What are the peoples of the countries of the world? The largest nations in the world: who are bigger? The largest nations of Russia

National composition of Russia

Data on the national composition of Russia are determined through a written survey of the population as part of the All-Russian population census. According to the 2010 census, the population of Russia is 142,856,536 people, of which 137,227,107 people or 96.06% indicated their nationality.

Russians have the largest population. There are 111,016,896 Russians living in Russia, which is 77.71% of the Russian population or 80.90% of those who indicated their nationality. Next come the following nations: Tatars - 5,310,649 people (3.72% of all, 3.87% of those who indicated their nationality) and Ukrainians - 1,927,988 people or 1.35% of all, 1.41% of those who indicated their nationality .

Compared to the 2002 population census, the number of Russians decreased by 4,872,211 people or 4.20%.
The number of Tatars and Ukrainians also decreased by 243,952 (4.39%) and 1,014,973 (34.49%), respectively. Of the peoples whose population was more than 1 million people in 2010, a decrease in numbers occurred among all except the Chechens and Armenians. The population of Chechens increased by 71,107 people (5.23%), Armenians - by 51,897 (4.59%). In total, representatives of more than 180 nationalities (ethnic groups) live in Russia.

Some maps of Russia by national composition

Map of the settlement of Russians, Ukrainians and Crimean Tatars in Crimeaaccording to the 2014 census data in Crimea.

According to the table at the link, since the 2001 census, the share of Russians in Crimea has increased from 60.68% up 67.90% (by 7.22%) from persons who indicated their nationality.During the same time, the share of Ukrainians in Crimea decreased from 24.12% up 15.68% (by 8.44%). The total share of Crimean Tatars and Tatars has increased from 10.26% + 0.57% = 10.83% to 10.57% + 2.05% = 12.62% (total 1.79%).

Below is a table of nationalities inRussian Federationindicating the number in 2010 and 2000, the percentage of the total population of the Russian Federation and the number of persons indicating nationality. The table also shows the difference in the number of persons between censuses in quantitative and percentage terms. The table shows only nationalities whose number in the Russian Federation, according to the 2010 census, exceeds 100 thousand people. Full table at .

№	Nationality	Number of people: 2010	% of total population.	% of the decree current national	Number of people: 2002 people.	% of total population.	% of the decree current national	+/- people	+/- %
	TOTAL, RF	142 856 536	100,00		145 166 731	100,00		−2 310 195	−1,59
	total of persons who indicated their nationality	137 227 107	96,06	100	143 705 980	98,99	100,00	−6 478 873	−4,51
1	Russians*	111 016 896	77,71	80,9	115 889 107	79,83	80,64	−4 872 211	−4,20
	did not indicate nationality**	5 629 429	3,94		1 460 751	1,01		4 168 678	285,38
2	Tatars	5 310 649	3,72	3,87	5 554 601	3,83	3,87	−243 952	−4,39
3	Ukrainians	1 927 988	1,35	1,41	2 942 961	2,03	2,05	−1 014 973	−34,49
4	Bashkirs	1 584 554	1,11	1,16	1 673 389	1,15	1,16	−88 835	−5,31
5	Chuvash	1 435 872	1,01	1,05	1 637 094	1,13	1,14	−201 222	−12,29
6	Chechens	1 431 360	1,00	1,04	1 360 253	0,94	0,95	71 107	5,23
7	Armenians	1 182 388	0,83	0,86	1 130 491	0,78	0,79	51 897	4,59
8	Avars	912 090	0,64	0,67	814 473	0,56	0,57	97 617	11,99
9	Mordva	744 237	0,52	0,54	843 350	0,58	0,59	−99 113	−11,75
10	Kazakhs	647 732	0,45	0,47	653 962	0,45	0,46	−6 230	−0,95
11	Azerbaijanis	603 070	0,42	0,44	621 840	0,43	0,43	−18 770	−3,02
12	Dargins	589 386	0,41	0,43	510 156	0,35	0,35	79 230	15,53
13	Udmurts	552 299	0,39	0,40	636 906	0,44	0,44	−84 607	−13,28
14	Mari	547 605	0,38	0,40	604 298	0,42	0,42	−56 693	−9,38
15	Ossetians	528 515	0,37	0,39	514 875	0,36	0,36	13 640	2,65
16	Belarusians	521 443	0,37	0,38	807 970	0,56	0,56	−286 527	−35,46
17	Kabardians	516 826	0,36	0,38	519 958	0,36	0,36	−3 132	−0,60
18	Kumyks	503 060	0,35	0,37	422 409	0,29	0,29	80 651	19,09
19	Yakuts	478 085	0,34	0,35	443 852	0,31	0,31	34 233	7,71
20	Lezgins	473 722	0,33	0,35	411 535	0,28	0,29	62 187	15,11
21	Buryats	461 389	0,32	0,34	445 175	0,31	0,31	16 214	3,64
22	Ingush	444 833	0,31	0,32	413 016	0,29	0,29	31 817	7,70
23	Germans	394 138	0,28	0,29	597 212	0,41	0,42	−203 074	−34,00
24	Uzbeks	289 862	0,20	0,21	122 916	0,09	0,09	166 946	135,82
25	Tuvans	263 934	0,19	0,19	243 442	0,17	0,17	20 492	8,42
26	Komi	228 235	0,16	0,17	293 406	0,20	0,20	−65 171	−22,21
27	Karachais	218 403	0,15	0,16	192 182	0,13	0,13	26 221	13,64
28	Gypsies	204 958	0,14	0,15	182 766	0,13	0,13	22 192	12,14
29	Tajiks	200 303	0,14	0,15	120 136	0,08	0,08	80 167	66,73
30	Kalmyks	183 372	0,13	0,13	173 996	0,12	0,12	9 376	5,39
31	Laktsy	178 630	0,13	0,13	156 545	0,11	0,11	22 085	14,11
32	Georgians	157 803	0,11	0,12	197 934	0,14	0,14	−40 131	−20,27
33	Jews	156 801	0,11	0,11	229 938	0,16	0,16	−73 137	−31,81
34	Moldovans	156 400	0,11	0,11	172 330	0,12	0,12	−15 930	−9,24
35	Koreans	153 156	0,11	0,11	148 556	0,10	0,10	4 600	3,10
36	Tabasarans	146 360	0,10	0,11	131 785	0,09	0,09	14 575	11,06
37	Adyghe people	124 835	0,09	0,09	128 528	0,09	0,09	−3 693	−2,87
38	Balkars	112 924	0,08	0,08	108 426	0,08	0,08	4 498	4,15
39	Turks	105 058	0,07	0,08	92 415	0,06	0,06	12 643	13,68
40	Nogais	103 660	0,07	0,08	90 666	0,06	0,06	12 994	14,33
41	Kyrgyz	103 422	0,07	0,08	31 808	0,02	0,02	71 614	225,14

Kryashens, Siberian Tatars, Mishars, Astrakhan Tatars 6 ChechensChechens-Akkins 7 ArmeniansCircassians 8 AvarsAndians, Didoi (Tsez) and other Ando-Tsez peoples and Archins 9 MordvaMordva-Moksha, Mordva-Erzya 12 DarginsKaitag people, Kubachi people 14 MariMountain Mari, Meadow-Eastern Mari 15 OssetiansDigoron (Digorians), Iron (Ironians) 23 GermansMennonites 25 TuvansTodzha people 26 KomiKomi-Izhemtsy 32 GeorgiansAdjarians, Ingiloys, Laz, Mingrelians, Svans 40 Nogaiskaragashi

** - those who did not indicate nationality (2002, 2010), including persons for whom information was obtained from administrative sources (2010).

1. Russians

Yes, Russians are one of the most mysterious peoples. Scientists still cannot come to a consensus either about when Russians became “Russians” or about where this word actually came from. The question of the origin of the people remains controversial. The ancestors of the Russians included the Normans, the Scythians, the Sarmatians, the Wends, and even the South Siberian Usun people.

We do not know the origins of the Maya people, nor where they disappeared to. Some scientists trace the roots of the Mayans to the legendary Atlanteans, others believe that their ancestors were the Egyptians. The Mayans created an effective farming system and had deep knowledge of astronomy. The calendar developed by the Mayans was also used by other peoples of Central America. They used a hieroglyphic writing system, partially deciphered. The Mayan civilization was very developed, but by the time the conquistadors arrived it was in deep decline, and the Mayans themselves seemed to have disappeared into history.

3. Laplanders

Laplanders are also called Sami and Lapps. The age of this ethnic group is at least 5000 years. Scientists are still arguing about who the Laplanders are and where they came from. Some consider this people to be Mongoloid, others argue that the Laplanders are Paleo-Europeans. The Sami language is classified as a Finno-Ugric language, but the Laplanders have 10 dialects of the Sami language, which are so different from each other that they can be called independent. This even makes it difficult for some Laplanders to communicate with others.

4. Prussians

The very origin of the Prussian name is shrouded in mystery. The first time it is found only in the 9th century in the form Brusi in a draft by an anonymous merchant, and later in Polish and German chronicles. Linguists find analogies for it in many Indo-European languages ​​and believe that it goes back to the Sanskrit purusa - “man”. There is also no sufficient information preserved about the language of the Prussians. Its last bearer died in 1677, and the plague of 1709-1711 exterminated the last Prussians in Prussia itself. Already in the 17th century, instead of Prussian history, the history of “Prussianism” and the kingdom of Prussia began, the local population of which had little in common with the Baltic name of the Prussians.

5. Cossacks

The question of where the Cossacks came from still remains unresolved. Their homeland is found in the North Caucasus, the Azov region, and Western Turkestan. The ancestry of the Cossacks is traced back to the Scythians, to the Alans, to the Circassians, to the Khazars, to the Goths, to the Brodniks. Supporters of all versions have their own arguments. Today the Cossacks are a multi-ethnic community, but they themselves like to insist that the Cossacks are a separate people.

6. Parsis

Parsis are an ethno-religious group of followers of Zoroastrianism in South Asia, of Iranian origin. Its number now amounts to less than 130 thousand people. Parsis have their own temples and so-called “towers of silence”, where, in order not to desecrate the sacred elements (earth, fire, water), they bury the dead (the corpses are pecked by vultures). Parsis are often compared to Jews; they were also forced to leave their homeland and are meticulous in matters of religious observance. The Iran League in India at the beginning of the 20th century promoted the return of Parsis to their homeland, reminiscent of the Zionism of the Jews.

7. Hutsuls

There is still debate about the meaning of the word “hutsul”. Some scientists believe that the etymology of the word goes back to the Moldavian “gots” or “guts”, which means “robber”, others - to the word “kochul”, which means “shepherd”. The Hutsuls are also called “Ukrainian highlanders.” Among them, the traditions of witchcraft are still strong. Hutsul sorcerers are called molfars. They can be white or black. Molfars enjoy unquestioned authority.

8. Hittites

The Hittite power was one of the most influential forces on the geopolitical map of the Ancient World. The first constitution appeared here, the Hittites were the first to use war chariots and revered the double-headed eagle, but information about the Hittites is still fragmentary. In their “tables of the courageous deeds” of the kings there are many notes “for the next year,” but the year of the report is unknown. We know the chronology of the Hittite state from the sources of its neighbors. The question remains open: where did the Hittites disappear? Johann Lehmann in his book “Hittites. People of a Thousand Gods” gives a version that the Hittites went north, where they assimilated with the Germanic tribes. But this is just a version.

9. Sumerians

The Sumerians are the most interesting and still one of the most mysterious peoples of the Ancient World. We don't know where they came from or what language family their language belonged to. A large number of homonyms suggests that it was tonal (like, for example, modern Chinese), which means that the meaning of what was said often depended on intonation. The Sumerians were one of the most advanced peoples of their time, they were the first in the entire Middle East to use the wheel, create an irrigation system, invent a unique writing system, and the Sumerians’ knowledge of mathematics and astronomy is still amazing.

10. Etruscans

The ancient people of the Etruscans unexpectedly arose in human history, but also suddenly disappeared into it. According to archaeologists, the Etruscans inhabited the northwestern part of the Apennine Peninsula and created a fairly developed civilization there. It was the Etruscans who founded the first cities in Italy. Historians also believe that Roman numerals can also be called Etruscan. It is unknown where the Etruscans disappeared to. According to one version, they moved to the east and became the founders of the Slavic ethnic group. Some scientists argue that the Etruscan language is very close in structure to the Slavic ones.

11. Armenians

The origin of the Armenians remains a mystery. There are many versions. Some scientists correlate the Armenians with the people of the ancient state of Urartu, but the genetic component of the Urartians is present in the genetic code of the Armenians in the same way as the genetic component of the same Hurrians and Luwians, not to mention the proto-Armenians. There are Greek versions of the origin of the Armenians, as well as the so-called “Hayasian hypotheses”, in which Hayas, the territory east of the Hittite kingdom, becomes the original homeland of the Armenians. Scientists have never given a final answer to the question of the origin of the Armenians and most often adhere to the migration-mixed hypothesis of Armenian ethnogenesis.

12. Gypsies

According to linguistic and genetic studies, the ancestors of the Roma left Indian territory in numbers not exceeding 1,000 people. Today there are about 10 million Roma in the world. In the Middle Ages, Gypsies in Europe were considered Egyptians. The word Gitanes itself is a derivative of the Egyptian. Tarot cards, considered the last surviving remnant of the cult of the Egyptian god Thoth, were brought to Europe by the gypsies. It was not for nothing that they were called “Pharaoh’s tribe.” It was also amazing for Europeans that the gypsies embalmed their dead and buried them in crypts, where they placed everything necessary for life after death. These funeral traditions are still alive among the Roma today.

13. Jews

Jews are one of the most mysterious living peoples. For a long time it was believed that the very concept of “Jews” was cultural rather than ethnic. That is, that “Jews” were created by Judaism, and not vice versa. There are still fierce discussions in science about what the Jews originally were - a people, a social class or a religious denomination.

There are many mysteries in the history of the Jewish people. At the end of the 8th century BC, five-sixths of Jews disappeared completely - 10 out of 12 ethnic groups. Where they disappeared to is the big question. There is a version that from the Scythians and Cimmerians, as descendants of 10 tribes, come the Finns, Swiss, Swedes, Norwegians, Irish, Welsh, French, Belgians, Dutch, Danes, Irish and Welsh, that is, almost all European peoples. The question of the origin of the Ashkenazim and their closeness to Middle Eastern Jews also remains debatable.

Guanches are the natives of Tenerife. The mystery of how they ended up in the Canary Islands has not yet been solved, since they did not have a fleet and did not have seafaring skills. Their anthropological type did not correspond to the latitudes where they lived. The rectangular pyramids on the island of Tenerife, similar to the Mayan and Aztec pyramids in Mexico, are also controversial. Neither the time of their construction nor the purpose for which they were erected is known.

Neighboring peoples wrote a lot about the Khazars, but they themselves left virtually no information about themselves. Just as suddenly the Khazars appeared on the historical stage, just as suddenly they left it. Historians still do not have sufficient archaeological data about what Khazaria was like, nor an understanding of what language the Khazars spoke. It is also unknown where they eventually disappeared. There are many versions. There is no clarity.

The age, origin and language of the Basques is one of the main mysteries of modern history. The Basque language, Euskara, is considered the only relict pre-Indo-European language that does not belong to any currently existing language family. When it comes to genetics, according to a 2012 study by the National Geographic Society, all Basques contain a set of genes that significantly distinguishes them from other peoples around them.

The Chaldeans are a Semitic-Aramaic people who lived at the end of the 2nd - beginning of the 1st millennium BC. in the territory of Southern and Central Mesopotamia. In 626-538 BC. Babylon was ruled by the Chaldean dynasty, which founded the Neo-Babylonian kingdom. The Chaldeans were a people who are still associated with magic and astrology. In Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome, priests and fortune-tellers of Babylonian origin were called Chaldeans. The Chaldeans made predictions to Alexander the Great and his successors Antigonus and Seleucus.

Sarmatians are one of the most mysterious peoples in world history. Herodotus called them “lizard-headed,” Lomonosov believed that the Slavs descended from the Sarmatians, and the Polish gentry called themselves their direct descendants. The Sarmatians left a lot of mysteries. They probably had a matriarchy. Some scientists trace the roots of the Russian kokoshnik to the Sarmatians. Among them, the custom of artificially deforming the skull was widespread, thanks to which a person’s head took on the shape of an elongated egg.

The Kalash are a small people living in the north of Pakistan in the Hindu Kush mountains. They are probably the most famous "white" people in Asia. Disputes about the origins of the Kalash continue today. The Kalash themselves are sure that they are the descendants of Macedonian himself. The Kalash language is called phonologically atypical; it has retained the basic composition of Sanskrit. Despite attempts at Islamization, many Kalash retain polytheism.

The modern name "Palestine" comes from "Philistia". The Philistines are the most mysterious people mentioned in the Bible. In the Middle East, only they and the Hittites mastered the technology of steel smelting, marking the beginning of the Iron Age. The Bible says that these people originate from the island of Caphtor (Crete), although some historians correlate the Philistines with the Pelasgians. Both Egyptian manuscripts and archaeological finds testify to the Cretan origins of the Philistines. It is still not clear where the Philistines disappeared to. Most likely, they were assimilated by the peoples of the Eastern Mediterranean.

2. Factors influencing the location of productive forces and their changes in the era of science and technology.

3. Determination of the type of reproduction of the country's population using the age-sex pyramid.

1. Environmental management. Examples of rational and irrational environmental management.

2. General economic and geographical characteristics of Western European countries.

3. Determine and compare the average population density of two countries (as chosen by the teacher) and explain the reasons for the differences.

1. Types of natural resources. Resource availability. Assessment of the country's resource availability.

2. The importance of transport in the world economy of the country, types of transport and their features. Transport and environment.

3. Determination and comparison of population growth rates in different countries (teacher's choice).

1. Patterns of distribution of mineral resources and countries distinguished by their reserves. Problems of rational use of resources.

2. General economic and geographical characteristics of one of the countries of Western Europe (at the student’s choice).

3. Comparative characteristics of the transport systems of the two countries (at the teacher’s choice).

1. Land resources. Geographical differences in land availability. Problems of their rational use.

2. Fuel and energy industry. Composition, importance in the economy, placement features. The energy problem of humanity and ways to solve it. Problems of environmental protection.

3. Characteristics based on maps of the EGP (economic-geographical location) of the country (at the choice of the teacher).

1. Land water resources and their distribution on the planet. The problem of water supply and possible ways to solve it.

2. General economic and geographical characteristics of the countries of Eastern Europe.

3. Determination, based on statistical materials, of trends in changes in the country’s sectoral structure (at the teacher’s choice).

1. Forest resources of the world and their importance for the life and activities of mankind. Problems of rational use.

2. General economic and geographical characteristics of one of the countries of Eastern Europe (at the student’s choice).

3. Determination and comparison of the ratio of urban and rural populations in different regions of the world (at the choice of the teacher).

1. Resources of the World Ocean: water, mineral, energy and biological. Problems of rational use of the resources of the World Ocean.

2. General economic and geographical characteristics of the USA.

3. Explanation on the map of the directions of the main cargo flows of iron ore.

1. Recreational resources and their distribution on the planet. Problems of rational use.

2. General economic and geographical characteristics of Japan.

3. Explanation of the directions of the main oil flows using maps.

1. Environmental pollution and environmental problems of humanity. Types of pollution and their distribution. Ways to solve environmental problems of humanity.

2. Agriculture. Composition, features of development in developed and developing countries. Agriculture and the environment.

3. Drawing up a comparative description of two industrial regions (at the teacher’s choice).

1. World population and its changes. Natural population growth and factors influencing its change. Two types of population reproduction and their distribution in different countries.

2. Crop production: boundaries of location, main crops and areas of their cultivation, exporting countries.

3. Comparison of international specialization of one of the developed and one of the developing countries, explanation of the differences.

1. “Population explosion.” The problem of population size and its characteristics in different countries. Demographic policy.

2. Chemical industry: composition, significance, placement features. Chemical industry and environmental problems.

3. Assessment using maps and statistical materials of the resource availability of one of the countries (at the teacher’s choice).

1. Age and sex composition of the world population. Geographical differences. Sex and age pyramids.

2. General economic and geographical characteristics of Latin American countries.

3. Comparative characteristics based on the map of the provision of individual regions and countries with arable land.

1. National composition of the world population. Its changes and geographical differences. The largest nations of the world.

2. Mechanical engineering is the leading branch of modern industry. Composition, placement features. Countries that stand out in terms of the level of development of mechanical engineering.

3. Determination of the main export and import items of one of the countries of the world (at the teacher’s choice).

1. Distribution of the population across the Earth's territory. Factors influencing population distribution. The most densely populated areas of the world.

2. Electric power industry: significance, countries that stand out in terms of absolute and per capita indicators of electricity production.

3. Determination based on statistical materials of the main grain exporters.

1. Population migrations and their causes. The influence of migration on population changes, examples of internal and external migrations.

2. General economic and geographical characteristics of the People's Republic of China.

3. Explanation on the map of the directions of the main coal cargo flows.

1. Urban and rural populations of the world. Urbanization. Largest cities and urban agglomerations. Problems and consequences of urbanization in the modern world.

2. Livestock: distribution, main industries, location features, exporting countries.

3. Explanation on the map of the directions of the main gas flows.

1. World economy: essence and main stages of formation. International geographical division of labor and its examples.

2. General economic and geographical characteristics of one of the Latin American countries (at the student’s choice).

3. Comparative characteristics of the provision of individual regions and countries with water resources.

1. International economic integration. Economic groupings of countries of the modern world.

2. General economic and geographical characteristics of African countries.

3. Identification based on statistical materials of the main cotton exporters.

1. Fuel industry: composition, location of the main fuel production areas. The most important producing and exporting countries. Main international fuel flows.

2. International economic relations: forms and geographical features.

3. Determination based on statistical materials of the main exporters of sugar.

1. Metallurgical industry: composition, placement features. Main producing and exporting countries. Metallurgy and the problem of environmental protection.

2. General economic and geographical characteristics of one of the African countries (at the student’s choice).

3. Drawing up a comparative description of two agricultural regions (at the teacher’s choice).

1. Forestry and woodworking industry: composition, placement. Geographical differences.

2. General economic and geographical characteristics of Asian countries.

3. Determination based on statistical materials of the main coffee exporters.

1. Light industry: composition, placement features. Problems and prospects for development.

2. General economic and geographical characteristics of one of the Asian countries (at the student’s choice).

3. Designation on the contour map of geographical objects, the knowledge of which is provided by the program (at the choice of the teacher).

1. National composition of the world population. Its changes and geographical differences. The largest nations of the world.

2. Mechanical engineering is the leading branch of modern industry. Composition, placement features. Countries that stand out in terms of the level of development of mechanical engineering.

3. Determination of the main export and import items of one of the countries of the world (at the teacher’s choice).

1. National composition of the world population. Its changes and geographical differences. The largest nations of the world.

There are about 3-4 thousand peoples or ethnic groups in the world, some of which have formed into nations, while others are nationalities and tribes.

For your information: an ethnos is a historically established, stable community of people that has a set of characteristics such as a common language, territory, features of life and culture, and ethnic identity.

The peoples of the world are classified:

I. By number:

In total, there are more than 300 peoples in the world, each numbering over 1 million people, which account for 96% of the total population of the Earth. Including about 130 peoples have a population of more than 5 million people, 76 peoples have more than 10 million people, 35 peoples have more than 25 million people, 7 peoples have more than 100 million people.

For your information: 7 most numerous nations:

1) Chinese (Han) - 1048 million people (in the PRC - 97% of the total number of people in the country);

2) Hindustani - 223 million people (in India - 99.7%);

3) US Americans - 187 million people. (in the USA - 99.4%);

4) Bengalis - 176 million people. (in Bangladesh - 59%, in India - 40%);

5) Russians - 146 million people. (in Russia - 79.5%);

6) Brazilians - 137 million people. (in Brazil - 99.7%);

7) Japanese - 123 million people. (in Japan - 99%).

But there are nations of less than 1 thousand people.

II. By linguistic proximity:

Related languages ​​are grouped together, which in turn form language families.

1) The Indo-European language family is the largest, its languages ​​are spoken by 150 peoples of Europe, Asia, America and Australia; the total number is more than 2.5 billion people.

This language family includes a number of groups:

· Romanesque (French, Italians, Spaniards, Latin Americans);

· Germanic (Germans, English, Americans);

· Slavic (Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Poles, Czechs, Bulgarians, Serbs, Croats);

· Celtic (Irish);

· Baltic (Lithuanians);

· Greek (Greeks);

Albanian

· Armenian;

Iranian (Persians, Kurds).

2) Sino-Tibetan language group: its languages ​​are spoken by over 1 billion people.

Slightly less numerous language families:

3) Afro-Asian.

4) Altai.

5) Niger-Kordofanian.

6) Dravidian.

7) Austronesian.

8) Ural.

9) Caucasian.

National criteria underlie the division of humanity into states.

If the main nationality on their territory is over 90%, then these are single-national states (Denmark, Sweden, Latvia, Japan, etc.).

If two nations predominate - binational (Belgium, Canada, etc.).

If dozens and even hundreds of peoples live in countries and make up a significant proportion - multinational states (India, Russia, USA, Spain, Great Britain, Nigeria, Indonesia, etc.).

2. Mechanical engineering is the leading branch of modern industry. Composition, placement features. Countries that stand out in terms of the level of development of mechanical engineering.

Mechanical engineering is one of the oldest sectors of the economy. As an industry, it emerged 200 years ago during the Industrial Revolution in England.

Mechanical engineering provides equipment and machinery to other sectors of the economy and produces many household and cultural items.

In terms of the number of employees (more than 80 million people) and the value of products, it ranks first among all sectors of world industry.

The level of development of the economy of any country is judged by the level of development of mechanical engineering.

The following main branches (more than 70 in total) of mechanical engineering are distinguished:

1) machine tool industry;

2) instrument making;

3) electrical and electronic industry;

4) computer technology;

5) railway engineering;

6) automotive industry;

7) shipbuilding;

8) aviation and rocket industry;

9) tractor and agricultural engineering, etc.

The location of mechanical engineering enterprises is influenced by many factors.

The main ones should be noted: transport; availability of qualified labor resources; consumer; and for some (metal-intensive) industries - and raw materials.

Recently, the dependence of mechanical engineering on metal sources has been decreasing, but its focus on labor resources, research centers, etc. has been increasing.

There are four engineering regions in the world:

1) North America: where almost all types of engineering products are produced, from the highest to medium and low complexity.

Largest corporations:

· automobile (USA): General Motors, Ford Motor, Chrysler;

· computer technology (USA): “International Business Machines”;

· electronics (USA): General Electric, American Telephone and Telegraph, etc.

2) Foreign Europe (in relation to the CIS): produces mainly mass engineering products, but also maintains its position in some of the newest industries.

Largest corporations:

· automobile (Germany): “Daimler-Benz”; "Volkswagenwerk";

· electronics: Germany - Siemens, the Netherlands - Philips, etc.

3) East and Southeast Asia: Japan leads here.

The region combines the products of mass engineering with products of the highest technology - science centers.

Large corporations:

· cars (Japan): “Toyota Motor”, “Nisan Motor”;

· electronics (Japan): Hitachi, Matsushita Electric Industrial, Samsung, etc.

4) Commonwealth of Independent States: the leaders in it are Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus.

Recently, the pace of development of mechanical engineering in the region has decreased, although it produces a wide range of engineering products.

Developing countries produce less than 1/10 of the world's engineering products. In most of these countries, there is not mechanical engineering, but rather metalworking, and in addition there are many assembly plants that receive machine parts from the USA, Western Europe and Japan.

But recently in some of them - Brazil, India, Argentina, Mexico - mechanical engineering has already reached a fairly high level.

3. Determination of the main export and import items of one of the countries of the world (at the teacher’s choice).

Using the answer plan below, you can characterize any state in the world.

Take for example, Japan is one of the 7 economically developed countries in the world.

To answer the following were used: statistical materials; maps of world economic sectors; atlas maps of Japan (economics).

Import to Japan (import of products):

1) raw materials: fuel - 49%, ore, for the textile industry (textile fiber), etc.;

2) chemical industry products (acids, alkalis, fertilizers, petroleum products);

3) food products (grain, etc.).

Export to Japan: products, products of the following industries:

1) mechanical engineering (cars, ships, electronics, machine tools, watches);

2) ferrous metallurgy (steel, rolled products);

3) non-ferrous metallurgy;

4) chemical industry (synthetic fibers, rubber);

5) light industry (fabrics, clothing).

From the above we can conclude: in Japan, as one of the developed countries, the following trend is observed: the import of mainly raw materials and food products (preferably from developing countries) due to the lack of its own natural resources; and export of finished expensive products, both to developing countries in Asia and to developed countries - Europe and America.

Ticket number 17

Only on the territory of Russia live 65 small peoples, and the number of some of them does not exceed a thousand people. There are hundreds of similar peoples on Earth, and each carefully preserves its customs, language and culture.

Our top ten today includes the smallest peoples in the world.

10. Ginukh people

This small people lives on the territory of Dagestan, and its population is only 443 people as of the end of 2010. For a long time, the Ginukh people were not identified as a separate ethnic group, since the Ginukh language was considered only one of the dialects of the Tsez language widespread in Dagestan.

9. Selkups

Until the 1930s, representatives of this West Siberian people were called Ostyak-Samoyeds. The number of Selkups is just over 4 thousand people. They live mainly in the Tyumen and Tomsk regions, as well as the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug

8. Nganasans

This people lives on the Taimyr Peninsula, and their number is about 800 people. Nganasans are the northernmost people in Eurasia. Until the middle of the 20th century, the people led a nomadic lifestyle, driving herds of deer over vast distances; today the Nganasans live sedentary lives.

7. Orochons

The place of residence of this small ethnic group is China and Mongolia. The population is about 7 thousand people. The history of the people goes back more than a thousand years, and the Orochons are mentioned in many documents dating back to the early Chinese imperial dynasties.

6. Evenks

This indigenous people of Russia lives in Eastern Siberia. These people are the most numerous in our top ten - their numbers are quite sufficient to populate a small town. There are about 35 thousand Evenks in the world.

5. Chum salmon

Kets live in the north of the Krasnoyarsk region. The number of this people is less than 1500 people. Until the middle of the 20th century, representatives of the ethnic group were called Ostyaks, as well as Yeniseians. The Ket language belongs to the group of Yenisei languages.

4. Chulym people

The number of this indigenous people of Russia is 355 people as of 2010. Despite the fact that most of the Chulym people recognize Orthodoxy, the ethnic group carefully preserves some traditions of shamanism. Chulyms live mainly in the Tomsk region. It is interesting that the Chulym language does not have a written language.

3. Basins

The number of this people living in Primorye is only 276 people. The Taz language is a mixture of one of the Chinese dialects with the Nanai language. Now this language is spoken by less than half of those who consider themselves to be Taz.

2. Livs

This extremely small people lives on the territory of Latvia. From time immemorial, the main occupations of the Livs were piracy, fishing and hunting. Today the people have almost completely assimilated. According to official data, there are only 180 Livs left.

1. Pitcairns

This people is the smallest in the world and lives on the small island of Pitcairn in Oceania. The number of Pitcairns is about 60 people. All of them are descendants of the sailors of the British warship Bounty, who landed here in 1790. The Pitcairn language is a mixture of simplified English, Tahitian and maritime vocabulary.

National composition of Russia Peoples of Russia: Atlas of cultures and religions List of meanings of a word or phrase with links to the corresponding ... Wikipedia

- “Peoples of Russia. Atlas of Cultures and Religions" includes basic information about the peoples inhabiting the Russian Federation at present. The first part of the publication presents the space of the Russian Federation in synchronous and historical aspects and consists... ... Wikipedia

National composition of Russia Peoples of Russia: Atlas of cultures and religions Peoples of Russia: Encyclopedia encyclopedia, published by the publishing house "Big Russian Encyclopedia" in 1994 ... Wikipedia

Finno-Ugric peoples of Russia Ethnopsychological Dictionary

FINNO-UGRIAN PEOPLES OF RUSSIA- the peoples of our country (Mordovians, Udmurts, Mari, Komi, Khanty, Mansi, Sami, Karelians), living in the north of the European part, in the northern, central and southern parts of the Urals and descending from the Ananyin archaeological culture (VII III... ...

Turkic peoples of Russia Ethnopsychological Dictionary

TURKIC PEOPLES OF RUSSIA- representatives of the Turkic group of peoples of Russia (Tatars, Chuvashs, Bashkirs, Tuvinians, Khakassians, Altaians), living today mainly in the Volga region, the Urals, Southern Siberia and the Altai Territory and representing quite original,... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of Psychology and Pedagogy

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Tungus-Manchu peoples of Russia Ethnopsychological Dictionary

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Books

• Peoples of Russia, Pantileeva A. (ed.-comp.). This album introduces the reader to the color lithographs “Peoples of Russia”, made from the drawings of E. M. Korneev, which the artist executed while on an expedition to the most remote…