home Documentation Meaning of the word osaka.

Meaning of the word osaka.

Japanese Venice, the gates of the Pacific Ocean, the city of the yakuza - Osaka, one of the oldest cities in East Asia, has so many names. Japan is a country of contrasts, and this city is one of its colors.

It is the country's third largest metropolis, located in the south of Honshu Island in Osaka Bay. He made the city a major port and the industrial heart of Japan. Osaka attracts many tourists due to its shopping and tourism.

Castles of Osaka

One of the main historical and cultural attractions of the city is the Osaka Samurai Castle in Japan. It amazes tourists not only with its size (its area is one square kilometer, its height is 5 floors, and the castle goes underground for another 3 floors), but also with its magnificence - its walls are covered. The castle was built in 1597 by the commander Hideyoshi. 20 thousand people were employed in its construction. The castle stands on a sheer embankment of huge boulders to protect it from attacks.

In the 17th century the castle was destroyed after civil wars, and subsequent attempts to restore it were thwarted by a lightning strike that caused a fire. Until the 20th century, the castle stood in ruins, and only in 1931 the city administration restored the architectural monument and housed a museum in it. Then the main tower, destroyed in the 17th century, was restored according to the surviving image on the screen. Truth, Second World War again affected the construction - American air raids partially destroyed it.

After the war, the castle was restored and opened to tourists. The interiors of the main tower were completely restored - they are all modern, but the main gates, ditches, and several other buildings are original, preserved from the Middle Ages. In the museum itself you can see an interesting exhibition telling not only about the castle, but also about the activities of Hideyoshi, samuraiism and the history of the region as a whole. A screen is also kept here, which became a sketch for the restoration of the castle in the 20th century.

In addition to Osaka's largest and most famous castle, you can also see Himeiji Castle or Heron Castle in the city. It was built in the 16th century, and today it is a whole complex of 80 buildings made in traditional Japanese style. This castle is no less interesting for tourists, and it is also included in the UNESCO heritage list.

Temples in Osaka

Japan, like any other country in Asia, is full of various temples. There are many of them in the economic center of the country. There are both Buddhist and Shinto religious buildings here. At the same time, the largest centers of various schools within Buddhism are among the first to be presented.

Shitenno-ji, or the Temple of the Four Heavenly Lords, is one of the oldest Buddhist temples in the country, representing Washo's own school. The temple was built back in 593 and since then has experienced many shocks - over many centuries it has been destroyed by fires and lightning, typhoons, wars and uprisings, and bombing by American troops. And each time the temple was rebuilt. After World War II it was restored, but it was no longer built from wood, as before, but from reinforced concrete. Tourists who come to Osaka in April can attend the festival held annually at the temple and see what the court Bugaku dances that existed in the 8th-12th centuries in Japan looked like.

Another Buddhist temple, Isshin-ji, is also interesting, mainly because on its territory there are statues made from the ashes of dead people. Since the mid-19th century, urns containing the ashes of deceased students of this Buddhist school have been placed on the temple grounds. When there were so many urns that there was nowhere to store them, statues began to be made from ashes held together with resin. A total of 13 statues were made, but 6 of them were damaged in World War II.

The Shinto branch is represented in Osaka by such large temples as Tenman-gu, built in 949, and Sumiyoshi-taisha, the main shrine of the god of the same name. The latter, by the way, houses the oldest Japanese seals.

Modern architecture: objects that amaze the imagination

As the economic heart of the country, Osaka could not do without buildings that amaze with their scale and technology. You should start with It is unique in that it is built on a completely artificial island. And although the cost of maintaining it will never pay off, this airport is one of a kind. Osaka (Japan) cannot but inspire admiration for the tenacity of its citizens.

Despite the presence of ancient temples and castles, the face of the city is still its modern towers and skyscrapers. The Tsutenkaku TV Tower is considered a real symbol of the city and is compared to the Eiffel Tower. There is an observation deck at an altitude of 91 meters. She is very popular, but not the only one in the city. The Umeda Sky Building has a platform on the 39th floor. This skyscraper of two towers and what looks like hanging gardens or a space observatory between them (whichever you prefer), hovering at an altitude of 170 meters, may also interest tourists in the surrounding park, as well as a restaurant imitating a Japanese street of the 19th century.

"Maru-biru" is another symbol of the city. The hotel is located in a skyscraper, and all its rooms have an undeniable advantage - the view from the windows of any room overlooks the main attractions of Osaka.

Floating fountains are also interesting. Osaka, Japan, the Pond of Dreams is the location of a unique fountain based on geometric figures with flowing water, as if suspended in the air. It looked like a miracle in 1970, when it was installed for the World Exhibition, but today it is one of the calling cards of the city.

Another similar object, without a doubt, can be called railway station Osaka, mainly due to its unique watches. The flow of water is controlled by a computer and adds up not only the numbers that show the time in Japan, but also beautiful patterns - a mesmerizing and impressive sight.

Amusement parks

The Japanese know a lot about entertainment and attractions. The most important amusement park that Osaka and the entire island of Honshu offers is, of course, Universal. It competes with the famous Disneyland. There are attractions and entertainment based on films made by Universal Studios - "Jurassic Park", "Shrek", "Jaws", "Harry Potter" and many others. The park is so interesting and large (140 hectares) that it is not easy to get around it in a day, so tourists are recommended to buy tickets for 2 or 3 days. You can even have an interesting snack here - in a pizzeria in the style of “The Godfather” or in a French cafe.

If the attractions at Universal are not enough for a tourist, there is an amusement park near the village of Tempozan, famous throughout the world for its Ferris wheel, which is 112 meters high, making it the largest in the world. Also in the park there is an aquarium with 35 thousand inhabitants, an observatory, a bird sanctuary, a state-of-the-art cinema and many other entertainments.

Osaka Museums

Those tourists who crave not only entertainment but also education in Osaka should visit local museums and exhibitions. How largest port, Osaka has been accumulating exhibits on the history of the relationship between man and the sea for many centuries. Therefore, it is no coincidence that the Osaka Maritime Museum is so interesting. It is located at the entrance to Osaka Bay and looks very impressive - a huge steel dome. Inside there are 4 floors, on which a variety of ship paraphernalia is placed, as well as a life-size replica of a merchant ship.

You can also see the most interesting exhibition at the ceramics museum, which is located about a kilometer from Osaka Castle. The city with its hustle and bustle remains behind the brick walls of the museum, and away from the bustle you can plunge into the calm, meditative world of ancient Japanese art and admire its best examples. Fans of modern oriental art should visit the art museum, where, in addition to the main exhibition presenting art from different periods, interesting exhibitions are held.

The Suntory Museum is also known throughout the world for its building in the shape of an inverted cone and its collection of 20th-century graphics.

Oceanarium "Kayukan"

We have already mentioned the aquarium in Tempozan, but it is worth talking about it separately, because not only Osaka, but Japan as a whole, is proud of it. The Kayukan Oceanarium is one of the most significant in all of Japan, and it was built in Osaka. This unique building is like a butterfly spreading its wings and is decorated with mosaics. Inside there are 14 tanks representing the inhabitants of the Pacific Ocean. They are divided into zones according to their habitat. Here you can find not only fish, but also animals, underwater flora, corals and algae and many other ocean inhabitants. The pavilions are designed in such a way that visitors can see the underwater and surface life of animals, for example, how fur seals bask in the sun and then dive into the depths.

Natural attractions

Despite industrial development and a forest of skyscrapers made of glass and concrete, Osaka, like any other Japanese city, values its nature and its unique places. So, tourists should visit Tennoji Park, which includes a zoo, a greenhouse and Botanical Garden. This is an analogue of the well-known Central Park in Manhattan, the same green oasis in the center of an industrial city. Here you can see the traditional Japanese Keita-Koen garden, which is located around a pond just behind the art gallery. This garden once belonged to the richest merchant and was donated to the city along with the mansion. The garden is included in large complex along with a unique greenhouse - an all-glass building that contains flowers and plants from different parts of the planet.

The local zoo is home to 1,500 animals and birds, but the hummingbird, as the only one in Japan, and the hippopotamus, for which they created conditions close to natural, are especially interesting.

You can also admire Osaka from the water by taking a cruise along Santa Maria Bay on a three-deck ship. On board there is not only an open deck for exploring the city and the ocean, but also a restaurant and a Columbus Museum.

Entertainment and nightlife

Connoisseurs of traditional Japanese culture in Osaka can enjoy Noh and Kabuki theater, Bunraku, as well as sumo fights.

Bunraku is a traditional Japanese puppet theater, and its homeland is Osaka. Japan greatly respects this art form. The National Bunraku Theater, located in the Namba quarter, gives performances to everyone, but please note that tickets sell out very quickly.

Kabuki is a unique form of theatrical art that combines music, dance and drama. You can watch performances at the Shochiku-za Theater. Particularly sophisticated viewers can also go to the Osaka Noh Hall, where plays are staged in a more difficult-to-understand style.

For lovers nightlife It's worth going to the Ebisu-Bashi area, where all the trendy youth of Osaka hang out, or to the Amerikamura area. This is a Japanese piece of America with its Statue of Liberty and King Kong. During the day there are a lot of street musicians and flea markets, and at night local youth drink and dance in American bars.

Shopping

The center of Osaka's trade is the Shinsaibashi area. Here you can buy absolutely everything. Shinsaibashi has boutiques and shops of all world brands, and the covered street houses a huge market 600 meters long. The area also includes the American Village, where you can buy incredible souvenirs in shops and flea markets.

You can also go shopping in Dan Dan Town - this is the Nippombashi district, where the local electronic paradise is located, where you can buy any gadget. Today in Japan such neighborhoods can be found in any major city.

Cafes and restaurants

Like any metropolis, Osaka can offer tourists any cuisine - from Indian to French, however, to try local specialties, go to the Dotombori or Umeda areas. These neighborhoods are literally crammed with restaurants for every taste. Be sure to try the local version of sushi - oshizushi. They are made from rice soaked in vinegar, seaweed and small pieces of fish. It differs in Osaka and is boiled in vinegar along with seafood or meat. It is also worth finding a restaurant in Osaka that serves special okonomiyaki meat pancakes. Time in Japan differs from Moscow, ahead of it by 6 hours.

1. Independent parts of speech:

nouns (see morphological norms of nouns);
Verbs:
- participles;
- participles;
adjectives;
numerals;
pronouns;
adverbs;

2. Functional parts of speech:

prepositions;
unions;
particles;

3. Interjections.

The following do not fall into any of the classifications (according to the morphological system) of the Russian language:

the words yes and no, if they act as an independent sentence.
introductory words: so, by the way, total, as a separate sentence, as well as a number of other words.

Morphological analysis of a noun

initial form in the nominative case, singular (with the exception of nouns used only in the plural: scissors, etc.);
proper or common noun;
animate or inanimate;
gender (m,f, avg.);
number (singular, plural);
declination;
case;
syntactic role in a sentence.

Plan for morphological analysis of a noun

"The baby drinks milk."

Baby (answers the question who?) – noun;

initial form - baby;
constant morphological features: animate, common noun, concrete, masculine, 1st declension;
inconsistent morphological features: nominative case, singular;
when parsing a sentence, it plays the role of subject.

Morphological analysis of the word “milk” (answers the question of whom? What?).

initial form – milk;
constant morphological characteristics of the word: neuter, inanimate, real, common noun, II declension;
variable morphological features: accusative case, singular;
direct object in the sentence.

Here is another example of how to make a morphological analysis of a noun, based on a literary source:

"Two ladies ran up to Luzhin and helped him get up. He began to knock the dust off his coat with his palm. (example from: “Luzhin’s Defense”, Vladimir Nabokov)."

Ladies (who?) - noun;

initial form - queen;
constant morphological features: common noun, animate, concrete, feminine, first declension;
fickle morphological characteristics of the noun: singular, genitive case;
syntactic role: part of the subject.

Luzhin (to whom?) - noun;

initial form - Luzhin;
faithful morphological characteristics of the word: proper name, animate, concrete, masculine, mixed declension;
inconsistent morphological features of the noun: singular, dative case;

Palm (with what?) - noun;

initial shape - palm;
constant morphological features: feminine, inanimate, common noun, concrete, I declension;
inconsistent morpho. signs: singular, instrumental case;
syntactic role in context: addition.

Dust (what?) - noun;

initial form - dust;
main morphological features: common noun, material, feminine, singular, animate not characterized, III declension (noun with zero ending);
fickle morphological characteristics of the word: accusative case;
syntactic role: addition.

the initial form is a coat;
constant correct morphological characteristics of the word: inanimate, common noun, specific, neuter, indeclinable;
morphological features are inconsistent: the number cannot be determined from the context, genitive case;
syntactic role as a member of a sentence: addition.

Morphological analysis of the adjective

An adjective is a significant part of speech. Answers the questions Which? Which? Which? Which? and characterizes the characteristics or qualities of an object. Table of morphological features of the adjective name:

initial form in the nominative case, singular, masculine;
constant morphological features of adjectives:
- rank according to the value:
- - - quality (warm, silent);
  - - relative (yesterday, reading);
  - - possessive (hare, mother);
- degree of comparison (for quality ones, for which this feature is constant);
- full/short form (for quality ones, for which this sign is constant);
inconsistent morphological features of the adjective:
- qualitative adjectives vary according to the degree of comparison (in comparative degrees the simple form, in superlative degrees - complex): beautiful - more beautiful - the most beautiful;
- full or short form (qualitative adjectives only);
- gender marker (singular only);
- number (agrees with the noun);
- case (agrees with the noun);
syntactic role in a sentence: an adjective can be a definition or part of a compound nominal predicate.

Plan for morphological analysis of the adjective

Example sentence:

The full moon rose over the city.

Full (what?) – adjective;

initial form – full;
constant morphological features of the adjective: qualitative, full form;
inconsistent morphological characteristics: in a positive (zero) degree of comparison, feminine (consistent with the noun), nominative case;
according to syntactic analysis - a minor member of the sentence, serves as a definition.

Here is another whole literary passage and morphological analysis of the adjective, using examples:

The girl was beautiful: slender, thin, blue eyes, like two amazing sapphires, looking into your soul.

Beautiful (what?) - adjective;

initial form - beautiful (in this meaning);
constant morphological norms: qualitative, brief;
inconstant signs: positive degree of comparison, singular, feminine;

Slender (what?) - adjective;

initial form - slender;
constant morphological characteristics: qualitative, complete;
inconsistent morphological characteristics of the word: full, positive degree of comparison, singular, feminine, nominative case;
syntactic role in a sentence: part of the predicate.

Thin (what?) - adjective;

initial form - thin;
morphological constant characteristics: qualitative, complete;
inconsistent morphological characteristics of the adjective: positive degree of comparison, singular, feminine, nominative case;
syntactic role: part of the predicate.

Blue (what?) - adjective;

initial form - blue;
table of constant morphological features of the adjective name: qualitative;
inconsistent morphological characteristics: full, positive degree of comparison, plural, nominative case;
syntactic role: definition.

Amazing (what?) - adjective;

initial form - amazing;
constant characteristics of morphology: relative, expressive;
inconsistent morphological features: plural, genitive case;
syntactic role in a sentence: part of the circumstance.

Morphological features of the verb

According to the morphology of the Russian language, a verb is an independent part of speech. It can denote an action (to walk), a property (to limp), an attitude (to be equal), a state (to rejoice), a sign (to turn white, to show off) of an object. Verbs answer the question what to do? what to do? what is he doing? what did you do? or what will it do? Different groups Verbal word forms are characterized by heterogeneous morphological characteristics and grammatical features.

Morphological forms of verbs:

the initial form of the verb is the infinitive. It is also called the indefinite or unchangeable form of the verb. There are no variable morphological features;
conjugated (personal and impersonal) forms;
inconjugated forms: participles and participles.

Morphological analysis of the verb

initial form - infinitive;
constant morphological features of the verb:
- transitivity:
- - transitive (used with accusative case nouns without a preposition);
  - intransitive (not used with a noun in the accusative case without a preposition);
- repayment:
- - returnable (there is -sya, -sya);
  - irrevocable (no -sya, -sya);
- - imperfect (what to do?);
  - perfect (what to do?);
- conjugation:
- - I conjugation (do-eat, do-e, do-eat, do-e, do-ut/ut);
  - II conjugation (sto-ish, sto-it, sto-im, sto-ite, sto-yat/at);
  - mixed verbs (want, run);
inconsistent morphological features of the verb:
- mood:
- - indicative: what did you do? What did you do? what is he doing? what will he do?;
  - conditional: what would you do? what would you do?;
  - imperative: do!;
- time (in the indicative mood: past/present/future);
- person (in the present/future tense, indicative and imperative: 1st person: I/we, 2nd person: you/you, 3rd person: he/they);
- gender (past tense, singular, indicative and conditional);
- number;
syntactic role in a sentence. The infinitive can be any part of the sentence:
- predicate: To be a holiday today;
- subject: Learning is always useful;
- addition: All the guests asked her to dance;
- definition: He had an irresistible desire to eat;
- circumstance: I went out for a walk.

Morphological analysis of verb example

To understand the scheme, let’s conduct a written analysis of the morphology of the verb using the example of a sentence:

God somehow sent a piece of cheese to the crow... (fable, I. Krylov)

Sent (what did you do?) - part of speech verb;

initial form - send;
constant morphological features: perfective aspect, transitional, 1st conjugation;
inconsistent morphological characteristics of the verb: indicative mood, past tense, masculine, singular;

The following online example of morphological analysis of a verb in a sentence:

What silence, listen.

Listen (what do you do?) - verb;

initial form - listen;
morphological constant features: perfective aspect, intransitive, reflexive, 1st conjugation;
inconsistent morphological characteristics of the word: imperative mood, plural, 2nd person;
syntactic role in a sentence: predicate.

Plan for morphological analysis of verbs online for free, based on an example from a whole paragraph:

He needs to be warned.

No need, let him know next time how to break the rules.

What are the rules?

Wait, I'll tell you later. Has entered! (“Golden Calf”, I. Ilf)

Caution (what to do?) - verb;

initial form - warn;
morphological features of the verb are constant: perfective, transitive, irrevocative, 1st conjugation;
inconsistent morphology of part of speech: infinitive;
syntactic function in a sentence: part of the predicate.

Let him know (what is he doing?) - verb part of speech;

initial form - know;
inconsistent verb morphology: imperative, singular, 3rd person;
syntactic role in a sentence: predicate.

Violate (what to do?) - the word is a verb;

initial form - violate;
constant morphological features: imperfect form, irrevocable, transitional, 1st conjugation;
inconstant features of the verb: infinitive (initial form);
syntactic role in context: part of the predicate.

Wait (what will you do?) - part of speech verb;

initial form - wait;
constant morphological features: perfective aspect, irrevocable, transitional, 1st conjugation;
inconsistent morphological characteristics of the verb: imperative mood, plural, 2nd person;
syntactic role in a sentence: predicate.

Entered (what did you do?) - verb;

initial form - enter;
constant morphological features: perfective aspect, irreversible, intransitive, 1st conjugation;
inconsistent morphological characteristics of the verb: past tense, indicative mood, singular, masculine;
syntactic role in a sentence: predicate.

The section is very easy to use. Just enter the desired word in the field provided, and we will give you a list of its meanings. I would like to note that our site provides data from various sources - encyclopedic, explanatory, word-formation dictionaries. Here you can also see examples of the use of the word you entered.

Meaning of the word osaka

osaka in the crossword dictionary

Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1998

Osaka

city and port in Japan, on the island. Honshu, administrative center Osaka Prefecture. The second largest city in the country (after Tokyo). 2.6 million inhabitants (1992), in the agglomeration 10.5 million inhabitants. Cargo turnover of the port of St. 80 million tons per year. Itami International Airport. Ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering, light, chemical, glass-ceramic industries. Metropolitan. Trade and financial center: joint stock companies, rice stock exchange, cotton exchange, banks. 2 universities. Museums: Osaka City, Art Museum, Osaka Castle, Japanese Arts and Crafts. Buddhist monastery Shitennoji (6th century), Shinto shrine Sumiyoshitaisha (4th century, periodic reconstructions; 1804-11), Temmangu Temple (10th century); Osaka Castle (16th century).

Osaka

The third most populous city in Japan, which is located in the southern part of the island of Honshu, near the mouth of the Yodo River in Osaka Bay. The center of the prefecture of the same name. Since 1956, it has the status of a city, determined by government decree.

Examples of the use of the word osaka in literature.

Taisho, Nishiedo-gawa and Amagasaki districts Osaka, located below sea level, were now uninhabited.

But Connor managed to show that young Mr. Arakawa was actually in Osaka quite a bad guy.

Kikaku always remained a student of Basho, but his poetic activity went beyond the boundaries of one school, he participated in collections of many schools, lived in Edo, Kyoto, and Osaka, communicated with a variety of poets.

But the craftsmen at that time obtained food in Atlantic City, Osaka, Abidjan, the local workers were only able to lay out the new Ostankino dwelling on the ground, and Shevrikuka received the position of a two-pillar housekeeper in it.

Tomorrow morning I'll have to go on a gravimeter to Osaka and try to find Mrs. Nakajima.

In search of materials, in addition to Tokyo, I had to visit Hokkaido, the prefectures of Iwate, Yamagata, Miyagi, Fukushima, Ibaraki, Chiba, Saitama, Kanagawa, Yamanashi, Nagano, Niigata, Shizuoka, Aichi, Mie, Shiga, Kyoto, Osaka, Okayama, Hiroshima, Yamaguchi, Tokushima, Ehime, Kochi, Kagawa, Fukuoka, Oita, Kagoshima.

There were especially many casualties among those evacuated in the bay area. Osaka and Tosa and on the coast of Miyazaki - the earthquake caught people by surprise while boarding ships.

Having got out of the garage, I discovered that I was in the vast territory of the central hospital Osaka, in the only place where a woman pale as death in a nightgown could get lost.

Today at Osaka courtier Ogaki Takamoto will pay an official visit to Ishido and regretfully inform him that the Son of Heaven, due to illness, is forced to postpone his visit to Osaka for several days.

Along the Nobi lowland it was possible to sail to the cities of Gifu, Ogaki and Toyota, along the lowland Osaka- to the city of Kyoto, along the Chikushi lowland - to Yoshii, Fukuoka Prefecture, and between the cities of Fukuoka, Kurume and Omuta there was now only water communication.

Hideyoshi took Odawara, and his son Naoshige became a vassal of Tokugawa Hidetada and fought bravely during the siege Osaka, helping to rally the shogun's troops after they were battered by the garrison's desperate attacks.

Colonel Osaka carefully studied the intercepted text and gave orders to conduct a round-the-clock radio watch on the wavelength used by Sorge’s radio transmitter.

Stop writing your articles from issue to issue about the successes of the fishing exhibition in Osaka.

Fisheries neutrality was endorsed at the International Fisheries Exhibition in Osaka.

Nineteen girls were sold to brothels in Hamamatsu, Shizuoka Prefecture, and one to a geisha house in Osaka.

Agglomeration area: 1688 km2
Population size:
city - 2.7 million
agglomeration - 11.9 million
Geographical position: O. Honshu, on the coast of Osaka Bay
Leading industries: metallurgy, metalworking, machine and shipbuilding, oil refining, chemical, pulp and paper, textile, printing, food
Attractions: Osaka Castle, Shitennoji Temple, Buddhist tera

Located on the coastal plain of the island of Honshu, Osaka, together with the cities of Kobe and Kyoto, forms the industrial core of one of the leading economic regions of Japan - Kansai and perhaps the largest urban agglomeration. Osaka is the oldest and one of the largest sea ports of Japan.

Osaka was founded on the delta of the Yodogawa River, which originates in the north, in Lake Biwa, and flows into Osaka Bay (Inland Sea of Japan). Numerous rivers and streams meander along the coastal plain on which the center of the metropolis is located. Over 1,300 bridges, built at different times and in different styles, span the river branches and canals that cut the city into separate areas. Another characteristic feature of Osaka is the labyrinth of streets and passages, sometimes steeply climbing uphill, sometimes leading down. In general, within the city limits the landscape gradually decreases to the west, towards the coast of Osaka Bay. The city is located in the temperate maritime climate zone. On average, up to 1300 mm of precipitation falls here annually, the average monthly temperature in January is 4°C, in August - 28°C. Periodically, powerful typhoons attack the city.

JAPANESE WINDOW TO THE WORLD

In the V-IX centuries. on the site of modern Osaka was the city of Naniwa, which from time to time served residence of the Japanese emperors. Through its seaport, which served the ancient imperial capitals of Nara and Kyoto, there was brisk trade with China and Korea. Over several centuries, many Shinto and Buddhist temples grew in the city, turning it into a major religious center. In the XIV century. wars and fires destroyed the city, and its restoration lasted until the end of the 16th century. Since the 15th century Naniwa was renamed Osaka. In 1583, commander Toyotomi Hideyoshi founded a castle on the banks of the Yodogawa River - at that time the most powerful fortress in Japan. In 1615 the castle was captured and destroyed, but in 1620-30. rebuilt. A city quickly began to be built around the new political center of the country.

The rise to power of the shoguns from the Tokugawa clan (XVII-XIX centuries), who moved their capital to Edo, dealt a blow to the prestige of Osaka, but did not undermine the strong positions of its merchants - the city turned into a large trading center, rich in rice trade. At the end of the 19th century. The cotton spinning industry developed, and in the 1st half of the 20th century. - heavy industry. In those years, municipal authorities invested huge amounts of money in the construction of water supply and sewerage systems and adapting streets to automobile traffic. All this allowed the city to surpass in importance even the capital Edo (now Tokyo). In 1925, Osaka expanded to 182 km2 and had 1.25 million inhabitants. During the years of World War II and post-war chaos, Osaka's population decreased by a third, but today it is the third most populous city in Japan (after Tokyo and Yokohama). Industrial areas and suburbs are developing at a particularly high rate. The population density in Osaka and other cities in the agglomeration is very high - over 6 thousand people/km2.

OSAKA AND ITS INDUSTRY

After World War II, much was done in Osaka to develop industrial infrastructure, and today the city is one of the most important economic centers in the country. The local engineering factories produce over 25% of all industrial products in Japan. Well-developed industries include metal and woodworking, chemical (especially rubber), electronics, textiles, printing, ceramics, pulp and paper, leather and food.

The largest shipyards, iron and non-ferrous metals smelting plants, oil refineries and cement plants are concentrated in Osaka. The industrial zone is located mainly in the western regions of the metropolis, towards Kobe, as well as in the surrounding area seaport and numerous suburbs.

TOKYO SUPEREXPRESS

A prerequisite for the normal functioning of a huge industrial metropolis is a highly developed transport infrastructure. Osaka is a powerful transport hub of international importance with long-standing traditions.

First Railway to Kobe was opened back in 1874, and in 1897 the expansion of the sea began port. A growing city needed an efficient system public transport. The first subway line accepted passengers as early as 1933, and since 1964 Osaka has been connected to Tokyo by the Shinkansen super express line. In 1994, Kansai International Airport came into operation, relieving congestion at the old Itami Airport. Since there was not enough territory for the new terminal, the city authorities decided to build it on an artificial island in Osaka Bay, connecting it to land with a causeway.

However, Osaka is, first of all, a huge seaport, processing over 80 million tons of various cargoes. The port specializes mainly in container transshipment, receiving up to 3,800 container ships per year. Data on changes in the structure of use of various types of urban transport indicate an increased importance of the metro over 25 years and a significant increase in the vehicle fleet, which is more harmful than beneficial for the city. Today personal transport 43% of the agglomeration’s residents use it daily, whereas in 1975 this figure did not exceed 30%.

SCIENCE AND CULTURE

Osaka is an important center for Japanese classical arts, particularly theater and music. Plays of various styles are staged on the stage of countless theaters: comedy, drama and the traditional style of bunraku - a puppet theater in which the action moves from a person to a puppet. Osaka is one of the main centers of Japanese science.

The city has two universities (founded in 1931 and 1949), numerous museums and research institutes. The Science Museum complex includes the world's largest planetarium - its dome with a diameter of 26.5 m displays 28,000 celestial bodies visible in the sky, and fascinating popular science films are shown on a huge screen.

GARDENS AND ANCIENT MONUMENTS

Convenient geographical position, rich history and an abundance of ancient monuments attract many Japanese and foreign tourists to Osaka. To the most valuable monuments ancient architecture belongs to a Buddhist tera (587) with a richly decorated interior, the Buddhist temple of Shitennoji and Osaka Castle (17th century). Osaka is rightfully proud of its beautiful parks and gardens.

One of the world's largest aquariums, Osaka Kaiyukan, deserves special attention. Its 14 aquariums of varying sizes represent different marine ecosystems and are home to approx. 35 thousand animals belonging to 580 genera. Of greatest interest are two whale sharks, 7.7 and 5.5 m long. Due to their gigantic size, these fish are extremely rarely kept even in the largest aquariums, but here they feel quite at ease.

The city zoo cannot boast of the same rarities, but it is home to animals that any zoo in the world could dream of - koalas, red pandas and kiwis. In the hippopotamus pen there is a huge pool with a glass wall through which visitors can observe the underwater life of its inhabitants. Flower lovers will also find a lot of interesting things to do in Osaka. Of the great variety of gardens and parks, the parks around the castle and the Sumiyoshi Shinto Shrine are especially beautiful. In the spring, during the cherry blossom season, they turn into a fairy-tale kingdom, and crowds of townspeople come to their alleys to admire this beauty.
Osaka does not have rich art galleries, but there are more than enough interesting museums. Excellent exhibitions are presented within the walls of the Science Museum, the Natural History Museum and the National Ethnographic Museum.

In 1970, Asia's first World Exhibition, Expo 70, was held in Osaka, attracting over 64 million visitors. The exhibition secured the city as one of the most prominent places on the economic map of the world, and the former exhibition pavilions now house museums, art galleries and exhibition halls.

The Osaka metropolitan area consists of 44 districts, cities and towns. During the daytime, the population of the metropolis increases from 2.7 to 3.8 million people. This figure allows us to imagine the scale of daily migrations within the city.

The main attraction and symbol of Osaka is the majestic 17th-century castle, surrounded by a green ring of gardens. It acquired its current appearance after reconstruction and restoration work at the beginning and end of the last century.

In 1995-97 Osaka Castle has undergone a major renovation. The walls of the main tower, seriously damaged by frequent tremors, were reconstructed and strengthened, as were the elegant facades and the amazingly beautiful copper roof.

Osaka is home to the headquarters of 26 of the world's 500 largest industrial concerns.

Due to its location in the center of the country and the presence of a large seaport, Osaka is one of the main transport hubs in Japan. The Shinkansen super express train, which connects Osaka with Tokyo, is rightfully considered a symbol of technological progress.

In the southern part of the metropolis there is a recreation area with wide sandy beaches, significantly displacing the old port facilities with piers and jetties.

The pride of Osaka is its public and private gardens. These oases of greenery and tranquility in the middle of urban developments made of glass, concrete and steel, as a rule, are designed in traditional Japanese style.

Tera - Buddhist monastery in Japan. Behind a high wall there is usually a complex of religious buildings, residential and outbuildings, to which gates decorated with statues lead. The buildings were built according to Chinese and Korean models, the building material was wood, and the roofing material was tiles.

In 1966, following a referendum, the ginkgo tree was chosen as the symbol of Osaka. Midosuji Boulevard, the main thoroughfare of the city, is lined with rows of these beautiful trees.

Prosperous and businesslike, it is one of the largest cities in Japan and the largest in the western part. This city, located in the branched delta of the Yodo River, whose countless canals and channels are connected by 1,300 bridges, is often called the “Venice of the Far East.”

Osaka is divided into two large districts: the historical south and the business north.

Most major hotels, restaurants and underground shops is in Kita-ku, the northern area, near Osaka Main Station and Umeda Station, as well as on the small island of Hakanoshima, located between the Dojima and Tosabori rivers. The southern part of the city is the most interesting, Minami. Here are shopping and entertainment districts, and the most famous temples of the city are located. Among them is the Sumiyoshi Shinto Shrine, in which the souls of dead sailors rest. Here is also the ancient Buddhist temple of Shitennoji, built by Prince Shotoku Taishi back in the 6th century.

Lively neighborhood Namba, the center of the old market town, where you can find the best restaurants, including Dotombori Street. It runs along the canal of the same name; It's home to many pink parlors, karaoke bars and pachinko arcades, as well as many cheap restaurants and bars. Namba shopping pedestrian zones include America-mura and Europa-dori, which sell imported goods and run parallel to the north of Doton-bori. This is also where Dan Dan Town is located, the main electronics trading area in
Osaka, located south of Sennichimae-dori ( there is also a huge selection of anime and manga ).

Chuoku, the historical center of the city, is located to the east: Osaka Castle stands there. The northern and southern parts of the city are cut in the meridional direction by Midosuji Boulevard, the central thoroughfare of the city. It is a boulevard lined with ginko trees.

Osaka is often characterized by the word “kuidaore” (epicurean pleasure with spending all your money on food), it is truly a haven for gourmets. Especially famous Osaka dishes are “yaki-niku” (grilled meat), “fugu-nabe” (fugu fish in a pot), “kushi-katsu” (fried pork skewers and mushroom skewers), “ sushi" and "tako-yaki" (pieces of boiled octopus baked in dough) and many other delicacies. A Japanese proverb says: “Kyoto kidaore, Osaka kuidaore”, i.e. “The people of Kyoto go broke buying kimonos, and the people of Osaka go broke from gluttony.”

Together with Tokyo and Kyoto, the city makes up three of Japan's most famous culinary centers. On the other hand, local cuisine is famous not only for its delicacies, but also for its practicality: instant noodles were invented here in 1958. Working Osaka residents eat out about six times a week. Local favorites include oshizushi, in which sushi is cut and placed in stainless steel molds, udon suki, buckwheat noodles and meat in a strong broth served in a ceramic cup, and okonimiyaki, a special
pancakes made from unleavened dough and vegetables, a Buddhist ritual dish.

Osaka is also very proud of being part of the revival of traditional
Bunraku puppet theater. A large number of information and inscriptions on English language make Osaka a more tourist-friendly destination than most other major cities in Japan.

General information.

Osaka 大阪市: Kinki region, Osaka Prefecture, population 2,644,300 (2008). Symbols: flower - pansy, tree - sakura. Dominant sector of the economy Osaka is heavy industry (iron, steel, mechanical engineering, shipbuilding); the chemical, textile and food industries also play an important role. The port of Osaka handles about 40% of Japan's foreign trade.

Geography.

Osaka is a city and prefecture located on a small plain, bounded on the north and east by low mountains and extending west to the Seto Naikai Bay of the same name. This is right in the middle of the main Japanese island of Honshu. The Yodogawa River flows through the city, originating in Lake Biwa. Today the city covers an area of 200 square meters. km. The city forms the compact core of the prefecture of the same name with an area of 1850 square meters. km and a population of 8 million people. In turn, Osaka Prefecture is the center of the huge industrial and commercial conglomerate Kansai, second in importance and industrial potential after Kanto.

Story.

About fifteen hundred years ago, when the place was known as Naniwa, Osaka in Japan was the most important gateway to China and Korea, the main cultural and political center of East Asia. Many of the arts that emerged in Japanese culture, and are perhaps more likely to be associated with aristocratic Kyoto rather than merchant Osaka, actually have their roots in Osaka, the gateway to Asia. Bunraku - traditional puppets, Kabuki - the Japanese equivalent of Western opera, and Noh - a profound and minimalist stage art, are all examples of traditional forms of entertainment.

Japan's oldest temple, the sprawling Shitenno-ji in the center of Tennoji, was built in 539 by Prince Sotoku at the time of the introduction of Buddhism to Japan. Osaka today retains its cultural significance through its vibrant youth, culture, and history. No fewer than five of Japan's eight Nobel laureates are either from Osaka or have contributed to the city's development.

In a relatively short period of time in the 7th and 8th centuries, Osaka became the Japanese capital for a time. Wars in the fourteenth century destroyed much of the city, but in 1496 Ren-nyo, the leader of a militant Buddhist sect Pure Land chose Osaka as the site for the construction of his temple. The city quickly grew around this new core. The temple, named Ishiyama Hongashi, was completed in 1532.

A city grew around the castle, which around this time became known as Osaka. However, in 1580, after a long siege, the temple was captured and destroyed by Oda Nobunaga. His successor, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, decided in 1583 to build his fortress on the site of the temple. This castle survives to this day, although it was rebuilt after World War II and is known today as Osaka Castle. Deep ditches surround the high walls of the castle, made of huge stones brought at one time from all over the country. There is a garden around the castle, where it is pleasant to stroll, especially in the spring during the cherry blossoms. Hideyoshi controlled Osaka Castle throughout his time in power until his death in 1598.

In 1614-1615, the castle was besieged by Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu, as a result of which the city suffered greatly. However, recognizing the importance of Osaka as a center of trade and culture, the shogun began to rebuild and develop the city. In 1617, the construction of canals was announced, and the numerous rivers that flowed through the city were used. Osaka was unique in that it was not a political center, there was no samurai ruling class, the city was
completely in the hands of traders. The feudal lords used Osaka as a center for the exchange of taxes on rice, which facilitated the growth of trade and industry.

Osaka's population reached 375,000 in 1719. The city grew and prospered throughout the Genroku era (late 17th and early 18th centuries), allowing it to become a center of learning, art, and culture dictated by the demands of the commoners who lived in the city rather than the samurai. However, after Tokugawa moved the capital to Tokyo, Osaka gradually lost its cultural dominance in the eighteenth century. Despite this, she still appeared important center education, especially Western education, at a time when contact with the outside world was prohibited by the Japanese government.

Towards the end of the Tokugawa regime, following the Meiji Restoration in 1868, when Japan opened up to the world, Osaka suffered from a campaign of radical reform. However, it survived, and over time, as a result of Western influence, the city followed the Western model of expansion and improvement. In 1889 the municipality was created. The city's port harbors were improved, tram lines, water supply, sewerage, electrification. This continued until World War II, when the city suffered greatly from American bombing. The Chinese Revolution deprived Osaka of lucrative trade until the 1970s, leaving Tokyo increasingly the center of national life.

Osaka's Expo 70 catapulted the city back onto the world stage, and Osaka has continued to maintain a dynamic profile ever since. The latest impetus for the development of the region was the construction of Kansai International Airport, a gigantic construction project associated with the creation artificial island. Construction was completed in 1994. The port has also received strong development as a new recreation area.

Osaka prides itself on being one of Japan's most practical and sophisticated cities, with a rich tradition of outreach and a trading mentality to match. It also has a relatively high proportion of foreigners compared to other Japanese cities ("foreigners" includes not only foreigners, but also ethnic Koreans born in Japan who are unwilling or unable to obtain Japanese citizenship).

Attractions.

Osaka Castle - Osaka Castle.

The history of the castle begins with the militant Buddhist sect of the Pure Land. Ishiyama Honganji Temple (Ishiyama Honganji, 石山本願寺) was founded in 1496, at the mouth of the Yodo River, on the coast of the Inland Sea of Japan- outside the destroyed ancient capital Naniwa, in Settsu Province. Recent archaeological research has revealed that the temple was founded on ruins imperial palace. It was founded by Rennyo, who revived the teachings of the Jodo-shinshu (Ikko) school and settled here in 1496. In documents of that time, the modern name Osaka is first found when describing the place of settlement of Rennyo as being “on a high hill” (大坂, Ōsaka); subsequently, the spelling of the second character changed only slightly: 大阪. Although Rennyo sought solitude for himself in this quiet place, soon numerous fans and followers began to flock to him. The tiny temple he built for himself grew, and houses appeared around for newly arrived people. Three years later, when Rennyo died, the general appearance of the Ishiyama Hongan-ji temple complex had already been formed.

After the destruction of Kyoto's Yamashina Mido in 1532, Ishiyama Hongan-ji became the main temple of the Ikko sect, which gave birth to the Ikko-Ikki movement. Further south, in the city of Sakai, a system was organized to collect donations for the rebels.

Due to its location, the temple-fortress seemed impregnable. About a hundred monks continuously patrolled around him. In case of danger, the bell's signal could gather up to 10 thousand people. Monks flocked here not only from Osaka and its environs, but also from the provinces of Kaga and Echizen, where the Ikko sect was founded. The monks had many supporters, including the Mori clan, which supplied the fortress with supplies during the siege. They were also, ironically, supported by Uesugi Kenshin and Takeda Shingen, who were rivals of Oda Nobunaga and thereby did Ikko a great favor by tying themselves and Oda into mutual persecution.

Oda's war with the monastery continued from the autumn of 1570, only after a 5-year siege, in August 1580, the abbot of Kose (Kennyo) was finally persuaded to surrender. By the time of surrender all temple complex was set on fire. According to some evidence, this was done so that the victory over the rebels would not bring Oda any material benefits. Although some of the fortress's defenders were able to flee to Kaga Province to continue their resistance, the destruction of Ishiyama Hongan-ji was a fatal blow to the sect, destroying it as a military force.

And 3 years later, in 1583, in the same place, Toyotomi Hideyoshi began construction of Osaka Castle. It was completed three years later in 1586 and it was the largest castle in Japan at that time. Almost all of Hideyoshi's commanders had to donate stones for the construction of the castle; most big Stone Known as Higoishi, it is located near the southern entrance (19 ft/5.9 m high, 48 ft/14.5 m wide), and was brought by the famous general Katō Kiyomasa (1562 - 1611) from Shodo Island. After Hideyoshi's defeat by Tokugawa Ieyasu's forces in 1614–15, the castle was destroyed, but was rebuilt by Tokugawa Hidetada by 1620. In 1665, lightning struck the main tower of the castle, which burned to the ground due to the resulting fire. When the Meiji Restoration ended the Shogunate, the castle was burned by the retreating Tokugawa forces.

The last reconstruction of the main keep was carried out in 1931; the structure is inferior in size to the castle built by Hideyoshi, but nevertheless gives some idea of the power and grandeur of the original. And in 1997, the castle was reconstructed, elevators appeared, and the facade of the building was completely restored. Currently, the castle houses a museum. Documents about Hideyoshi's life are presented here, as well as the history of the castle.

There is a park around Osaka Castle. Sakura trees, growing in abundance in the park, paint the banks of the moats dug around the castle a soft pink color in the spring.

How to get there: Best via Otemon Gate in the southeast corner of the castle.

Nearest Tanimachi 4-chrome Station on Tanimachi and Chuo. The nearest JR station is Osakajokoen Station on JR Loop Line, 10 minutes, 160 yen from JR Osaka Station.

Tower visiting hours: 9:00 – 17:00 (entrance until 16:30). Closed from December 28 to January 1.

Cost: 600 yen

Nishinomaru Garden visiting hours: 9:00 - 17:00 (until 16:30 from November to February). Closed on Mondays and New Year's holidays.

Cost: 200 yen

Shitennoji Temple

The temple was built in 593. by order of Prince Shotoku. The complex is considered the birthplace of Japanese Buddhism. Destroyed by fire many times, the modern concrete buildings, completed in 1965, are of no value but provide insight into early Buddhist architecture.
There is a great flea market here on the 21st of every month.

Sumiyoshi Taisha - Sumiyoshi Taisha

Sumiyoshi Taisha is one of the oldest and most famous shrines in Japan.
Founded in the 3rd century AD, even before the influx of Buddhists into the country from the mainland
architecture, it is one of the few shrines displaying the simple Japanese shrine architecture prototype (sumiyoshi-zukuri). Dedicated to the Shinto god who protects travelers, sailors and fishermen at sea.

How to get there:

Sumiyoshi Taisha is located in southern Osaka, steps away from Sumiyoshi Taisha Station on the Nankai Main Line. From Nankai Namba Station local
The train (futsudensha) takes less than 10 minutes. It should be noted that faster
Trains do not stop at this station.

You can also get to the temple by Hankai Tramway.

Shin Kabukiza Theater

Despite its name, this theater does not host kabuki performances. Instead, it hosts frequent performances by popular enka singers, games and other events. To see a Kabuki performance, you need to go to the Bunraku Theater (see below)

National Bunraku Theater

Osaka has been the capital of Bunraku, a traditional Japanese puppet theater for many centuries.

The popularity of this theatrical form grew in the city during the Edo period, when bunraku, like kabuki, was a rare form of artistic entertainment for the common people, not just the high nobility. Bunraku is similar to Kabuki theater, but uses puppets that are 1 meter tall. The National Bunraku Theater in Osaka is one of the few places where you can catch a glimpse of a rare art form today. The program is available in English on the headphones. Performances are typically held over three-week sessions in January, April, June, July/August and November.

This theater also hosts kabuki, rakugo and noh performances.

The closest subway station to the theater is Nippombashi on the Tanimachi and Sennichimae lines.

Osaka Science Museum

The Osaka Science Museum was founded in 1937 as the Osaka Municipal Electrical Engineering Museum. In 1989, after its disbandment, the museum received its modern name. And in 1996, the International Planetarium Conference was held here. In 2003, the museum received its 8 millionth visitor. In the museum's store you can purchase many interesting products that will be of interest not only to children, but also to their parents.

Boomerang, believed to have been used by the ancient inhabitants of Australia for hunting. In order for the boomerang to return, you need to master the correct techniques for throwing it. Try making a boomerang yourself! Mini headphones DIY categories are made from a magnet and a short piece of wire. Try them, they really work. Neodymium magnets(Nd-Fe-B) are extremely strong for their size and are made in the form of a block, ring, or button. Spectroscope to split a light beam into a spectrum. With its help you can see the difference between conventional incandescent lamps and fluorescent lamps. WITH sundial in a large assortment from all over the world. You can also make your own paper sundial and learn how to tell the time using it. All of the above products are inexpensive and cost only about $0.5 - $2.0.

1st floor. Magic tour. The topics that the first floor of the museum is devoted to are physical phenomena: light, sound and air. You can explore them yourself. Here are some of the attractions offered to your attention: Bernoulli Blower. The ball is supported by the air flow from the cone. Yacht can sail against the wind thanks to the presence of a keel. The model uses a rail instead of a keel. Alcove. You are sitting on a bench in front of balloon filled with carbon dioxide. This ball acts as a lens for sound waves, amplifying sounds from the opposite side of the ball, where the bench is also installed. Visible effects of the invisible(on the picture). Sound is passed through a pipe partially filled with kerosene using a speaker mounted at one end of the pipe. At a certain frequency of sound waves, liquid from the pipe will spray out like a fountain. Silent lightning. Touch the balls. The light you see is electricity. Hologram. You can see three-dimensional three-dimensional images hanging in the air.

2nd floor. Fantastic science. The second floor displays computing devices and sensors. You can also see some optical illusions here.

Giant's finger. CCD converts light into electrical signals. This equipment uses a small CCD video camera to zoom in on an object.

Reflections. See how quickly you can catch a falling bar, turn off a bright lamp or sound. Ames room. When you examine this room through the peephole, its shape appears to be a regular cube. But in fact, her proportions are cleverly distorted and
are a trapezoid.

3rd floor. Energy and Science. On the third floor you can learn about the operating principles of different types of generators: rowing, pushing, pedal and rotary.

You can see a hydroelectric generator in action, converting the kinetic energy of water into electricity. Find out with a practical model how much electricity is needed to power your city?

4th floor. Universe. The fourth floor of the museum houses exhibitions on topics such as the Universe, Elements in the Universe, and the History of Science in Osaka.

The size of the planets of the Solar System and the Sun itself are reduced and shown to scale. With the size of the Sun being 280 cm, the Earth turned out to be only 2.6 cm in diameter. Large globe with a diameter of 2 meters. The troposphere, where clouds float and climate change occurs on such a ball, will be only 2 mm thick.

Osaka Science Museum is an 8-minute walk from Higobashi Line Station
Yotsubashi and a 15-minute walk from Yodoyabashi Station on the Midosuji Line. Open from
9-30 to 16-45 every day except Monday.

Historical Museum

This modern museum uses life-size reconstructions, miniature models and video footage to present visitors with living history from antiquity to the present day. Its most valuable exhibits were recovered during excavations of the Naniwa Palace (7th century). On the 10th floor is a reconstruction of the Dainokuden, the main building of the palace, including replicas of columns painted scarlet. The modern museum was built partly on the site of Naniwa Palace. At archaeological excavations household items, remains of palace walls, and plumbing parts were discovered in the foundation. Other floors feature the Edo-era "Water City" and a panorama of Osaka with different points inspection. Of particular interest to children is the Invention Center, located on the 8th floor of the museum. Children here can make puzzles using ancient shards or play with Bunraku dolls.

Museum of Oriental Ceramics

With more than 1000 exhibits, for the most part Of Chinese and Korean origin, this museum has one of the world's finest collections of oriental ceramics. It is based on the Ataka collection, which once belonged to a wealthy industrialist from Osaka.

Japan Folk Crafts Museum

This modest building houses an outstanding collection of traditional folk arts and crafts, one of the finest in Japan. It thoroughly introduces visitors to the products of local artisans: textiles and fabrics, ceramic dishes, bamboo products, furniture, toys. The collection contains examples of products by contemporary masters.

Walking around Osaka: Dotombori, Tempozan and Mido-suji.