.53%;
persons 25-54 years old - 31.56%;
elderly people (55-64 years) - just over 4%;
old people 65 and above - 3.22%.

Surprisingly, the birth rate is much higher than the death rate. According to statistics from 2015, per 1000 people there were 6.81 deaths and 32.61 births.

The island of Madagascar has a very high infant mortality rate, but this does not in any way affect the decline in the number of citizens of the country. The thing is that the state has a very high birth rate. Fertility is 5.1 children per woman. As a rule, urban families raise 2-3 children, but in rural areas, the number of children can reach 5 or more.

Religious preferences

The religious composition of the population of Madagascar is very diverse. The majority of the country's citizens follow the traditional indigenous religion. The main doctrine of ancestor cult is the connection between the realm of the dead and the living. Most adherents of this religious movement are found among the Imerina people.

In total, about 52% of the entire population of Madagascar believes in ancestor cults. They believe that all the souls of dead people join their forefathers and form a kind of “divine” hierarchy. This religion has a very strange ritual, which for Europeans will seem savage. The ritual ceremony (fimadikhana) involves “turning over the dead.” During the traditional ceremony, believers remove the bodies of the deceased and wrap them in a new silk sheet (shroud). During the festival, people have fun and dance. They may carry the dead in their arms during the ceremony, and then place them back in the crypt.

Madagascar's population is approximately 41% Christian. Most belong to the Roman Catholic Church. There are slightly fewer Protestant denominations on the island, including Lutherans, Adventists, Anglicans and others.

The rest of the country's citizens, which is 7%, are adherents of Islam. The teachings of the Koran are most widespread in west coast islands.

Racial composition of the population of Madagascar

The majority of the island's inhabitants are Malagasy. They make up 98% of the total population. Interestingly, the Malagasy are not a separate nation, but a collection of 20 ethnic groups. They all boil down to the Malay-Indonesian peoples. Indigenous people is divided into two subgroups:

Mountain tribes. These include betzileu, merina, sihanaka, mikea and others.
Coastal peoples. This group includes Antanusi, Sakalava, Antakarana, Betsemisaraka, Tsimikheti, Mahafali and others.

This division is due to the historical migration of people who arrived on the island. The settlement of Madagascar by Austronesians occurred between the 2nd and 5th centuries. They settled in areas of the central highlands. Years later, a second migration wave began, when residents of the eastern part of Africa, mainly belonging to the Bantu people, began to come to the island. These settlers settled on practically free lands in the coastal zone. According to some reports, the Bantus came to the island as a result of human trafficking.

But there are other equally interesting versions about the settlement of the island. Some scientists argue that the Negroid race was the first to arrive in Madagascar, and the migration of the Austronesians occurred much later.

Differences between indigenous ethnic groups

People who have lived in this country for a long time, and the indigenous inhabitants of the island, have perfectly learned to identify the differences between ethnic tribes. Among themselves, Malagasy people call each other “gasi”. All ethnic groups have differences, although not too noticeable to visiting guests. They have different language dialects, types of housing, etc. They also differ in external features: skin color and face shape. Almost all groups have different greeting phrases.

The dialects and adverbs of the local population are unwritten. In educational institutions, the official state Malagasy language is used. It is spoken by more than 80% of the entire population.

Largest cities on the island

The largest and densely populated city Madagascar is the capital of the state of Antananarivo. According to 2010 data, about 1 million 688 thousand people lived in the territory of this metropolis. There are no other million-plus cities on the island.

Toamasina. This city is located in the province of the same name and is its center. More than 225 thousand people lived here in 2010. Given the rapid demographic growth in the country, it can be assumed that this figure has increased significantly over 7 years. The city is washed by the waters of the Indian Ocean and is considered one of the main ports of the country. Export goods are transported from here: spices (cloves, pepper, vanilla), coffee, graphite. And food products, textiles, equipment and machines for various purposes are delivered from other countries.
Antsirabe. Today, this city has a population of up to 250 thousand. Since it is located in a hilly area, at an altitude of 1500 m above sea level, climatic conditions colder than in other regions. Antsirabe is famous for its warm springs and hot baths. Not far from the city there is another attraction - Lake Tritriva, which is of volcanic origin.

Fianarantsoa. The location of the settlement is the province of the same name. According to 2010 data, 184 thousand people lived here. The main part of the city was built in the 20s of the last century. It is conventionally divided into three parts: upper, middle and lower city. There is a highway leading to the city of Ambucitroy (from the north) and to Ambalavao (from the south). Air service has also been established. In the areas adjacent to the city, coffee beans, tomatoes, rice and tobacco are grown. There are also numerous vineyards.
Mahajanga. Locality, located in the gray-western part of the island. He is the main one administrative unit in the district of the same name. The city's population is more than 166 thousand people (2010 data). Here it is sea port, but since the depth in the harbor is not too great, small ships carrying cargo up to 150 tons come here. The most major commodity exported from Mahajanga is frozen shrimp. There is an airport in the city. Local beaches They are very picturesque and attract many tourists to these places.

IN last years Many people from rural areas move to live in cities, but their number is still larger. According to statistics, 30% of Malagasy are city dwellers, and the remaining 70% are inhabitants of the outback.

Every year the difference between fertility and mortality increases in favor of the former, due to which the population of Madagascar increases.

Description of the country's economy

The island's economy is a developing one. At the end of 2007, the state's GDP amounted to more than 18 billion US dollars, which brought the country to 116th position in the world ranking. Per capita income is one of the lowest (157th) at $1,068.

The main components of Madagascar's economy are agriculture, fishing and tourism. The country is an exporter of various spices and herbs, coffee, vanilla, and in cocoa, rice, granulated sugar, legumes, peanuts and bananas, it occupies a leading position in the world market.

Tourism in Madagascar is one of the country's main sources of income. Natural wealth contributes to attracting many people to this exotic corner. About 80% of the flora and fauna are considered endemic.

Slavery in the 21st century?

There are rumors that even now on the island some people are kept in slavery. Of course, it has slightly different forms than in ancient times, and does not have official status. Since a large number of people live below the poverty line, they have to borrow from wealthier fellow villagers or relatives. Unable to repay, they are forced to work off the loan they took out. At the same time, without receiving a penny for your work. Many young people and even children work for food and shelter. For many years, the population of Madagascar was poorly educated, but today the picture has changed significantly.

Education

Although Madagascar is a third world country, the standards of education here are very high. Primary school is the norm for Malagasy. The education reform launched by President Ratsiraka has contributed to an increase in the level of knowledge and the number of students. New ones were opening educational establishments, and primary education became compulsory.

About 35% of all children who complete the first stage move on to high school. And only 5% go to universities. All subjects are taught in the official Malagasy language. The Merina are considered the most educated ethnic group.

Option No. 5920743

When completing tasks with a short answer, enter in the answer field the number that corresponds to the number of the correct answer, or a number, a word, a sequence of letters (words) or numbers. The answer should be written without spaces or any additional characters. The answers to tasks 1-26 are a figure (number) or a word (several words), a sequence of numbers (numbers).

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Version for printing and copying in MS Word

Indicate the numbers of sentences that correctly convey the MAIN information contained in the text. Write down the numbers of these sentences.

1) The indigenous population of Madagascar called the souls of the dead lemurs, who returned to the world of the living at night and brought misfortune and death.

2) Europeans, having met animals with eyes glowing in the dark in Madagascar, called them lemurs, and the name stuck.

3) Europeans who came to Madagascar in the 16th century first met there harmless animals with long fluffy tails, tenacious paws and huge eyes - lemurs, or “poppies”, as the aborigines called them.

4) The indigenous population of Madagascar calls ring-tailed lemurs - animals with huge eyes glowing in the dark - the word "poppies".

5) Having arrived in Madagascar in the 16th century, Europeans met lemurs there, harmless animals with long fluffy tails, tenacious paws and huge eyes, which local residents called "poppies".

<...>

Answer:

What word (combination of words) should be in the gap in the third (3) sentence?

Probably

For example

(1) The indigenous population of Madagascar calls ring-tailed lemurs, harmless animals with long fluffy tails, tenacious paws and huge, wide-open eyes, with the word “maki”, but the modern name - “lemur” - was given by Europeans. (2) In Ancient Rome, lemurs were the name for the souls of the dead who did not find peace in the kingdom of the dead and return at night to the world of the living, bringing misfortune and death. (3) With the fall of Rome, the mystical lemurs disappeared into oblivion,<...>When in the 16th century the first Europeans came to Madagascar and met small animals with huge eyes glowing in the dark, they remembered Roman superstitions about the ghosts of the dead and gave “maquis” their own name, which stuck.

Answer:

Read a fragment of a dictionary entry that gives the meaning of the word OWN. Determine the meaning in which this word is used in the third (3) sentence of the text. Write down the number corresponding to this value in the given fragment of the dictionary entry.

OWN, oh, oh.

1. Belonging to someone or something. by right of ownership. S. house.

2. Your own, personal. See with your own eyes. In your own hands. Self-esteem(feeling of self-respect). At your own request.

3. Being under the direct control, disposal, subordination of someone. S. correspondent.

4. Literal, real. In the proper sense of the word.

5. Peculiar only to someone, without extraneous additions (special). C. body weight.

6. actually, introductory. To be more precise, in essence. Actually, I don’t argue.

7. actually, a particle. Expresses limitation: without something, something else, extraneous. The Volga system consists of the Volga itself and its tributaries.

Answer:

In one of the words below, an error was made in the placement of stress: the letter denoting the stressed vowel sound was highlighted incorrectly. Write this word down.

caterpillar

lived

TAKEN

no flint

rampant

Answer:

One of the sentences below uses the highlighted word incorrectly. Correct the lexical error by choosing a paronym for the highlighted word. Write down the chosen word.

Otters are extraordinarily intelligent and sensible creatures.

The CLEAR outline of a ship could be seen at the mouth of the river.

A very REPRESENTATIVE jury selected the artists to participate in the competition.

Knowing my father's hot, EXPLOSIVE character, we did not want to bother him.

He disregarded the rules of etiquette and was a complete IGNORANT.

Answer:

In one of the words highlighted below, an error was made in the formation of the word form. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.

SIX HUNDRED textbooks

DRIVE forward

ripe apricots

HARDER THAN wood

new TOWELS

Answer:

Establish a correspondence between the sentences and the grammatical errors made in them: for each position in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

GRAMMATICAL ERRORS

OFFERS

A) violation in the construction of sentences with participial phrases

B) incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition

C) violation in the construction of a sentence with an inconsistent application

D) disruption of the connection between subject and predicate

D) an error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members

1) I wanted to know how to grow and care for primroses at home.

2) According to the plan, as a final work we wrote a review of a recently read book.

4) Orchids, having appeared on Earth along with other flowering plants, began to actively develop 40 million years ago.

5) Some orchids have developed false baits based on feeding instincts.

6) Each programmer is assigned to a specific computer that monitors his status.

7) Thanks to language, we can get acquainted with those ideas that were expressed long before we were born.

8) The encyclopedia “Lives of Remarkable People” contains many interesting biographies.

A	B	IN	G	D

Answer:

Define the word in which about the unstressed vowel of the root, about the shock. You write this word by inserting a letter.

s..ti-ri-che-sky

extinct

k..sa-et-sya

application

pl..do-creative

Answer:

Identify the row in which the same letter is missing in both words. Write out these words by inserting the missing letter.

and..spend, and..subtishka;

ex..exalt, ex..suppress;

d..white, not enough;

pre..history, inter..institutional;

lack of... carelessness, etc.. Slavic.

Answer:

You write a word, in which the letter I is written in place of the letter I.

Pri-dirch..vyy

treat..treat

hall...

intend..to

Answer:

You write a word, in which the letter U is written in place of the letter U.

you-keep..t

trembling..worrying

Answer:

Determine the sentence in which NOT is spelled together with the word. Open the brackets and write down this word.

There was still (un)mown grass in the meadows.

(Not) hearing the sounds of bullets screeching from all sides, Pierre drove up to the field.

In Russia there was (not) that middle class that in Europe “united” the aristocracy and the common people.

The Saxon army skillfully hid in (impenetrable) forests and swamps.

The cannonball buzzed and flew over them, (not) doing any harm.

Answer:

Determine the sentence in which both highlighted words are written CONTINUOUSLY. Open the brackets and write down these two words.

(B) SUBSEQUENTLY, the doorway was blocked with bricks, and the windows (ON) were HIGHLY boarded up.

JUST like his father, Evgeniy was a professional violinist, ALTHOUGH, many believed that he was superior to his father in the art of playing.

Our water supplies were (ON) running out, but the guide (ON) refused to deviate from the route and reach the river.

(AS) AS the guests arrived, there was less and less space in the living room, (SO) I went out onto the terrace.

Answer:

Indicate all the numbers, in place of which NN is written.

The main effect of the card is once again in the background: in the bright room for the play (1) a lady with a child in her arms looks pleadingly at the invited (2) doctor in a golden (3) pince-nez.

Answer:

Place punctuation marks. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which you need to put ONE comma

1) The fellow traveler did not hear what was said or ignored my hint.

2) And the years passed quickly and silently and took these memories with them.

3)Themes of war and peace, forgiveness and hatred are relevant at all times.

4) Our train stopped at both large and small stations.

5) On the same lilac bush I saw yellow leaves and buds that began to swell.

Answer:

There was a swimmer (1) who decided on such a night (2) to go through the strait (3) at a distance of twenty versts, and the important one must be the reason (4) for it to be so amazing!

Answer:

Add all missing punctuation marks:

I was (1) understandable (2) happy too,

when I fell in love and loved

or among noisy youth

found his recognition.

You (3) happiness (4) still appeared to me,

when not immediately, for a reason

opened up to the boy

forests and arable lands (5) beauty.

I was also quite happy

not every day, but every year,

when at feast festivities,

like a bell in a bell tower,

the people hummed solemnly.

(Yaroslav Smelyakov)

Answer:

Arrange all the signs of pre-pi-na-niya: indicate the number(s), in place of which one(s) in the sentence there should be one hundredth place(s).

In the deep silence of the sea, my brother and I are on the other side of the river under the shadow of the thick silver of the to-po-la and der -in the hands of fishing rods (1) rusty hooks (2) some (3) were lowered (4) into a huge tub of rotten water .

Answer:

Place all punctuation marks: indicate the number(s) in whose place(s) there should be a comma(s) in the sentence.

Some new ideas came to my mind (1) and (2) if you come (3) I will be happy to tell you about (4) what worries me now.

Answer:

Which of your sayings correspond to the text? Specify the number from the ve-tov.

1) Fascist tanks bombard London.

2) Bro-non-fighting gun Si-mo-no-va fighters call it “golden”.

3) Ba-ta-reya half-cov-ni-ka By-ko-va uni-that-lived more than twenty tanks.

4) The battle against Se-va-sto-po-la lasted more than a year.

5) The storyteller got his first vivid impressions from airplanes

at a pre-growth age.

(According to I. G. Ehrenburg*)

Answer:

Which of the following statements are true? Please provide answer numbers.

1) Sentences 13−15 reveal the content of sentence 12.

2) Sentences 16–17 contain description.

3) Sentences 18–20 present the reasoning.

4) Sentences 31–33 present the narrative.

5) Propositions 38 and 39 are contrasted in content.

(1) When Leonardo da Vinci sat over the drawings of a flying machine, he thought not about high-explosive bombs, but about the happiness of mankind. (2) As a teenager, I saw the first loops of the French pilot Pegu. (3) The elders said: “Be proud - a man flies like a bird!” (4) Many years later I saw Junkers over Madrid, over Paris, over Moscow...

(5) A machine can be good and evil. (6) Hitler turned the car into an instrument of destruction. (7) People looked at the sky with pride. (8) Hitler decided: they will look at the sky with horror. (9) People happily thought: we will go out of town in a car. (10) Hitler decided: when they heard the sound of the engine, people would run without looking back.

(11) But one day the time came for testing. (12) At first the Germans were triumphant. (13) Their tanks traveled all over Europe. (14) Caterpillars crushed France and left furrows in the fields of ancient Hellas. (15) The Junkers crippled the seemingly impregnable London. (16) And the Germans sent their cars to Russia - to the Caucasus mountains, to the rivers of Siberia. (17) This is where a hitch occurred: machines did not break the will of man. (18) In war there is a lot of grief, a lot of destruction, war is not the road to progress, war is a terrible test. (19) But there is also something high in war: it gives people wisdom. (20) This war brought humanity a great lesson: revenge of man.

(21) The Nazis tried to replace the heart of a soldier with a motor, and the soldier’s endurance with armor. (22) However, the Patriotic War proved the triumph of the human spirit.

(23)…Senior Lieutenant Bykov’s battery repelled a tank attack. (24) Rounding a birch grove, fifty tanks were approaching our battle formations. (25) “Don’t miss it!” - was Bykov’s team. (26) Already wounded, this man remained at his post. (27) And then the remains of twenty-six German tanks blackened on the battlefield. (28) According to the Germans, these tanks were supposed to reach India. (29) But they died. (30) At the birch grove...

(31) Or here are some more facts. (32) Ten Red Navy men destroyed twenty-three tanks with anti-tank rifles. (33) Sailor Timokhin burned six tanks.

(34) And Sevastopol? (35) The epic defense of this city was a triumph of human courage, when a small, weak garrison, without airfields, almost without tanks, repelled the attacks of powerful enemy divisions and equipment for two hundred and fifty days.

(36) Yes, German tanks have long been imagined as a boa constrictor, before which Europe stood numb and trembled like an aspen leaf. (37) But people blocked their way. (38) Of course, we had excellent anti-tank guns. (39) Of course, our soldiers rightly call Simonov’s armor-piercing gun the “golden gun.” (40) But how can we forget about an ordinary grenade in the hand of a fearless fighter, which the enemy feared no less than a large projectile? (41) How can we forget about the mighty, courageous heart of a warrior?

(According to I. G. Ehrenburg*)

Ilya Grigorievich Erenburg (1891–1967) - Russian prose writer, poet, translator from French and Spanish languages, publicist, photographer and public figure.

Answer:

One of the sentences listed below uses antonyms. Write down the number of this offer.

(21) The Nazis tried to replace the heart of a soldier with a motor, and the soldier’s endurance with armor. (22) However, the Patriotic War proved the triumph of the human spirit.

(31) Or here are some more facts. (32) Ten Red Navy men destroyed twenty-three tanks with anti-tank rifles. (33) Sailor Timokhin burned six tanks.

(According to I. G. Ehrenburg*)

Ilya Grigorievich Erenburg (1891–1967) - Russian prose writer, poet, translator from French and Spanish, publicist, photographer and public figure.

Answer:

Among sentences 23−30, find one(s) that is related to the previous one using a demonstrative pronoun and word forms. Write the number(s) of this sentence(s).

(21) The Nazis tried to replace the heart of a soldier with a motor, and the soldier’s endurance with armor. (22) However, the Patriotic War proved the triumph of the human spirit.

(31) Or here are some more facts. (32) Ten Red Navy men destroyed twenty-three tanks with anti-tank rifles. (33) Sailor Timokhin burned six tanks.

(According to I. G. Ehrenburg*)

Ilya Grigorievich Erenburg (1891–1967) - Russian prose writer, poet, translator from French and Spanish, publicist, photographer and public figure.

In turn, such lexical means as ________(B) (“triumphant”, “broken”, “courage”) and ________(D) (“fearless fighter”, “mighty heart of a warrior full of courage”), saturate the text with moderate patriotic pathos, thereby helping to express the author’s feelings.”

List of terms:

1) syntactic parallelism

2) contextual synonyms

3) personification

4) book vocabulary

5) epithets

6) phraseological units

7) rows of homogeneous members

8) antithesis

9) hyperbole

Write down the numbers in your answer, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:

A	B	IN	G

(21) The Nazis tried to replace the heart of a soldier with a motor, and the soldier’s endurance with armor. (22) However, the Patriotic War proved the triumph of the human spirit.

(31) Or here are some more facts. (32) Ten Red Navy men destroyed twenty-three tanks with anti-tank rifles. (33) Sailor Timokhin burned six tanks.

(According to I. G. Ehrenburg*)

Ilya Grigorievich Erenburg (1891–1967) - Russian prose writer, poet, translator from French and Spanish, publicist, photographer and public figure.

(7) People looked at the sky with pride. (8) Hitler decided: they will look at the sky with horror.

Answer:

Write an essay based on the text you read.

Formulate one of the problems posed by the author of the text.

Comment on the formulated problem. Include in your comment two illustrative examples from the text you read that you think are important for understanding the problem in the source text (avoid excessive quoting). Explain the meaning of each example and indicate the semantic connection between them.

The volume of the essay is at least 150 words.

Work written without reference to the text read (not based on this text) is not graded. If the essay is a retelling or a complete rewrite of the original text without any comments, then such work is graded 0 points.

Write an essay carefully, legible handwriting.

(21) The Nazis tried to replace the heart of a soldier with a motor, and the soldier’s endurance with armor. (22) However, the Patriotic War proved the triumph of the human spirit.

(31) Or here are some more facts. (32) Ten Red Navy men destroyed twenty-three tanks with anti-tank rifles. (33) Sailor Timokhin burned six tanks.

(According to I. G. Ehrenburg*)

Ilya Grigorievich Erenburg (1891–1967) - Russian prose writer, poet, translator from French and Spanish, publicist, photographer and public figure.

Solutions to long-answer tasks are not automatically checked.
The next page will ask you to check them yourself.

Complete testing, check answers, see solutions.

It seems to me that before the cartoon “” comes out on wide screens, about this paradise, under the same name, no one had ever heard of. It was after the showing of this cartoon that crowds of tourists flocked to this island, which boosted the country’s economy.

For us, as Europeans, everything is very cheap here: the standard of living is low, there are many beggars and poor people. More developed and, one might say, rich, are the resort areas of the island.

Even in the capital of this state Antananarivo there is absolutely nothing to see: no attractions, no museums, no parks. An ugly and gloomy city, although very noisy. The same cannot be said about the color it received thanks to the local population. Can you imagine the standard of living of people if they cannot even afford street newspapers, the price of which is only $0.10. So people crowd around the kiosks, reading the press headlines to keep abreast of world events.

But such a beautiful island, where there are wild reserves, extraordinary beautiful waterfalls, exotic flora and fauna, attracts tourists from all over the world in search of adventure, like the heroes of the above-mentioned cartoon. Island almost the same size as Ukraine, washed on all sides by the waters of the Indian Ocean.

He is very unique. Only on this island you can easily meet funny striped lemurs, tame chameleons, be amazed at the giant baobab trees, see strange people who observe some unusual prohibitions and worship the spirits of the dead. Pack your bags and go!

TRANSPORT IN MADAGASCAR

Our first acquaintance with the island begins from the airport, although all the most interesting things are located far beyond its borders. On the coast can be reached by tourist bus, with a ticket price of $4, and you can also get there by minibus for $0.18. There are no transport stops in the city itself, so any minibus will stop where you indicate. A person works together with the minibus driver, who at each stop notifies travelers about the route and the availability of seats.

ACCOMMODATION ON THE ISLAND

There will be no problems at all with housing, especially with its cost, because... it's very cheap here. So, for example, get ready to lay out everything $10-12 for a two or three star hotel. And a bungalow generally costs $5 per night. The price, as you can see, is reasonable, and the room services are not bad either: a room with a fan and all the amenities. Some hotels have WI-FI.

WHAT TO EAT IN MADAGASCAR

Previously, the French lived on the territory of this island, therefore, much of the food is prepared in the French style. Baking is popular - baguette. It, as in Europe, is used in different types: as baked goods, as fried croutons or as crackers.

Well, when it comes to exoticism, Madagascar has no equal. After all, Madagascars consume everything that moves into their stomachs;) And most importantly, They eat everything raw. What cannot be eaten alive, they salt and fry. On the street food menu you can see exotic seafood, various fried bugs, and plant leaves, such as aloe.

Of course, for us Europeans, such food is not at all desirable and even dangerous. Especially if you eat it daily. Therefore, it is better not to take risks and enjoy classic food on the island. It's not expensive at all. A serving of rice will cost you $2, a plate of seafood - $10 and cheap fruit. While on the island, remember this rule: long queues in catering establishments - tasty food!

WHAT TO SEE ON THE ISLAND

As we already mentioned, there are no attractions on the island. There's one here the main attraction is nature and its inhabitants. We recommend visiting Andringitra. This is a magnificent lemur park, the territory of which is more than 30 thousand hectares. It is while traveling through this park that you can feel like one of the heroes of the famous cartoon.

You will forever remember the beauty of this National Park with its exotic vegetation, variegated huge flowering bushes, and simply bright flowers, and you can also hear unreal mystical stories from the local population. The entrance fee to the park is $12. The only thing I can recommend is not to skimp on the guide ($10). Otherwise, you will have to spend the night in the company of bizarre lemurs, getting lost in the park.

SOMETHING ABOUT LEMURS

As you know, lemurs are symbol of Madagascar. Among the most unique are Indri lemurs, singing lemurs (although it is very difficult to call them singing, because they scream loudly). In addition, here they are also considered sacred animals. Locals say that the spirit of their ancestors lives in them. These lemurs are very large, weighing about 6 kg. And you can meet them in eastern Madagascar, in mountain forests. They are vegetarians. They prefer leaves, flowers and fruits.

WHAT IS THE BEST THING TO KNOW THE COUNTRY?

Do you know which one is the best? The best way get to know the country? These are walks. It doesn’t matter: on foot, on a moped or bicycle, or in a rented car. You need to walk a lot! Here in Madagascar the best way to travel is hitch-hiking. Of course, this is not the most popular method here. But we, “white-skinned people” are always welcome here, because... locals know that if a European comes, he always has money.

INDIGENOUS POPULATION OF MADAGASCAR

The people themselves are very good-natured and friendly. After all, the population is very poor and has not yet been spoiled by money. People worship the spirits of their ancestors, believe in them, perform various rituals, especially those related to sacrifices, and honor their traditions. There are settlements on the island, according to the laws of which many taboos apply: a ban on strangers in the house, entry into the room where the sister lives is also prohibited, and most importantly, it is forbidden to kill lemurs on the island.

This is an island on which there are two worlds - rich and poor. For us tourists, this is, first of all, a unique paradise, with delightful bungalows, impenetrable jungles, and crystal Cote d'Azur Indian Ocean and such exotic cuisine. Yes, the climate here is such that you will get tired of the stuffiness and heat. But the color of the country, its population and lemurs will be remembered for the rest of your life.

WE WISH YOU A PLEASANT VACATION AND UNFORGETTABLE TRAVEL IMPRESSIONS!

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Option No. 2217089

Version for printing and copying in MS Word

Specify the number of pre-positions, in which it is correct to transfer to the MAIN information, co-holding -I'm in the text. Write down the number of these proposals.

1) The root of the souls of the dead, at night they return into the world of the living and bringing misfortune and death.

2) Europeans, having met on Ma-da-ga-ska-re living ones with luminous eyes in the dark, they were called le-mu-ra-mi, and the name stuck.

3) The Europeans who fell on Ma-da-ga-skar in the 16th century met there for the first time harmless animals from a long distance -mi pu-shi-sty-mi tails-sta-mi, chain-ki-mi la-pa-mi and huge-mi eyes-behind-mi - le-mur-ditch, or “poppies”, as they call them na-zy-va-li abo-ri-gen-ny.

4) Root-to-the-se-le-nie Ma-da-ga-ska-ra calls for the ko-sha-whose le-moirs - animals with huge the light in the dark behind the eyes - the word “poppies”.

5) Having arrived at Ma-da-ga-skar in the 16th century, the Europeans met there le-moors, harmless animals with long pu-shi-sty-mi tail-sta-mi, chain-ki-mi la-pa-mi and huge-mi eyes behind-mi, which local residents are on- call me "poppies".

<...>

Answer:

Which of the following words (co-words) should be in the place of the pass in the third clause?

Thus

Fortunately,

Because the

That's why

Answer:

About the fragment of the vocabulary article, which contains the meaning of the word OWN. Determine the meaning in which this word is used in the third (3) sentence of the text. You write a number that corresponds to this meaning in the given fragment of the vocabulary article.

OWN, oh, oh.

1. Lying above someone. by right of ownership. S. house.

2. Your own, personal. See your own eyes behind you. In your own hands. Sense of self-worth(feeling of self-respect). According to his own opinion.

3. Living in a non-middle-of-mind, position, subordinate to someone. S. cor-respondent.

4. Literal, real. V. own meaning of the word.

5. Peculiar only to someone, without any additional additions (special). C. body weight.

6. actually, introductory. More precisely, in essence. Actually, I don’t argue.

7. actually, part. You are limited: without something, something else, something else. The Volga system is made up of the Volga and its tributaries.

Answer:

In one of the words given below, there is a mistake in the stan-nov-ke of the de-re-tion: INCORRECT you are on the letter, denoting cha-yu-shchaya stressed vowel sound. You-pi-shi-te this word.

pro-iz-ve-den

obituary

about-li-las

Answer:

One of the sentences below uses the highlighted word incorrectly. Correct the lexical error by choosing a paronym for the highlighted word. Write down the chosen word.

In the Sea of Okhotsk, the RESCUE operation of the Ministry of Emergency Situations to remove ships from ice captivity has ended.

Rosa Lvovna rose from her chair and walked towards the door with a ROYAL gait.

Lesha dressed his little sister, and they went to meet dad from work.

The estate was surrounded by a high STONE fence.

During the year, the production development plan underwent significant changes.

Answer:

In one of the words below, there is an error in the formation of the word form. Correct the mistake and write the word right.

according to THEIR own

in TWO THOUSAND fifth year

KRA-SI-VEI-SHY drink

PRO-PO-LO-SCHI underwear

pair BO-TI-NOK

Answer:

Establish a correspondence between grammatical errors and the sentences in which they were made: for each position in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

GRAMMATICAL ERRORS

OFFERS

A) violation in the construction of a sentence with an inconsistent application

B) incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition

C) disruption of the connection between subject and predicate

D) incorrect construction of sentences with indirect speech

D) an error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members

1) Athletes who will compete at the World Championships are now training hard, dreaming of victory.

2) A.I. Kuindzhi in the painting “Birch Grove”, using a technique not previously used in Russian landscape, created the image of a sublime, sparkling, radiant world.

3) Thanks to the work of linguists, we learned the names of real people who lived thousands of years ago: artists and sculptors, emperors and priests.

4) Those who were unable to watch the new film were very sorry about it.

5) Those who have studied mathematics, of course, know about Euclid.

6) An educated person knows both literature and history well.

7) N.M. Karamzin wrote that “let there be honor and glory to our language.”

8) Kuindzhi considered himself Russian and called the Greeks, who had inhabited the Black Sea coast since antiquity, his ancestors.

9) By following the rules of etiquette, you can even express displeasure in such a way that no one will be offended.

Write down the numbers in your answer, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:

A	B	IN	G	D

Answer:

Define the word in which about the unstressed unstressed vowel of the root. You write this word by inserting a letter.

rest...lie

parade..ksal-ny

bending

subtract

Answer:

Define a series in which both words have the same letter. You write these words by inserting a letter.

not..pretty, in..plump (of light);

pr..attract, pr..sit;

counter..gra, rise..play;

in..travel (visa), premiere;

from..move, come..lie down.

Answer:

You write a word, in which the letter I is written in place of the letter I.

satisfy

otvo..vav

elbow..howl

ugly

cheap..nice

Answer:

You write a word, in which the letter U is written in place of the letter U.

laugh..t (they)

hear..t (they)

Answer:

Definition of a sentence in which NOT is written with the word COLLECTED. Open the brackets and write this word.

Ivan Ivanovich listened to his son with a tense and (in)incomprehensibly smile.

The topic of co-chi-not-revelation (not) revealed.

Yes, there is a (not) clear plan for the development of the production of cri-ti-to-va-li in the ministry.

This place is (not) for-nya.

No (un)needed information.

Answer:

Definition of a sentence in which both of your words are written together. Open the brackets and write these two words.

Water Bai-ka-la! The sun quietly sank behind the mountains, threw out a farewell green ray, and Baikal immediately returned to yourself some tender greenery.

Mu-zy-ka Sho-pe-na be-re-di-la vo-po-mi-na-niya. Its sounds, JUST like in childhood, made my throat choke and I wanted people to be happy.

Andrei Rublev was (PO)IS-TI-NOT you-y-y-y-s-master of ancient-Russian life-in-pi-si, about-la-da-yu- such a very creative ma-not-roy. However, not much is known about him: (FROM) THAT distant time only a mi-ni-a-ty-ra has been preserved, for some -the swarm is sealed by the hu-dozh-nick.

If only the nature of the SAME (SAME) could feel gratitude towards a person (FOR) THAT he penetrated into her life, exalted and sang it, this gratitude would fall to the lot of Pri-shvin.

SO that you can call from Russia to Europe via mobile phone, you must spend at least five hundred rubles.

Answer:

Indicate all the numbers, in place of which NN is written.

De-lav-shie for-mas-ki-ro-va (1) search for robbery for only what was in the table, other boo-ma-gi left (2) s so-top-she (3) about not-tro-well-you-mi.

Answer:

Place pre-pi-na-niya signs. Indicate the number of prepositions in which you need to put ONE comma.

1) In the 15th century, they used both heavy cannons for the siege of fortresses and light guns in field battles.

2) The word expresses thoughts and can serve to unite and separate people.

3) Mi-ke-lan-je-lo depicted people with a mighty body and a strong will, brave and untamed, calm and determined tel-nykh.

4) In the lu-ka-mischievous and unusually-ven-but-ly-rich voice of the Russian ba-la-lay-ki, you hear a sko-mo- Ro-shya prowess of the first mu-zy-kan-tov in Rus'.

5) Due to the current situation after the revolution, Kup-rin found himself in emigration and for almost twenty years passionately - come back to Russia.

Answer:

When the village (1) located in the valley (2) was covered by a wide, cool shadow from the mountain (3) covered with a roof west (4) people gathered at the white old church.

Answer:

Arrange all the not-to-one-hundred signs of pre-pi-na-tion: indicate the number(s), in place of which one(s) in the sentence there should be one hundredth place(s).

Ag-ro-but-we often use certain qualities of living organisms for our own purposes. So (1) for example (2) in agriculture, some types of organic matter serve to protect the crop from harm the actions of others (3) that is (4) are their own biological guardians.

Answer:

Arrange all the signs of pre-pi-na-niya: indicate the number(s), in place of which one(s) in the sentence there should be one hundredth place(s).

To catch pro-pteras, the inhabitants of Su-da-na use a special ba-ra-ban (1) with the help of (2) some (3) sounds (4) raindrops.

Answer:

Place all punctuation marks: indicate the number(s) in whose place(s) there should be a comma(s) in the sentence.

At sunset it began to rain (1) which immediately dispelled the stuffiness that had accumulated in the air (2) and (3) while it made a loud and monotonous noise in the garden around the house (4) the sweet freshness of wet greenery came through the open windows in the hall.

Answer:

Which of your sayings correspond to the text? Specify the number from the ve-tov.

1) The appearance of the country, the face of the country should be the subject of concern for the state.

2) The landscape, the landscape of the country are absolutely not dependent on the person’s idea of beauty.

3) The economic activity of a person largely determines the landscape and landscape of the country.

4) The landscape of the country tells a lot about the relationship between society and man, nature.

5) It’s not possible to create a department to protect the external appearance of the land.

(According to V. Soloukhin*)

* Vladimir Alekseevich Soloukhin

Option 4.

Answer:

Which of the following statements are true? Specify the number from the ve-tov.

Indicate the numbers in order of origin.

1) In sentences 1-4 there is a presentation of judgment and description.

2).

3) Sentences of 8-10 elements of judgment.

4) Sentence 17 contains an explanation of the statement in sentence 16 of the judgment.

5) In sentences 13-14 there is a description.

(1) Just as an artist creates a landscape painting, so an entire people gradually, involuntarily, perhaps even, stroke by stroke over the course of centuries, creates the landscape and landscape of their country.

(2) The face of old, pre-revolutionary Russia was determined, for example, to a large extent by those hundreds of thousands of churches and bell towers that were located throughout its expanses in predominantly elevated places and which determined the silhouette of each city - from the largest to the smallest, as well as hundreds monasteries, countless wind and water mills. (3) Tens of thousands of landowner estates with their parks and pond systems also contributed a considerable share to the landscape and landscape of the country. (4) But, of course, first of all, small villages and hamlets with willows, wells, sheds, bathhouses, paths, gardens, vegetable gardens, pledges, spinning wheels, carved frames, skates, porches, fairs, sundresses, round dances, mowing, shepherd's horns, sickles, flails, thatched roofs, small individual fields, horses plowing... (5) The face of the country changed when all these factors determining the landscape disappeared.

(6) Just as a landscape artist puts a piece of his soul into his creation and creates a landscape, essentially speaking, in his own image and likeness, so the soul of the people and the idea of beauty that is in the soul is invested in the landscape of any country. this or that people lives.

(7) It is bad if the soul is asleep, if it is distracted, drowned out by side circumstances, interests, noise, self-interest or other considerations, if it is dead or, more precisely, in lethargy. (8) Then spirituality leaves the landscape. (9) The landscape remains a landscape, but it seems to be emptying, the form remains in the absence of content, it emanates coldness, alienation, indifference and, precisely, emptiness. (10) It becomes indifferent to an individual and an entire nation: what will it look like? (11) What will the house, village, river, valley, hills, and country as a whole look like? (12) What will the face of the country be like?

(13) There are departments for the development and extraction of mineral resources, for road construction, for agriculture, for electrification, for light, heavy and automotive industries, but there is no department for appearance country (earth), in terms of its neatness, tidiness, spirituality... (14) We think about the strength of structures, the character and volume earthworks, about the amount of wood, about centners and tons, about cubic meters and square meters, but we don’t think about what it will look like? (15) How it will look not only on its own, but in combination with the surroundings, with the terrain, in accordance with traditions and with projection into the future.

(16) The landscape in all its complexity and totality is not just the face of the earth, the face of the country, but also the face of a given society.

(17) trashed forest, rutted roads with stuck cars, shallow rivers, green meadows striped by tractor tracks, half-abandoned villages, agricultural machines rusting under open air, standard houses, fields infested with weeds, speak about the residents of this or that village, this or that area no less than an unsightly and neglected apartment about its residents.

(According to V. Soloukhin*)

* Vladimir Alekseevich Soloukhin(1924-1997), poet, prose writer. Thinking about modern man, V. Soloukhin highlighted the problems of his interaction with the earth, nature, culture, and heritage of the past.

Source of text: Unified State Exam 2013. Russian language: training tasks / I.P. Tsybulko, S.I. Lvova - M.: Eksmo, 2012. - 136 pages.

Option 4.

Answer:

From pre-lo-zhe-niya 7 you-pi-shi-those terms.

(13) There are departments for the development and extraction of mineral resources, for road construction, for agriculture, for electrification, for light, heavy and automotive industries, but there is no department for the appearance of the country (land), for its neatness, tidiness, spirituality.. (14) We think about the strength of structures, about the nature and volume of excavation work, about the amount of wood, about centners and tons, about cubic meters and square meters, but we don’t think about what it will look like? (15) How it will look not only on its own, but in combination with the surroundings, with the terrain, in accordance with traditions and with projection into the future.

(16) The landscape in all its complexity and totality is not just the face of the earth, the face of the country, but also the face of a given society.

(17) trashed forest, rutted roads with bogged cars, shallow rivers, green meadows striped by tractor tracks, half-abandoned villages, agricultural machines rusting in the open air, standard houses, fields infested with weeds, speak of the inhabitants of this or that village, this or that another area is no less than an unsightly and neglected apartment about its residents.

(According to V. Soloukhin*)

* Vladimir Alekseevich Soloukhin(1924-1997), poet, prose writer. Reflecting on modern man, V. Soloukhin highlighted the problems of his interaction with the earth, nature, culture, and the heritage of the past.

Source of text: Unified State Exam 2013. Russian language: training tasks / I.P. Tsybulko, S.I. Lvova - M.: Eksmo, 2012. - 136 pages.

Option 4.

(7) It’s bad if the soul is asleep, if it’s distracted, behind-the-scenes, in-the-world. re-sa-mi, shu-ma-mi, ko-ry-stiyu or other co-o-ra-same-ni-i-mi, if she is dead or, let’s say more precisely, na-ho -di-tsya in le-tar-gy.

Answer:

Among sentences 1-5, find one(s) that is connected with the previous one(s) with the help of -schi define-de-li-tel-no-go and indicate-for-tel-no-go-place-names. Write the number(s) of this proposal(s).

(13) There are departments for the development and extraction of mineral resources, for road construction, for agriculture, for electrification, for light, heavy and automotive industries, but there is no department for the appearance of the country (land), for its neatness, tidiness, spirituality.. (14) We think about the strength of structures, about the nature and volume of excavation work, about the amount of wood, about centners and tons, about cubic meters and square meters, but we don’t think about what it will look like? (15) How it will look not only on its own, but in combination with the surroundings, with the terrain, in accordance with traditions and with projection into the future.

(16) The landscape in all its complexity and totality is not just the face of the earth, the face of the country, but also the face of a given society.

(According to V. Soloukhin*)

Source of text: Unified State Exam 2013. Russian language: training tasks / I.P. Tsybulko, S.I. Lvova - M.: Eksmo, 2012. - 136 pages.

Option 4.

Answer:

Pro-chi-tai-te fragment-ment of re-cen-zii. It contains a variety of languages, special-ben-no-sti texts. Some terms used in the review are discussed. Insert in the places of the blanks the numbers corresponding to the number of the term from the list.

“Dedicating the text to the creation of the landscape and landscape of the country, V. So-lo-ukhin already in the first pre-lo-zhe- nii, using a technique such as (A)_____, compares the work of the rain over the landscape with the creation -I don’t eat the landscape as a whole whole house. The same technique is repeated in the sixth sentence. Using multiple (B)_____ (prepositions 4, 7, 14, 17), the author tries to describe it more accurately or other phenomenon. The key to understanding the problem, put by the author, is in the sentences 7-12. (B)_____ (“the soul is sleeping, it is dead”) in the 7th sentence makes the reader take a new look for the usual things. The text is about the author's nickname in no way about us. An unequal-spirited attitude towards what the author writes about, the emphasis is exactly correct, for example, “neatness, neatness, spirituality”, as well as (G)_____ (“of course”, “first of all”).”

Spi-juk ter-mi-nov:

1) comparative turn-mouth

2) whether or not

3) contextual an-to-none-we

4) ranks of one-kin members

5) oli-tse-tvo-re-nie

6) co-creation

7) introductory words and constructions

8) simple-sto-river lek-si-ka

9) ri-to-ri-che-skoe-ra-sche-nie

Write down the numbers in response, placing them in a row, corresponding to the letter for you:

A	B	IN	G

(13) There are departments for the development and extraction of mineral resources, for road construction, for agriculture, for electrification, for light, heavy and automotive industries, but there is no department for the appearance of the country (land), for its neatness, tidiness, spirituality.. (14) We think about the strength of structures, about the nature and volume of excavation work, about the amount of wood, about centners and tons, about cubic meters and square meters, but we don’t think about what it will look like? (15) How it will look not only on its own, but in combination with the surroundings, with the terrain, in accordance with traditions and with projection into the future.

(16) The landscape in all its complexity and totality is not just the face of the earth, the face of the country, but also the face of a given society.

(According to V. Soloukhin*)

Source of text: Unified State Exam 2013. Russian language: training tasks / I.P. Tsybulko, S.I. Lvova - M.: Eksmo, 2012. - 136 pages.

Option 4.

(4) But, of course, first of all, small villages and villages with vet-la-mi, ko-lo-d-tsa-mi, sa-ra -ya-mi, ban-ka-mi, tro-pin-ka-mi, sa-da-mi, ogo-ro-da-mi, behind-lo-ga-mi, spin-la-mi, cut-ny -mi na-lich-ni-ka-mi, horse-ka-mi, wing-lech-ka-mi, yar-mar-ka-mi, sa-ra-fa-na-mi, ho-ro-vo- yes-mi, po-ko-sa-mi, past-tu-shy-mi horn-ka-mi, ser-pa-mi, tse-pa-mi, so-lo-men-ny-mi roof-sha- mi, ma-len-ki-mi eat-no-lich-ny-mi po-la-mi, lo-shad-ka-mi on pa-ho-te...

Answer:

Write an essay based on the text you read.

Formulate one of the problems posed by the author of the text.

The volume of the essay is at least 150 words.

Write an essay carefully, legible handwriting.

(13) There are departments for the development and extraction of mineral resources, for road construction, for agriculture, for electrification, for light, heavy and automotive industries, but there is no department for the appearance of the country (land), for its neatness, tidiness, spirituality.. (14) We think about the strength of structures, about the nature and volume of excavation work, about the amount of wood, about centners and tons, about cubic meters and square meters, but we don’t think about what it will look like? (15) How it will look not only on its own, but in combination with the surroundings, with the terrain, in accordance with traditions and with projection into the future.

(16) The landscape in all its complexity and totality is not just the face of the earth, the face of the country, but also the face of a given society.

When planning a trip to distant countries, many tourists are interested in the life there. There are many interesting facts that everyone who is planning their holiday in this country should definitely know. There is a unique flora and fauna here, a rich history dating back to ancient times.

Nature of Madagascar

The entire island is one state, located in Indian Ocean. It is often referred to as Africa, and geographically this is true. The most interesting facts about Madagascar are the following:

Historical Interesting Facts about the country Madagascar

The first people appeared on the island more than 2000 years ago. During this historical period, local residents experienced a huge number of important events. The most interesting of them are:

The island was first discovered in the 16th century by explorer Diego Diaz from Portugal. Since then, Madagascar has been used as an important trading hub.
In 1896, the French captured the country, turning it into their colony. In 1946, the island began to be considered overseas territory invaders.
In 1960, Madagascar gained independence and gained complete freedom.
In 1990, Marxist rule ended here, and the veto on all opposition parties was lifted.
The peak of the royal mountain of Ambohimanga is considered an important historical one on the island. It is a place of worship for Aboriginal people and is a religious and cultural asset of the state.

Ethnic Interesting Facts about Madagascar

The number of inhabitants in the country is almost 23 million people. They all speak the official languages: French and Malagasy. The traditions and culture of the Aboriginal people are quite multifaceted; the most interesting facts are:

The indigenous people of Madagascar called them lemurs. Population of Madagascar: size, density, age and racial composition

Historical information

Population

official languages

Age indicator

Religious preferences

Racial composition of the population of Madagascar

Differences between indigenous ethnic groups

Largest cities on the island

Description of the country's economy

Slavery in the 21st century?

Education

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