Secrets of the Egyptian pyramids. Unknown secrets of the pyramids (16 photos)

The influence of Egyptian theogony and cosmogony Even the ancients clearly imagined the significant contribution that the Egyptians made to Greco-Roman mythology and theogony. According to numerous myths, the cult of Athena was brought to Hellas by Danai and the Danaids who fled from Egypt. special

Place of departure of Egyptian religious rites With regard to the pyramid, there were two opposing opinions. While some believed that the pyramid was intended to serve for the performance of secret rites associated with the ancient faith, others believed that the pyramid,

Pyramid of Cheops (Khufu)
The Great Pyramid, the last remaining wonder from the ancient list of the seven wonders of the world, is a fantastic masterpiece of engineering, not only because of its gigantic size. It weighs 6.5 million tons and contains more building material than it took to build all the cathedrals, churches and chapels in England! Its uniqueness also lies in the exceptional accuracy of the orientation of the faces according to the cardinal points. The error is negligible - 0.015 percent! Today, achieving such accuracy would require the use of laser theodolites, topographic maps with a resolution of 10 meters and an army of engineers, astronomers and stonemasons.

By the way, the word Pyramid does not define a three-dimensional triangle, and at the same time its root is not even Egyptian. The word Pyramid is made up of the Greek word "pyra" meaning fire, light (or visible) and the Greek word "midos" meaning measures (another meaning is the middle (inside)). The fact is that until 1301, when, after a strong earthquake, the Arabs began to use the loosened lining for the construction and restoration of palaces and mosques in the destroyed Cairo, the Pyramid of Khufu (Cheops - in ancient Greek transcription / 2590-2568 BC /. ), which had an initial height of 146.6 meters (now 138 meters) was lined with polished limestone slabs. Part of the cladding (top 22 rows) is still preserved on the Khafre pyramid. They were so shiny that they could be seen hundreds of kilometers away.

The base of the Pyramid, resting on a granite surface with a deviation from the horizontal of no more than two cm, is an almost perfect square (maximum deviation 3 minutes 33 seconds) with sides of about 230 meters (northern 230.1, western and eastern 230.2, southern 230.3). And the whole structure, which today consists of 203 rows of masonry, was erected without cranes, wheels and powerful stone-cutting tools. Why did the ancient architects achieve such high accuracy, if this accuracy could not even be seen with the naked eye?

At a distance of about 160 meters from the pyramid of Cheops, the pyramid of Khafre rises, the height of which is 136.6 meters, and the length of the sides is 210.5 meters. However, the Khafre pyramid visually seems to be higher than the Cheops pyramid - the effect is achieved due to the fact that its base is at a higher level. The Pyramid of Menkaure, which is even smaller, is located 200 meters from the Pyramid of Khafre. Its height is 62 meters, and the length of the sides is 108 meters. The three pyramids are part of the complex, which also consists of a sphinx, several temples, small pyramids, tombs of priests and officials.

In their book Guardians of Creation, Bauval and Hancock emphasize that they believe the creators of the Giza pyramid complex and the famous Sphinx intended to build some kind of chronological "beacons" that would encourage many future generations to search for the true meaning of their project. Selecting the position of monuments using the "language of the stars" should be understandable to any culture familiar with astronomy. The Giza Pyramid Complex probably contains rooms containing the most important messages of the ancient architects, facing the future. Boval and Hancock are convinced that humanity is on the threshold of the Great Discoveries in the pyramids.

Evgeny Menshov expresses another opinion in his article. Claiming that the Pyramids remind us of the planets of the solar system and the catastrophe that occurred on September 22, 10532 BC.
Where are the Great Messages kept?
Everyone has heard about the treasures of the pyramids and their robbers. The way to the Great Pyramid of Cheops, in 820, was found by the Arab Ale Manune. (Caliph Al-Maamoun) He began to dismantle in the center of the Northern Wall, where, according to legend, there was an entrance.

To do this, he poured vinegar on the stones, warmed them with fires, and then used battering rams. Hearing the sound of stones rolling off to the left of their tunnel, the treasure hunters dug to the source of the sound, which led them to a passage leading down (at an angle of 26.30). At the lower end of the sloping passage was what came to be called the bottomless pit (P), or a large underground chamber located at 180m. below the top of the pyramid. The falling stones that the Arabs heard rolled into it. If not for this accident, the entrance would never have been found.

The stone plug placed at the entrance to the ascending tunnel is made of rare red granite, identical to the granite of Mount Horeb, where, according to legend, Moses received the 10 commandments. To circumvent it, the Arabs carved the softer limestone around it.

Oddly enough, but the descending corridor was well known in antiquity. The Greco-Roman geographer Strabo left a clear description of the large underground chamber (P) into which this corridor enters (180 meters below the top of the pyramid). In this chamber, underground inscriptions were found - autographs from the time of the Roman occupation, indicating regular visits in those years. However, thanks to the secret door leading to the shaft (W) in the descending tunnel, this passage was forgotten.

Another surprising fact is that the ventilation ducts in the main chambers maintain a constant temperature of 68 degrees Fahrenheit. For some reason, the builders left intact the last 13 cm of the block at the entrance to the two ventilation shafts in the queen's chamber (Q) and only in 1872, Wayneman Dixon, by analogy with the king's chamber, discovered them by tapping and made his way to a canal high 20 and a width of 23 cm, going 2 meters into the wall, and then, at an angle further.

A television probe found some foreign bodies in one of the large voids. The resolution of the TV camera was not enough to identify these "bodies". Director of the Department of Antiquities of Egypt, Ahmed Qadri, commented: "There is something else in the Pyramid that we don't know about yet. This part of the structure has never been penetrated before. There is some construction there!"

In 1954, archaeologists discovered two immured niches at the foot of the Pyramid. When one of them was opened, the pit smelled of the aroma of cedar planks. There lay disassembled the original Pharaoh's boat, 43.6 meters long! It took 16 years to extract and dock hundreds of perfectly preserved fragments of the boat. Now the boat stands in its original form in a glass pavilion next to the Pyramid (Solar-Barke (Solar Boat) Museum).

A narrow hole was drilled in the second niche and a light guide connected to a television camera was inserted into it. This work, with all precautions, began in October 1987. When the television camera was turned on, a clear silhouette appeared on the screen: a boat! The second boat was a huge structure of sagging boards fastened with copper staples. They are not in a hurry to extract it - it is too difficult to keep this amazing find in the air ...
Physical impact Pyramids
The French scientist Jacques Bergier, who studied the influence of various spatial forms on biological substances, built a cardboard model of the Pyramid and placed bull's blood there. After some time, it was divided into two substances - light and dark. Other scientists have made sure that perishable products are stored for a long time in the Pyramid model. A pendulum suspended above the top of the model swings to the side or rotates slowly around the top. Plants are behaving strangely. First they gravitate towards the east, then describe a semicircle, moving from south to west. The Czech inventor Karel Drbal adapted a similar model for self-sharpening razor blades in 1959, and received a patent for this unusual invention. According to Drbal, he shaved with the same blade, placing it in a model overnight, more than two thousand times! It is believed that the pyramidal shape focuses cosmic energy...
pyramid lens
American engineer Raymond D. Manners, in an article published in the magazine "Fate" for November 1996, reports that in its original form the Pyramid was distinguished by two features: sparkling surfaces and ... concave in the middle part of the face!

The ancient builders covered the Pyramid with a layer of polished limestone 2.5 meters thick! There were 144,000 20-ton cladding stones. They were so brilliant that they could be seen hundreds of kilometers away. In the morning and at noon, the sunlight reflected from this vast mirror surface was visible from the moon.

Surprisingly, the cladding stones were butted at 0.5mm spacing and have perfect right angles with straight line deviations within 0.25mm. Modern technology does not allow to place such blocks with greater accuracy. It is even more surprising that this gap was intended for glue to seal and hold the stones together. The white cement that held the cladding stones together and made them waterproof is still intact and stronger than the blocks to which it was set.

As for the concavity of the edges, by the way, completely invisible from the ground and, according to some opinions, reflecting the radius of the Earth, the French scientists who accompanied Napoleon's army in the Egyptian campaign were the first to suspect it. Later, in the 1880s, this fact was confirmed by the famous explorer of the Great Pyramid, Flinders Petrie. Then they forgot about it for a hundred years. And only in our days, aerial photography by an officer of the British army P. Groves showed with certainty that the concavity of the faces, however, quite insignificant - only one meter, really takes place ...

It is interesting to note that later pyramids were built with completely flat sides! Apparently, the main builder of the Great Pyramid hid from his followers the meaning and purpose of the concavities. According to Raymond Manners, the peculiar concave "mirrors" on the edges with a total area of ​​about 15 hectares served to focus the sun's rays on the day of the summer solstice. On this day, when the Sun was only 6.5 degrees from the zenith, a fantastic action took place: thanks to the polished edges, the Great Pyramid sparkled like a diamond! At the focus of the concave "mirrors" the temperature rose to a thousand degrees! The assembled crowds of people began to hear crackling coming from these points, gradually increasing to a thunderous deafening sound!

Amidst the blazing light and roar from the central whirlwind above the top of the Pyramid, waves of hot air shot upwards. An illusion of a fiery column rising from the Pyramid was created. It was truly the road along which God Ra himself descended to people!
Sphinx
The riddle of the Sphinx haunts people no less than the pyramids. When I read that the Sphinx had been completely covered over several times, it seemed surprising to me. However, a trip to Cairo dispelled all doubts. The Sphinx stands in a pit (the origin of which I cannot judge) at the foot of a hill with pyramids, and if you fill it up, only part of the head will be visible. True, it should be borne in mind that the Giza plateau is a rocky wasteland, and not a desert with sand dunes, as many might have thought. (the most complete association will be given to you by a stone lime quarry or a large construction site) so, in my opinion, it will take more than one decade, if not centuries, to bring it in. But let's get back to the object itself

Recently, Japanese scientists (S. Yoshimura) using echo sounders have shown that the processed stone of the sculpture of the Sphinx is MUCH OLDER than the blocks of the pyramids. I will emphasize the ANCIENT MATERIAL OF SCULPTURE. Another fact: hydrological studies revealed traces of erosion from a powerful flow of water at the base of the pedestal of the statue (including ON THE TREATED SURFACE). British geophysicists estimate the age of erosion at 10-12 millennia (!). The foregoing confirms the hypothesis, which is very popular today: the Gizov complex was built TWICE ..

In view of the foregoing, the sequence of events can be represented as follows. About 12.5 thousand years ago, unknown architects erected a complex of pyramids, coding in its plan the connection of three planets of the solar system, and in the orientation of the lion statue - the date. when it took place. A little later, water gushed out from somewhere with monstrous force. Her stream destroyed the pyramids, but the Sphinx. hollowed out of a monolithic rock and, possibly, covered with sand, survived. After 8000 years, during the reign of the pharaohs of the fourth dynasty, the rest of the buildings were restored. It is possible, however, that the Sphinx also underwent restoration: we assume that initially it depicted simply a lion, and a human head - specifically, the head of Pharaoh Khafre (opposite the Pyramid of which it stands) - was attached to it under Pharaoh Khafre.

French archaeologists have noticed: the dating of the Egyptian flood coincides with the date of the death of the legendary Atlantis according to Plato.

Tokyo scientists also gave a second sensation: electronic equipment showed a narrow tunnel under the left paw of a stone statue leading towards the Khafre pyramid. It starts at a depth of two meters and goes down obliquely. It turned out to be impossible to trace it further, but Professor Yoshimura promised to create a new device, specifically for the study of this underground passage.
P.S. Measures of Ancient Egypt
Having delved into the history of the emergence of units of measurement and standards, it is easy to find out that the Egyptians had three units of length: the cubit (466 mm), equal to seven palms (66.5 mm), which, in turn, was equal to four fingers (16.6 mm ). Long distances were measured in tens and hundreds of cubits or palms. It is easy to see that the side of the base of the pyramid of Cheops is exactly 500 cubits.

It is tempting, of course, to see a certain "astral" meaning in the height of the pyramid of Cheops. But isn't it easier to assume that the pyramids were built exactly the way the customer required? Pharaoh or, say, a council of priests. He will order: “a hundred cubits in height” - and they will build it. And how could the pharaoh give orders? Most likely, he set the height in round numbers - of course, in Egyptian measures ... To verify the above assumption, let's measure the pyramids not in meters, but in cubits (lx) and palms (ld). And what happens? Of the three pyramids of Giza, the smallest, Mykerin, has a height of one thousand ld (66 m). The Pyramid of Snefru has 200 lux. Finally, at the pyramid of Khufu (Cheops) - 300 lux 100 ld (146.6 m): the son outdid his father by almost one and a half times. Other measurements of the Cheops pyramid are also curious: the side of the base is 500 lux (233 m), the apothem of the side face is 400 lux (187 m), the length of the main gallery is 100 lux (46.2 m), the upper passage is 500 ld (33 m), etc. d. Famous Pyramids are equal to the stars
The question "how old are the Egyptian pyramids?" seems to have been resolved long ago: about 4500 years. However, the method of solving this issue, based on the analysis of ancient records, is not very accurate. As a result, estimates of the age of the pyramids can be overestimated or underestimated by about 100 years. From one point of view, compared to their age, this is not much; from another point of view, man is an imperfect being and always strives for the ideal. So Egyptologists eventually could not stand the uncertainty and began to develop methods for more accurate dating. One of them, developed by the British Egyptologist Kate Spence from Cambridge, is based on astronomy.

The fact is that many mysteries and questions are associated with the Egyptian pyramids. One of them is this: how did the ancient Egyptians manage to align their creations so precisely? After all, two of the four sides of each pyramid are directed quite accurately from north to south! Keith Spence believes that the stars helped the ancient builders in this. More precisely, two stars: Mizar and Kokhab, in the constellations Ursa Major and Ursa Minor. Due to the displacement of the Earth's own axis in space (with a period of 26,000 years), these two stars in different centuries point to different parts of the world. By calculating when they pointed to the north, one can very accurately determine the time of the construction of the pyramids.

Moreover, with the help of the “two stars” theory, those errors in the alignment of the pyramids that the Egyptians nevertheless made are perfectly explained (in fact, Spence developed her own theory to explain these errors). After all, the pyramids were not built at the same time, the stars managed to shift a little during this time, and the direction “to the north” also shifted somewhat. Today's "northern" star - the Polaris - in those years did not point to the north at all and could not serve as a guide for the Egyptians.

Using her method, Kate Spence calculated the construction time of the Great Pyramid of Giza (one of the Seven Wonders of the World). She believes that this happened in 2478 BC, plus or minus five years. Thus, according to the "astronomical" theory, the Great Pyramid is 4478 years old - 75 years more than previously thought.

It is not known whether the ancient architects really determined the direction to the north by two stars, but there is no argument against the fact that they could do this. All we know for sure is that the pyramids aligned to the north because the Egyptians believed that a dead pharaoh became a star in the northern sky. Therefore, it is quite logical to assume that when building pyramids for the dead pharaohs, they looked towards their new home.

Spence's method is also important for two more reasons. Firstly, it does not contradict the prevailing ideas about the age of the pyramids: 75 years is quite within the dating error according to written sources. Secondly, it serves as an additional argument against the view that the pyramids and the Sphinx were built several thousand years earlier than previously believed. Having obtained such well-converging results using two different methods, it can be firmly believed that the pyramids were built in the middle of the third millennium BC.
How the pyramids were built
The Italian Egyptologist Osvaldo Falestiedi proposed a clue to the way the Egyptian pyramids were built. Falestiedi's hypothesis is based on the testimony of Herodotus, who mentioned in the 5th century BC about "wooden machines for building the tombs of the Egyptian rulers." The remains of one of these machines, according to Falestiedi, were found in the 19th century during excavations of the temple of Queen Hatsepshut. An enthusiastic Italian managed to restore an ancient device, and it worked!

The machine designed by Falestiedi resembles a cradle. A stone block tied with ropes is placed inside the wooden frame, which swings with the help of special wedges. With the help of such rocking, the inventor is convinced, the ancient Egyptians raised multi-ton stones. Falestiedi's discovery was tested by Japanese and American engineers and archaeologists. And: independent expertise; confirmed the correctness of the Italian. Now Falestiedi, together with engineers from the Turin Polytechnic Institute, is going to create a working model of a device that can lift stones weighing up to forty tons.

edited news olqa.weles - 9-02-2012, 12:06

There are more than seventy Egyptian pyramids, but only three of them have become the most famous. These are the tombs of the pharaohs located in Giza - the pyramids of Khafre (Khafra), Cheops (Khufu) and Mekerin (Menkaur). It is with them that most of the mysterious legends and inexplicable incidents are associated.

It is impossible to say with certainty that today all the secrets of the Egyptian pyramids have been unraveled, because their priests were very resourceful and resourceful. Perhaps our researchers have yet to unravel the mysteries of the Sphinx, and penetrate into the very essence of Egyptian architecture, science and magic...

Secrets of the Pyramid of Khafre

The height of this structure is 136.5 meters. Its structure is relatively simple - two entrances located on the north side and two chambers. Khafre's pyramid was built from stone blocks of different sizes, and lined with white limestone slabs. The top of the pharaoh's tomb is made of beautiful yellow limestone.

It is not safe to try to penetrate the secrets of the Egyptian pyramids! Proof of this is the event that happened to tourists in 1984. An impressive line stood in front of the entrance to the tunnel leading deep into the pyramid of Khafre. Everyone was waiting for the arrival of the group, which went to a compact room with a sarcophagus - the tomb of Pharaoh Khafre, in which the lord's mummy was once sealed. It is believed that this pharaoh, in addition to his pyramid, built a mysterious man-lion - the Great Sphinx.

Finally the tourists returned, but what happened to them! People were choking with coughs, staggering from weakness and nausea, their eyes reddened. Later, the tourists said that all at the same time felt irritation in the respiratory tract, pain in the eyes, and experienced severe lacrimation. The victims were given medical assistance, they were examined, but... No abnormalities were found. People were told that the tomb of the pharaoh was probably filled with some mysterious gas that had leaked into the tomb in an unknown way.

The tomb was closed, and a commission was urgently convened to solve this mystery of the Egyptian pyramid. Experts put forward several working versions - the appearance of caustic gases from faults in the bowels of the earth's crust, the actions of unknown intruders, and even intervention. But according to the most interesting version, one of the ancient traps equipped by priests against robbers could be located in the tomb of the pharaoh.

Tomb of the pharaoh Menkaure

The Greeks called the son and heir of Khafre Mykerin. To this ruler belongs to the smallest of the famous great pyramids. The original height of the structure was 66 meters, today it is 55.5 meters. Side length - 103.4 meters. The entrance is located on the north wall, part of the cladding has been preserved there. The tomb of Menkaure also contributed to the formation of legends about the Egyptian pyramids.

In 1837, the Pyramid of Menkaure was discovered by the English Colonel Howard Vance. In the golden chamber of the tomb, he discovered a sarcophagus made of basalt, as well as a wooden coffin lid carved in the form of a human figure. This find has been dated as belonging to the era of early Christianity. The sarcophagus was never delivered to England - the ship carrying it from Egypt sank.

There is a legend that the Egyptians adopted some secrets from the Atlanteans who arrived in their country. So, for example, it is believed that the effect it has on the cells of a living organism depends on the mass and shape of the pyramid. The pyramid can both destroy and heal from diseases. It is known that the influence of the field of the Mykerin pyramid is so great that tourists who have been in its critical zone for a long time,. Some people entering the tomb of Pharaoh Mikerin faint, and feel a sharp deterioration in well-being. You should not try to unravel the mysteries of the Egyptian pyramids by trial and error.

Pyramid of Cheops (Khufu)

The records of the Greek historian Herodotus indicate that the tomb of Pharaoh Cheops was being built for more than 20 years. During this period, approximately 100,000 people were permanently employed at the construction site. The body of the legendary pyramid of Cheops consists of 128 layers of stone, the outer edges of the structure were lined with snow-white limestone. It should be noted that the facing plates are fitted with such precision that even a knife blade cannot be inserted into the gap between them.

Many researchers tried to penetrate the secrets of the Egyptian pyramids. Egyptian archaeologist Mohammed Zakaria Ghoneim discovered an ancient Egyptian pyramid with an alabaster sarcophagus inside. When the excavation was coming to an end, one of the stone blocks collapsed, taking several workers with it. There was nothing in the sarcophagus raised to the surface.

The Englishman Paul Brighton, having heard that many tourists visiting the tomb of Pharaoh Cheops, complain about the deterioration of health, decided to experience the influence of the pyramid on himself. The tireless researcher penetrated directly into the burial room of Cheops, which ended very badly for him. After some time, Brighton was discovered and removed from there. The Englishman was in a semi-conscious state, later he admitted that he had lost consciousness from indescribable horror.

The mystery of the Egyptian pyramid of Tutankhamun

The autumn of 1922 forever left its mark on the history of the development of archaeological science - the English archaeologist Howard Carter discovered the pyramid of Tutankhamen. On February 16, 1923, Carter and Lord Carnarvon (the philanthropist who financed this enterprise) opened the tomb in the presence of several witnesses.

In the room of the sarcophagus there was a tablet containing an inscription in ancient Egyptian, which was later deciphered. The inscription read: "Anyone who disturbs the peace of the Pharaoh, death will overtake with quick steps." When the archaeologist deciphered the tablet, he hid it so as not to embarrass his companions and workers with this warning.

Further events developed at a rapid pace. Even before the pharaoh's tomb was opened, Lord Carnarvon received a letter from Count Haimon, an English clairvoyant. In this letter, the count warned Carnarvon that if he penetrated the secret of the Egyptian pyramid of Tutankhamen, then he would face a disease that would lead to death. This message greatly alarmed the lord, and he decided to seek advice from a famous fortuneteller named Velma. The clairvoyant repeated Count Haimon's warning almost word for word. Lord Carnarvon decided to stop the excavations, but preparations for them had already gone too far. Involuntarily, he had to challenge the mystical forces guarding the pharaoh's tomb...

Lord Carnarvon, 57, suddenly fell ill just six weeks later. At first, doctors believed that this disease was the result of a mosquito bite. Then it turned out that the lord cut himself while shaving. But be that as it may, the lord soon died, and the cause of his death remained unclear.

This incident is not limited to the death of Lord Carnarvon alone. During the year, five more members of this expedition die, having penetrated the secrets of the Egyptian pyramids. Among them were the conservation specialist Mace, the English professor of literature La Fleur, Carter's secretary Richard Befil, and the radiologist Wood. Mace died in the same hotel where Carnarvon died, also of an unexplained cause. Before his death, he began to complain of bouts of weakness, experienced melancholy and apathy. Within a few years, 22 people died suddenly and transiently, in one way or another related to the excavations and research of the tomb of the pharaoh.

Strange, but true: Lord Canterville transported on the Titanic the perfectly preserved mummy of Amenophis the Fourth, an Egyptian soothsayer who lived during the time of Amenhotep the Fourth. This mummy was removed from a small tomb, over which a temple towered. Her peace was protected by those who accompanied the mummy on this journey. Under the head of the mummy was a tablet with the inscription and the image of Osiris. The inscription read: "Wake up from the swoon in which you are, and triumph over all sorts of intrigues against you."

Why were the pyramids of Giza built?

Such majestic structures could be not only the tombs of the pharaohs. The secrets of the Egyptian pyramids have not been solved to this day. And yet there are some assumptions regarding their purpose. Pyramids can be
- encyclopedias of knowledge, a kind of treasure trove of Egyptian wisdom ();
- astronomical observatories;
- barriers against the sands coming from the desert;
- standards of architecture;
- alien information capsules;
- frontier fortresses and even a mooring for Noah's ark.

And this is only a small part of the assumptions made regarding these architectural structures. As you can see, the secrets of the Egyptian pyramids have not yet been unraveled...

One of these unsolved mysteries is the fantastic construction speed with which each tomb of the pharaoh was built. Scientists calculated it based on the life expectancy of the rulers, the time of the Nile flood, and other factors. It turned out that every minute 4 blocks were mounted, and every hour - 240! And this is only with the help of primitive mechanisms - levers, ropes, etc. There is even an incredible suggestion that the Egyptian priests possessed the secret of overcoming the law of attraction.

Who will master all the secrets of the Egyptian pyramids? What power lies within these timeless walls? Perhaps we have yet to witness the discoveries of modern researchers. Or maybe the tomb of the pharaoh is waiting for you?

3-04-2017, 11:17 |

The Egyptian pyramids are those wonders of the world that have riveted the attention of man for many centuries. Mysterious structures, the construction of which no one can explain exactly. One of the more interesting is the mystery of the Egyptian pyramids.

It is known that Napoleon in the XVIII century. not yet being the emperor of France wanted to visit inside. He was attracted during the Egyptian campaign by mystical tales. He stayed inside for about 20 minutes. And then he went out very puzzled and even a little scared, silently, with difficulty, sitting on his horse, he returned to his headquarters. However, until now no one knows what struck Napoleon then, he took this secret with him.

And for a long time now, scientists, Egyptologists and simple daredevils have been trying to understand the main function. But even now the pyramids are a big mystery that our ancestors left us. No one can say how they were built and what they were intended for.

Mystery of the Pyramids of Ancient Egypt

Over the past 20-30 years, interest in the pyramids of Egypt has greatly increased. But it is still not known exactly what their purpose was. There were a lot of Egyptologists who did not see only the tombs of the pharaohs in the pyramids. On the contrary, many scientists put forward other versions, and some of them are able to change the idea of ​​modern man about ancient civilizations. remain a great mystery to man, it is very difficult to imagine that such structures were built just to bury the pharaoh. Their construction was already very grandiose, and a lot of effort was expended.

One of the Arab historians who lived in the XIV century. wrote about the pyramid of Cheops. In his opinion, it was built by order of the mythical sage Hermes Trismegistus. He ordered the construction of 30 treasure vaults, which were filled with jewels and various tools. Another Arab traveler who lived in the same century claimed that the pyramids were erected before the flood. They were built to store books and other valuable items.

In ancient Egypt, powerful pharaohs ruled, crowds of slaves were in their submission. Pharaohs Khufu, Khafra and Menkaur are known as the most important. But the problem is that in these three pyramids there is no confirmation in the form of hieroglyphic inscriptions or mummies indicating that these are their pyramids.

On September 17, 2002, a message appeared in the media that several researchers intend to visit the cache, which was discovered in. They were going to do this with the help of a special robot. It was equipped with a camera. Everyone was waiting for the secret of the pyramid to be revealed. But disappointment awaited all x, it was not possible to penetrate far. It has to do with the design of the pyramids. After some stage of construction, it is no longer possible to enter some rooms.

The secret of the inner contents of the pyramids

In 1872, the British scientist Dixon tapped one of the chambers, the so-called queen's chamber. When tapping, he found voids, then with a pick he destroyed the thin wall of the cladding. He managed to find two holes of equal size, 20 cm each. Dixon and his associates decided that these were adits for ventilation.

Already in 1986, French specialists used a special apparatus and, with the help of technology, they also discovered cavities that were thicker than other stone masonry. Then specialists from Japan used special modern electronic devices. They enlightened the whole and the rest of the area to the Sphinx. Studies have shown many voids in the form of labyrinths, but it was not possible to get there. And those rooms that scientists could explore did not give results. There was not found a mummy or even any remnants of material culture.

So the question arises - where did all the contents go - a sarcophagus or jewelry. Maybe the Egyptologists correctly put forward the version that after a few centuries robbers visited the pyramid and took everything with them. But now many people think that the tombs were empty from the beginning, even before the entrance to it was walled up.

The Caliph's Entry into the Egyptian Pyramid

In proof of the theory that it was initially empty, one historical fact can be cited. In IX, Caliph Abdullah al-Mamun with his detachment penetrated into. When they got inside the king's chamber, they were supposed to find treasures there, which, according to legend, were buried with the pharaoh. But nothing was found there. Everything seemed to have been cleaned up, clean walls and floors and empty sarcophagi appeared before the caliph.

This applies not only to these pyramids in Giza, but to all built by the III and IV dynasties. In these pyramids, neither the body of the pharaoh, nor any signs of burial were ever found. Some didn't even have sarcophagi. This is also another secret.

In Saqqara, a stepped one was opened in 1954. It contained a sarcophagus. When scientists found it, it was still sealed, which means that the robbers were not there. So in the end it was empty. There is a hypothesis that the pyramids are a special place that was sacralized. There is an opinion that a person entered one of the chambers of the pyramid, and then came out already deified. However, this does not seem like a rational assumption. Most of all, faith is caused by the assumption that Mamun found maps in the pyramid that were compiled by representatives of a highly developed civilization.

This can be confirmed by the following event. After returning from Egypt, the caliph creates maps of the earth's surface and the most accurate catalog of stars for that period of time - the Damascus Tables. Based on this, it can be assumed that some secret knowledge was stored in the bowels of the pyramid, which later ended up in the hands of Mamun. He takes them with him to Bogdad.

An Alternative Approach to the Study of the Egyptian Pyramids

There is another approach to studying the mystery of the pyramids. According to geologists' research, a pyramid is a clot of specific pyramidal energy. Due to its shape, the pyramid can store this energy. Such research is still quite young, but many people are engaged in it. Such studies have been carried out only since the 1960s. There are even facts allegedly that the razor blades that were inside the pyramid became sharp again for some time.

It is believed that the pyramid has become a place for processing energy into another more convenient energy. Then it was used for some other things.

This theory goes far beyond the boundaries of official science. However, it still exists and it has its followers. Different scientists are trying to discover the secrets of these structures in different ways. Many ambiguities remain. Even elementary - how such massive structures have been preserved for thousands of years. Their construction looks so reliable that it forces many to think about the secret meaning of the pyramids.

It is already a proven fact that most of the buildings of other ancient civilizations have long since collapsed. Archaeologists are making great efforts to find them and somehow restore them. But only the top lining fell off the pyramids. The rest of their design symbolizes reliability.

The secret of the construction of the Egyptian pyramids.

Since the 19th century many Egyptologists study the structure of the pyramids. And they came to amazing conclusions. No one can reveal the secret of the construction of Egyptian tombs. However, it has been proven that the size of the plates is matched to the nearest millimeter. Each plate has the same size as the previous one. And the joints between them are so correctly made that it does not allow even a blade to be inserted there. It's just incredible. How the inhabitants of that distant time could build so correctly, without having any technical innovations.

The width between granite blocks is calculated as 0.5 mm. This is ingenious and incomprehensible. This is the accuracy that modern instruments have. But this is by no means the only secret in construction. Still striking are the right angles and the exact symmetry between the four sides. But an even more important mystery is who nevertheless brought several stone blocks to such a great height. The main version is that they built the pyramids. But there is a problem with the evidence base. Some nuances do not fit into this version. It is not clear how, with those technical and mechanical solutions, it was possible to build such massive structures.

The secret of the construction technology of the Egyptian pyramids

Assumptions are made that simply a modern person does not even know what construction technologies were used. But it is impossible to build what has been built without modern jacks and other tools.

Sometimes versions are put forward that are simply absurd at first glance - what kind of technologies were they, maybe they were brought here by some alien civilizations. Even with all the achievements of modern man, it would be difficult for a crane to repeat such construction. This could be done, but the construction itself was difficult. And here is another mystery that the pyramids carry with them.

Those pyramids that are located in Giza also contain the Sphinx and the Valleys, and here's another secret for you. During their construction, slabs weighing almost 200 tons were used. And here it becomes unclear how the blocks were moved to the right place. Yes, and 200 tons is not the limit of the Egyptians. On the territory of Egypt there are architectural structures weighing 800 tons.

It is also interesting that no even hints were found around the complex that such blocks were dragged from somewhere or moved to the construction site. Nothing found. Hence the assumption about the levitation technique is put forward. Based on the myths and traditions of the ancient peoples, you can extract a lot of useful information in this regard. Some of them directly or indirectly indicate the existence of such a technique. You can even spot images that look like a tank or a helicopter. In principle, for those who adhere to an alternative version of the construction of the pyramids, such a theory explains a lot.

Egyptian pyramids and mysteries around them

Of course, even alternative versions, if we are to be objective, cannot be discounted. Every scientist or ordinary person can go and see for himself what kind of structures these are. It immediately becomes clear that this is not a primitive construction of some kind of slaves. This is not even construction exclusively by hand. If you follow the logic, then there must be some unknown construction system, and again not a simple one. An example is the construction of massive and reliable structures using special technologies that have not yet been disclosed by modern researchers.

Now there are about three dozen different hypotheses that are trying to uncover the secrets of the pyramids. Most Egyptologists are of the opinion about the use of inclined planes, but still historians are not architects. But they then put forward other versions. They accurately determined that in order to lay an inclined plane to, then an inscription with a length of more than 1.5 km would be needed. Moreover, the volume of the inscription itself would be three times the volume of the pyramid itself. There is also the question of what to build. It would be impossible to build with simple soil, as they would begin to settle over time and under the weight of the blocks.

Another mystery is what tools were used to build the blocks. Yes, and generally built as a whole. One way or another, now it is impossible to adhere to an unambiguous version in this matter. There are many mysteries still inaccessible to man. Here were given both rational versions and, for some, absurd ones. However, there are such versions, and history is an objective thing. And so such alternative versions also have the right to exist.

The mystery of the Egyptian pyramids video

Everyone knows about the Egyptian pyramids. And everyone is familiar with the official version of their origin: the pyramids were built at the cost of exploiting thousands of slaves. But, there have always been skeptics who questioned this version. In a sense, illiterate slaves could not build such grandiose objects. Then who? When there are no convincing hypotheses, fantasy comes into play. The authors of the pyramids were considered either the inhabitants of Atlantis or aliens. But many, having heard about these versions, preferred to continue to believe in slaves and pharaohs. But...

First, about the priamides themselves. The following features of the pyramids are known:

Mathematical- the ratio of their geometric elements includes the "golden section" (the ratio between the apothem of the side face and half the length of the base of the pyramid of Cheops), the number "pi" (the perimeter of the base is equal to the length of the circle, the radius of which is equal to the height of the pyramid of Cheops) and trigonometric features, possibly the following from the constructions used (the tangent of the angle of inclination of the side face of the pyramid of Cheops is equal to the inverse sine of this angle (51 degrees 30 minutes)).

Astronomical- the orientation of the pyramids along the north-south line is made with an accuracy of up to 3 minutes of arc; there are moves oriented to some stars.

Geological- in addition to local material (limestone of rocks located a few hundred meters away), granite (presumably brought from Aswan, located 900 km upstream of the Nile) and basalt (origin unknown) were used.

Technological– during the construction, millions of limestone blocks with an average weight of 2.5 tons were used, slabs weighing more than 200 tons were repeatedly used, careful finishing of not only limestone, but also granite and basalt slabs; there are conical holes drilled in granite and basalt and corresponding cores (discovered at the end of the 19th century) with a groove with a pitch of 2 mm; the passages laid in the thickness of the pyramids are made along lines that deviate from a straight line by no more than 5 mm at a distance of about 80 m, the planes of the faces of the pyramids are made with great accuracy.

The questions are as follows:

Being very impressive structures, they have all of the above features that do not correspond to the ideas about the level of development of civilization of those times.

Neither the purpose of the pyramids themselves, nor the purpose of the premises and passages (taking into account their location and size) that are inside the pyramids, is unclear.

Despite the large amount of the cultural heritage of ancient Egypt, neither descriptions nor drawings related to the construction of the pyramids, as well as their images themselves, have been found. The Egyptians did not build pyramids, but only used structures that existed before them.

USED ​​MIRACLE

What kind of civilization is this?

Slabs of black basalt, used in the construction of some Egyptian pyramids and temples, have retained traces of a circular saw, which the ancient Egyptians with their level of technological development (as it is commonly believed) could not have had. What about holes in granite? What kind of drills and drills were used in the time of the pharaohs? The pyramids themselves, apparently, stand on the site of some even more ancient semi-underground structures with incomprehensible functions: either shelters from natural disasters, or shelters in case of wars.

Is it possible that the Egyptian state arose on the basis of some pra-civilization. At the beginning of the III century BC. The historian Manetho lived in Egypt. In our time, he is known as the only ancient Egyptian author known to us who compiled a full-fledged historical work on the history of Ancient Egypt - the author of the book "History of Egypt"

Manetho left us a chronological list of the rulers of Egypt, including the first kingdom, when the gods ruled the country 10-12 thousand years ago. Perhaps we are talking about representatives of the unknown history of an ancient civilization (some researchers believe that we are talking about Atlantis)

Sphinx Egypt 1860

inventory stele

It is noteworthy that a century and a half ago, the so-called inventory stele was found in Egyptian Giza, which indicates that Pharaoh Cheops ordered the repair of the damaged statue of the Sphinx (according to the generally accepted version, it was built about 2.5 thousand years BC). It has traces of rain erosion. But it is known that Egypt has existed without heavy rains for at least eight thousand years. When the Egyptian authorities drew attention to this, they, frightened of something, ordered that the inventory stele be removed to the storeroom of the Cairo Museum, and they decided to urgently restore the surface of the Sphinx. Or to clean from traces of erosion? What are they hiding?

If you are still lucky enough to get to the Aswan quarries, then pay attention to the pits that go several meters deep. They are about half a meter in diameter, and there are many of them.

Interesting. A man, standing on his head, hammers the granite a few meters down, while polishing the walls of the channel. And all this for what? According to Egyptologists - in order to see the direction of the crack, which, by the way, is perfectly determined from the outside.

One conclusion can be drawn - the ancients had a tool that allowed them to work with granite as with foam plastic.

Two more interesting facts. The Pyramid of Cheops. It is based on a rock, about 10 meters high, but the base of this granite surface is 2 cm from the horizontal, with a side of an almost perfect square of 230 meters. The spread of the sides is no more than 10 cm. Also, the pyramid is almost perfectly oriented to the cardinal points. Positioning error 0.015%.

I work in the field of construction. Even in our time, with all these laser devices, it is almost impossible to achieve such accuracy. What tools did the pyramid builders use?

Another important detail was that the surface of the pyramids was covered with polished limestone, concave in the center. This coating was so brilliant that its reflected light could be seen from the moon. By the way, the bending radius of the surfaces repeated the bending radius of the Earth's surface, and, therefore, was not visible up close. Later, an earthquake loosened the cladding, and the Arabs took away these stones to restore the mosque of Sultan Hassan, Cairo palaces and other things. The stones with which the pyramid was lined were joined with a gap of 0.5 mm with ideal right angles. Moreover, this micro-gap was also intended to be filled with glue, making them waterproof.

Again, in my personal experience in construction, even today, when facing tiles are made in workshops with the help of machines, it is impossible to get perfectly flat tiles with exactly 90 degree angles. We buy slabs in Spain and Italy, because these slabs have the least error. And the Egyptians are perfect. How?

There is another, in my opinion, important point. The dating of the pyramids is determined by radiocarbon dating. And he is able to determine the age of only organic substances. That is, the age of the pyramids was determined by the remains of wood left by the ancients.

For example, the Sphinx was built during the time of Pharaoh Cheops, 2500 BC. But it is not a fact that they were the builders. 150 years ago, the so-called “Inventory Stele” was found in Giza, which I wrote about above, on which it was written that Cheops only ordered the Sphinx to be “restored”, and not built. Moreover, there is a theory that the Sphinx was so terrible that people could die of fear just by looking into its eyes. And, therefore, his face was altered to be more human.

Also, in the 90s, it was proved that the furrows on the body of the Sphinx are traces of rain erosion. But, as I have already noted, there has been no rain in Egypt for more than 8 thousand years. And the Sphinx is a much later building than the pyramids.

On the pyramids of the 6th dynasty, the blocks were 500 kg each. On the pyramids of the 4th dynasty, the blocks were from 2 to 50 tons.

The density of limestone is 2.63 - 2.73 g / cm3, I was on the pyramids and saw blocks 1.5x1.5x2m in size. If you count, then their weight is more than 12 tons.

I will allocate funds to you so that you hire as many people as you like, so that they, without a single support of machines, would raise this block to a height of at least twenty-five meters and install it there “butt to joint” with another of the same kind.

The pyramid, according to Herodotus, took 20 years to build. If we count all the blocks used in the construction, and there are 2.3 million of them, then by calculations we get that these workers put 315 blocks on top of each other per day, with an average weight of 5 tons each. This is about 13 blocks per hour. And this is about 4.5 lumps per minute. This is mathematics. What kind of workers are these?

Here's another riddle. How could workers move and process such massive stones?

If you examine the stones located along the perimeter of the pyramid of Cheops, you can find stones with cuts, like from a circular saw. Moreover, when cutting, grinding also occurs. This effect can only be achieved with a diamond-coated disk rotating at high speed. But the ancient Egyptians worked with copper saws, which simply can't do anything like that.

Obelisk with holes drilled into it

Also, not far from the place where tourists are led - Karnak - there is an obelisk on which holes are drilled. Perhaps for fixing something. Holes with a diameter of 1 cm were drilled to a depth of about 10 cm. Moreover, they were made at an angle of 10-20 degrees to the surface. I assure you that such a hole, even in very soft material, even today, is quite problematic to make - the drill will simply lead away. What kind of technology did the ancients use, that the cutting tool bit into granite like butter?

Also, traces of cutting with a circular saw can be found in the quarries in South Saqqara, although tourists are not allowed there. Why are they not allowed?

Cut marks on basalt

Note. The cut marks on the basalt are clear and parallel. The quality of this work shows that the cuts were made with a perfectly stable blade, without any signs of the initial "yaw" of the blade. It seems that sawing basalt in ancient Egypt was not a very laborious task, because the craftsmen easily allowed themselves to leave extra, “fitting” marks on the rock, which, if manually cut, would be an excessive waste of time and effort. Such "fitting" cuts are not the only ones here, several similar marks from a stable and easily cutting tool can be found within a radius of 10 meters from this place. Along with horizontal, there are also vertical parallel furrows.

Drilled channels

Another interesting detail is the use in ancient Egypt of such technology as drilling. Drilled channels in various products of Ancient Egypt vary from 0.63 cm to 45 cm in diameter. The smallest hole made in granite is about 5 cm in diameter. The granite product shown in the photo, drilled with a tubular drill, was exhibited in the Cairo Museum without any accompanying information, and the guides themselves did not have any information. The photograph clearly shows circular spiral grooves in the open areas of the product, which are absolutely identical to each other. The characteristic "rotational" pattern of these channels seems to confirm observations about the method of removing a piece of granite by first drilling a kind of "chain" of holes.

However, if you look closely at the ancient Egyptian artifacts, it becomes clear that drilling holes in stones, even the hardest rocks, did not constitute any serious problem for the Egyptians. In the following photographs you can see the channels, presumably made by tubular drilling.

Most of the granite doorways in the Valley Temple, located near the Sphinx, clearly show bore holes. During the construction of the temple, the holes were apparently used to fasten door hinges when hanging doors.

In the following pictures you can see something even more impressive - a channel with a diameter of about 18 cm, obtained in granite using a tubular drill. The thickness of the cutting edge of the tool is amazing. It is unbelievable that this was copper - given the thickness of the end wall of the tubular drill and the expected force on its working edge, this should be an alloy of incredible strength (the picture shows one of the channels that opened when a granite block was split in Karnak)

Probably, purely theoretically, in the very presence of holes of this type there is nothing incredibly incredible, which could not have been obtained by the ancient Egyptians with great desire. However, drilling holes in granite is a very difficult task. Tube drilling is a fairly specialized technique that will not evolve without the real need to have large diameter holes in hard rock. These holes demonstrate a high level of technology developed by the Egyptians, apparently not for “hanging doors”, but already quite developed and advanced by that time, a level that would require at least several centuries for its development and preliminary experience in application.

Several arguments of the supporters of the "concrete pyramids" version.

The hypothesis about the concrete used in the construction of the pyramids was first put forward in the late 1970s by French (or Swiss, information differs) scientists. Various experts have been testing their concept. Using X-rays, electron microscopes, and a plasma torch, they found traces of a "fast chemical reaction that prevented natural crystallization." For natural stones, such a phenomenon is inexplicable, but it confirms the artificial origin of limestone blocks. The Frenchman, in turn, successfully tested the manufacture of concrete structures from limestone: at the Institute of Geopolymers in Saint-Quentin, he managed to make and dry a large block using hypothetical Egyptian technology in ten days.

But, opponents of the Frenchman's theory, those same experts, argue that the ancient Egyptians needed gigantic amounts of chalk and coal to make concrete. The remains of chalk and coal were not found near the pyramids. In addition, there is no evidence of the use of molds for casting blocks.

Perhaps concrete slabs, but there are traces anyway. Whatever one may say, be it the technology of "granite" concrete or milling cutters, the Egyptians were not as simple as their official history describes.

And then, the fact that the Egyptians used concrete does not mean that the pyramids were entirely built from it. “It was used (that is, not everywhere) at the upper levels of structures,” but on the lower levels, all the same blocks of limestone. Can't geologists tell limestone from concrete?

Many believe that the Egyptians only restored the pyramids, and they were built before them, and then “limestone concrete” could be used.

Let's sum up a little, according to the above arguments:

1. There are two types of pyramids on the Giza plateau: some (the pyramids of Cheops, Khafre, Mykerin, etc.) are made of large blocks of granite and limestone (2.5-70 tons) and reach enormous sizes; others - "small" pyramids are ten times smaller than the first ones and the material for them was small blocks of limestone (hardness lower than that of granite), or they were generally made of clay bricks. Moreover, the former were built (according to historians) in a very short period, during the Fourth Dynasty (75% of the volume of all pyramids), while the latter were built later and have already turned into ruins. Question: for several centuries, the Egyptians lost all their building skills?
2. There are several pyramids having the base and bottom rows of the first, but otherwise built like the second.
3. Copper tools are stored in the Cairo Museum, but technologists deny the possibility of building pyramids using only these tools, given the volume, timing, complexity and accuracy of the work.
4. On some blocks there are traces of machine processing, i.e. drill and cutter marks.
5. Sarcophagi and blocks of pyramids are made with jewelry precision. Maybe the Egyptians were like the Swiss obsessed with accuracy and quality? But why is it for the construction of alleged graves?

Based on these data, several assumptions:

1. Egyptian civilization came from outside when many of the pyramids were already built. The Egyptians only restored the pyramids. “He will replace you with another people who will not resemble you!” (Quran, 47:38)
2. Prior to the Fourth Dynasty, the Egyptians did not use existing pyramids. Having misunderstood the definition of "Gate to the kingdom of the dead", and the purpose of the sarcophagi, the pharaohs ordered to bury them in the pyramids.
3. Perhaps the first, or one of the first, this tradition was started by Khufu, because. his relatives "own" a small number of large pyramids.
4. The Egyptian texts mention the "construction" of these pyramids, but this word is also translated as "restoration".
5. The tradition was continued, the pharaohs were dying, and the "tombs" became scarce. At first, dilapidated pyramids were restored (by primitive methods and primitive materials), and when they ended, the last pharaohs had to be buried in primitive pyramids made of clay bricks, the Egyptians were not capable of more at that moment.
6. Since subsequently no mummies were found directly inside the pyramids, the version with the “grave” disappears. Then what are these structures for?

Questions may arise, they say, “Where did these tools go? Is there really nothing left of civilizations except the pyramids? A more appropriate question would be “Where did the devices (machines) that rotated these tools go. There are several hypotheses about their absence:

Firstly, the size of, say, a drill, even a large one, is incomparable with the size of the pyramid, and you can look for it like a needle in a haystack. Secondly, under the pyramids, and under the entire Giza plateau, there is a network of underground passages and caves, where no human foot has yet set foot. Third. Nothing is known for sure about the age of the pyramids, and it can be very significant. Since their construction, a number of cataclysms could have happened, including the biblical flood or tsunami, which could simply wash away all evidence of someone's existence and destroy some of the pyramids. Fourthly, it was not necessarily a drill or a milling cutter, it is possible that other technologies unknown to us were used.

But there is a lot of evidence of the use of these technologies, there are enough of them in the Cairo Museum. Here are just a few of them.

The lower part of this granite vase is worked with such precision that the entire vase (approximately 23 cm in diameter, hollow inside and with a narrow neck), when placed on a glass surface, after rocking, assumes an absolutely vertical position along the axial line. At the same time, the area of ​​​​contact with the glass of its surface is not larger than that of a chicken egg. A necessary condition for such an accurate

balancing - a hollow stone ball must have a perfectly even, uniform wall thickness (with such a tiny base area - less than 3.8 mm2 - any asymmetry in such a dense material as granite would lead to a deviation of the vase from the vertical axis).

Also exhibited in the Cairo Museum is a rather large (60 cm in diameter or more) original product made of slate. It resembles a large vase with a cylindrical center 5–7 cm in diameter, with an external thin rim and three plates evenly spaced along the perimeter and bent towards the center. What it is and how it could be used is not specified. Guides do not have information. In the museum itself there is a whole hall with such incomprehensible products.

Why did the Egyptians degrade?

It is clear to anyone who visits the area of ​​the pyramids that after the Fourth Dynasty there was a sharp decline in the construction of pyramids. The pharaohs of the Fifth Dynasty built five relatively small pyramids at Abusir, about nine kilometers from Giza, and two smaller pyramids at Saqqara, not far from the Step Pyramid of Djoser. All of them were built rather ingenuously, and their inner part collapsed, which is not the case in the pyramids of the Fourth Dynasty that preceded it. All the pyramids of the Fifth Dynasty at the present time are just a heap of stone blocks. During the Sixth Dynasty, four small pyramids were erected at Saqqara, all about 53 meters high, but they are now even more deplorable. This was the end of the actual “epoch”.

The photographs show that the cladding blocks were leveled after laying. Plus, the surface of the raw blocks is not like what is mined in a quarry, it is smoothed.
And this is a core from the Cairo Museum. We cut these out in concrete for testing at construction sites. With the help of German and Japanese machines. How did the Egyptians carve it? Here is another strange tool. Core in a core. During the construction of the Burj al Arab, these were used to fasten the iron parts of the frame. Iron expands from heat and gives an error of 5 cm. To prevent damage to the structure, such pins were used at the ligament points.

Plate or crucible with curved edges made of gneiss

Plate or crucible with curved edges made of gneiss (almost granite). Wall thickness 2 mm. I don't think it's likely that it was made to look like this. It looks more like the edges are curled. About the purpose - most likely it is a crucible for melting reagents.

Quote from Vimanika Shastra:
“To melt these types of metals, crucibles of various classes are used. There are said to be 40 varieties of crucibles of the second group alone. Of all these crucibles, the crucible number 5 is prescribed for melting base metals, known by the name of antarmukha (the edges of the hole of which are bent inward).

Something else about the Egyptian pyramids.

Some pyramids of different dynasties were built of unbaked bricks and poorly processed stones laid in mortar, and on the lower levels they have high-quality masonry of megalithic blocks. These two completely different technologies, applied in one place, allow us to judge that these pyramids were built on the ruins of more ancient structures.

This feature is found in the "cult" buildings of different civilizations around the world. Teotihuacan, Bolivia, Peru, Greece, Ethiopia - this is not a complete list of such places. The structures themselves were built by the natives from small stones or bricks laid on mortar and are a pitiful sight. But if you go inside, we will see quite massive blocks with right angles and high quality processing.

Usually massive blocks of 20-100 tons can be found in the lower tiers of the building, in the foundation and underground part. What is more characteristic of such places is that fragments of stelae, blocks of the same quality, are lying around, but the natives could not even clear the space from them.

Here is one such example - the tombs of Aksum (Ethiopia). The above-ground part is made of small stones, and the underground part is made of granite blocks. Moreover, the technology of their laying is more typical for Central America than for this region.

WHERE HAS THE SKILL OF THE PYRAMID BUILDERS GONE?

Tomb of Seti II. For some reason, the sarcophagus is turned upside down and placed over a small pit, without even covering it completely. With all its parameters, it literally demonstrates with its own eyes the real possibilities of the Egyptians of the period even of the New Kingdom in the processing of hard rocks of stone. Although they tried for the pharaoh, they could not jump above their heads.

Serapeum (Saqqara). The inscriptions on the outer sides of the "sarcophagus" contrast sharply in quality with the granite box itself. Granite is carefully polished, the planes are perfectly aligned, and the inscriptions are simply scratched carelessly. And it is easy to notice curved lines instead of straight lines, as well as the absence of an elementary parallelism of the scratched elements of the drawing, both among themselves and relative to the edges of the granite box. It is quite obvious that the level of skill of those who applied the inscriptions absolutely does not correspond to the level of skill of the manufacturers of the granite "box" itself. But it is precisely according to these inscriptions that the Serapeum is dated!