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Excursions and other services. Excursions and other services Petersburg Botanical Garden excursions

The garden is located in the middle taiga subzone, at the limit of the natural distribution of many tree species, which makes it a link between the northern and St. Petersburg botanical gardens in carrying out stepwise acclimatization of plants important for forestry, landscape architecture and northern fruit growing. In 2009, the collections included 1,185 species and cultivars of vascular plants.

Purpose and activities of the Botanical Garden

The collections and exhibitions of the Botanical Garden are formed in order to preserve the diversity and enrichment of the plant world.
The garden takes an active part in and provides educational, scientific and educational activities in the field of botany and nature conservation, ecology, plant growing and selection, ornamental horticulture and landscape architecture. Here educational and industrial practice and research work of students of environmental-biological, forest engineering, agrotechnical, medical and other faculties of the university take place, training sessions are held for teachers and schoolchildren of Karelia, excursions for city residents and tourists.

Scientific research is carried out in the following areas:

development of theoretical foundations and methods for preserving the gene pool of plants of the natural and cultural flora of Karelia, increasing the diversity of cultural flora through the introduction of new economically useful plants;
creation of scientific and educational information resources on the formed collections and plants growing in the natural areas of the Botanical Garden;
development and implementation of new information technologies to solve problems of inventory of plant genetic resources and coordination of collection activities of botanical gardens of the Russian Federation.

Story

The issue of creating a Botanical Garden in Petrozavodsk began to be considered in 1944. After the return of the Karelo-Finnish University from Syktyvkar, where it was evacuated during the war, the need arose to create a research and production base where students of the Faculty of Biology could undergo internships, as well as work on landscaping the city. Both teachers of the Department of Botany and employees of the Karelo-Finnish Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences and representatives took part in the discussion of this problem.

Organizational period

The first director of the garden was Associate Professor of the Department of Chemistry Mikhail Vasilyevich Ivanov. A Garden Council was created, which determined its structure, territory layout and development paths.

The original structure of the garden, approved by the Garden Council in 1951, included the following departments:

Directorate;
Introduction Department;
Breeding Department;
Reproduction Department;
Department of Woody Plants (Arboretum);
Department of fruit and berry crops;
Department of Ornamental and Medicinal Herbaceous Plants;
Seed laboratory;
Plant Protection Group;
Propaganda Group;
Group for organizing and conducting excursions;
Meteorological station;
Classrooms in botany and plant physiology.

On the territory, areas were allocated for botanical exhibitions (woody, fruit and berry, herbaceous plants), a park part, experimental areas, collection areas, nurseries and uterine plantations, protective plantings. The economic territory (buildings, warehouses, water supply network, etc.) also occupied a lot of space.

At first, the garden received planting and seed material from Leningrad (Krasnoselsky Decorative Nursery, Pushkin Fruit and Berry Nursery), Moscow (Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, Main Botanical Garden), Lipetsk, Riga, Sortavala, Barnaul (Altai Breeding Station), Apatit () , Penza and other introduction centers. In 1953, an expedition took place in the Ladoga region (in the outskirts of the city of Sortavala and the island of Valaam), which significantly replenished the garden’s supply of planting material, as well as the composition of introduced species.

Creation and formation of collections

Modern period

In 1993, Alexey Anatolyevich Prokhorov was appointed to the post of director of the botanical garden. He found the garden at a time when it had practically lost its scientific and educational function. The development of the new development concept was based on the principles formulated in the “Strategy of Botanical Gardens for Plant Protection”, and three main directions were identified:

formation of a new look for the garden;
conservation of biodiversity of the garden's native flora;
introduction of information technologies for botanical gardens.

Relations established in the mid-1990s with the Council of Botanical Gardens of Russia (SBSR) and the International Council of Botanical Gardens for Plant Conservation (BGCI) made it possible already in 1997 to hold an international meeting “Problems of greening northern cities”, a session of the SBSR and an international school-seminar on computer technologies for botanical gardens.

To improve the methods of maintaining botanical collections, a local DBMS was developed in the laboratory of computer botany "Calypso" and an information retrieval system accessible via the Internet was created. Their relatively easy availability has contributed to the introduction of information technology in other botanical gardens and collections former USSR, and in 2007, the Calypso DBMS was already actively used in seventy of them. Soon A. A. Prokhorov was elected chairman of the newly organized Commission on the Application of Information Technologies in Botanical Gardens under the SBSR.

In 1996, on the initiative of the head of the Department of Botany and Plant Physiology of PetrSU E.F. Markovskaya, the university was given a land plot of 289 hectares for rent, which increased the total size of the Botanical Garden to 367 hectares. Most of it is a protected area, and environmental protection regimes are observed on it.

Structure of the Botanical Garden

Department of Floristic and Phytocenological Research

It is located on the picturesque shore of the Petrozavodsk Bay of Lake Onega and has an area of more than 300 hectares. One of the largest collections of the garden is presented here, the main purpose of which is to preserve plants of the regional flora in situ. Scientific research is being conducted on the territory with the participation of specialists from the Faculty of Ecology and Biology of PetrSU and Karelian Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, including an inventory of the diversity of natural complexes, assessment of their current state, clarification of the history of formation and development of protection measures. Practical classes for students of PetrSU, as well as other universities in Russia and European countries, as well as excursions for Karelia schoolchildren and tourists are held here. This is a favorite vacation spot for city residents.

The complex of unique natural objects presented in the protected area allows us to trace the history of the formation of Karelia’s landscapes from the Proterozoic to the present day.

The protected area is home to 395 species of vascular plants, 124 species of leafy mosses, 44 species of hepatic mosses, and 117 species of lichens. The flora includes 9 species of plants listed in the Red Book of Karelia () and 38 species in the Red Book of Eastern Fennoscandia ( Red Data Book of East Fennoskandia, ).

Collection departments

Arboretum

The “Apple Orchard” collection is presented on an area of 1 hectare and includes up to 100 domestic apple trees ( Malus domestica). Includes promising cultivars of this species ("Grey Anise", "Borovinka", "Moscow Grushovka", "White Summer Calville", "Papirovka", "Welsea", "Ural Bulk", "Baltika", "Melba", "Lungwort" , “Memory of the Warrior”, “Borovinka” × “Babushkino”, “Borovinka” × “Borzdovskoe bulbous”, etc.). Highly decorative plum-leaved apple tree ( Pyrus prunifolia"Hyvingiensis") with an umbrella-shaped crown.

A system for registering botanical collections has been created "Calypso", which is used in botanical gardens in Russia and neighboring countries and serves as the basis for systematizing data from the national collection of genetic resources of vascular plants ex situ. In 2009, version 4.99 of this program was available.

The information retrieval system (IRS) “Botanical collections of Russia and neighboring countries” provides free access to information about collections of vascular plants.

The information and analytical system “Botanical Collections of Russia” includes network and local analysis tools that make it possible to identify the taxonomic diversity and value of individual collections, compile a list of potential introductions and formulate a strategy for the development and increasing the importance of collections for the region and Russia. As a result, the Council of Botanical Gardens of Russia has information support for coordinating the activities of botanical gardens with the aim of optimally enriching the total National Collection - Russia's plant genetic resource and research base for a wide range of scientific disciplines.

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Literature

Main publications of the staff of the Botanical Garden of PetrSU

A.A.Prokhorov & M.I.Nesterenko, Der Nutzen des Internet und das Informations- und Suchsystem “Botanishe sammlungen Russlands”; A.A.Prokhorov & M.I.Nesterenko, Das Datenbankmanagementsystem CALYPSO fur die Pflanzenregistrierung // Botanishe garten und Erhaltung Biologisher Vielfalt. Ein Erfahrungsaustausch. (Referate und Ergebnisse des gleichlautenden Workshops in Georgien vom 23.-28. Mai 1999) ed. M. Von den Driesh und W. Lobin (Bearb.) Bundesamt fur Naturshutz, 2001. P.75-82. P.83-92.
A. Prokhorov, W. Andrjusenko, M. Kashtanov, E. Platonova. Computer registration of botanical collections and effective distribution of information about botanical gardens. Approach and methods of the Petrozavodsk University Botanical Garden // Preserving botanical collections for the 21st century. Proceedings of the Third International Conference on the Preservation of Botanical Collections. China science and technology press, Beijing, 2003. P. 94-108.
Prokhorov A.A., Platonova E.A.. Nature protection and plant conservation in the Botanic garden of Petrozavodsk State University, Russia // Botanic Gardens Conservation News. 1998. Vol.2. No. 10. P.42-43.
Catalog of Cultivated Woody Plants in Russia. - Sochi-Petrozavodsk, 1999. 173 p. (Editorial board: Arnautov N. N., Bobrov A. V., Karpun Yu. N., Korobov V. I., Prokhorov A. A.)
Lantratova A. S., Eglacheva A. V., Markovskaya E. F.. Woody plants introduced in Karelia (history, current state). Petrozavodsk: PetrSU Publishing House, 2007. - 196 p.
Markovskaya E. F., Antipina G. S., Gruzdeva E. A., Demidov I. N., Zaugolnova L. B., Krasilnikov P. V., Kulikova V. V., Kulikov V. S., Lantratova A. S., Lukashov A.D., Prokhorov A.A.. Ecosystem studies on the territory of the Botanical Garden of PetrGU // Bulletin of the Main Botanical Garden of the Russian Academy of Sciences. 1996. T. 173. P.61−71.
Platonova E. A. Analysis of the catenas of the Kivach Nature Reserve: structure, successional state and potential composition of forest vegetation // Ecology. 2005. No. 4. P. 252-258.
Platonova E. A. Distribution of tree species in a ridge landscape (southern Karelia) // Ecology. 2001. No. 6. - P.409-415.
Platonova E. A. Characteristics of the lake catena (southern Karelia) // Eastern European Forests. History in the Holocene and modern times. - M.: Nauka, 2004. - P.347-352.
Prokhorov A. A. Providing open access to information about the collection funds of botanical gardens // Botanical Journal. 2002. T.87, No. 11. - P.127-130.
Prokhorov A. A. Formation of the information space of botanical gardens // Information resources of Russia. 2002. Issue 3 (66). - P. 10-13.
Prokhorov A. A., Nesterenko M. I. Information retrieval system “Botanical collections of Russia on the Internet” // Bulletin of the Main Botanical Garden. 2000. T.180. - pp. 124-128.

Publications of the Botanical Garden

CD “Unique objects of higher education. Botanical gardens and dendrological parks" - includes a comprehensive analytical review as part of monitoring the educational, scientific and social activities of botanical gardens of universities of the Federal Agency for Education, as well as illustrated materials about their collections and natural resources. climatic conditions. Created by order of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia.
Hortus botanicus - Online journal of botanical gardens. Publishes materials devoted to the results of scientific, educational and social activities of botanical gardens around the world.

Notes

An excerpt characterizing the Botanical Garden of PetrSU

- God bless! - he shouted. - Well, thank God! - he repeated, listening to Petya’s enthusiastic story. “What the hell, I couldn’t sleep because of you!” Denisov said. “Well, thank God, now go to bed.” Still sighing and eating until the end.
“Yes... No,” said Petya. – I don’t want to sleep yet. Yes, I know myself, if I fall asleep, it’s over. And then I got used to not sleeping before the battle.
Petya sat for some time in the hut, joyfully recalling the details of his trip and vividly imagining what would happen tomorrow. Then, noticing that Denisov had fallen asleep, he got up and went into the yard.
It was still completely dark outside. The rain had passed, but drops were still falling from the trees. Close to the guardhouse one could see black figures of Cossack huts and horses tied together. Behind the hut were two black wagons with horses standing, and in the ravine the dying fire was red. The Cossacks and hussars were not all asleep: in some places, along with the sound of falling drops and the nearby sound of horses chewing, soft, as if whispering voices were heard.
Petya came out of the entryway, looked around in the darkness and approached the wagons. Someone was snoring under the wagons, and saddled horses stood around them, chewing oats. In the darkness, Petya recognized his horse, which he called Karabakh, although it was a Little Russian horse, and approached it.
“Well, Karabakh, we’ll serve tomorrow,” he said, smelling her nostrils and kissing her.
- What, master, aren’t you sleeping? - said the Cossack sitting under the truck.
- No; and... Likhachev, I think your name is? After all, I just arrived. We went to the French. - And Petya told the Cossack in detail not only his trip, but also why he went and why he believes that it is better to risk his life than to make Lazar at random.
“Well, they should have slept,” said the Cossack.
“No, I’m used to it,” answered Petya. - What, you don’t have flints in your pistols? I brought it with me. Isn't it necessary? You take it.
The Cossack leaned out from under the truck to take a closer look at Petya.
“Because I’m used to doing everything carefully,” said Petya. “Some people just don’t get ready, and then they regret it.” I don't like it that way.
“That’s for sure,” said the Cossack.
“And one more thing, please, my dear, sharpen my saber; dull it... (but Petya was afraid to lie) it was never sharpened. Can this be done?
- Why, it’s possible.
Likhachev stood up, rummaged through his packs, and Petya soon heard the warlike sound of steel on a block. He climbed onto the truck and sat on the edge of it. The Cossack was sharpening his saber under the truck.
- Well, are the fellows sleeping? - said Petya.
- Some are sleeping, and some are like this.
- Well, what about the boy?
- Is it spring? He collapsed there in the entryway. He sleeps with fear. I was really glad.
For a long time after this, Petya was silent, listening to the sounds. Footsteps were heard in the darkness and a black figure appeared.
- What are you sharpening? – the man asked, approaching the truck.
- But sharpen the master’s saber.
“Good job,” said the man who seemed to Petya to be a hussar. - Do you still have a cup?
- And over there by the wheel.
The hussar took the cup.
“It’ll probably be light soon,” he said, yawning, and walked off somewhere.
Petya should have known that he was in the forest, in Denisov’s party, a mile from the road, that he was sitting on a wagon captured from the French, around which the horses were tied, that the Cossack Likhachev was sitting under him and sharpening his saber, that there was a big black spot to the right is a guardhouse, and a bright red spot below to the left is a dying fire, that the man who came for a cup is a hussar who was thirsty; but he knew nothing and did not want to know it. He was in a magical kingdom in which there was nothing like reality. A large black spot, perhaps there was definitely a guardhouse, or perhaps there was a cave that led into the very depths of the earth. The red spot might have been fire, or maybe the eye of a huge monster. Maybe he’s definitely sitting on a wagon now, but it’s very possible that he’s not sitting on a wagon, but on a terrible high tower, from which if you fall, you would fly to the ground for a whole day, a whole month - you’d keep flying and never reach it. It may be that just a Cossack Likhachev is sitting under the truck, but it may very well be that this is the kindest, bravest, most wonderful, most excellent person in the world, whom no one knows. Maybe it was just a hussar passing for water and going into the ravine, or maybe he just disappeared from sight and completely disappeared, and he was not there.
Whatever Petya saw now, nothing would surprise him. He was in a magical kingdom where everything was possible.
He looked at the sky. And the sky was as magical as the earth. The sky was clearing, and clouds were moving quickly over the tops of the trees, as if revealing the stars. Sometimes it seemed that the sky cleared and a black, clear sky appeared. Sometimes it seemed that these black spots were clouds. Sometimes it seemed as if the sky was rising high, high above your head; sometimes the sky dropped completely, so that you could reach it with your hand.
Petya began to close his eyes and sway.
Drops were dripping. There was a quiet conversation. The horses neighed and fought. Someone was snoring.
“Ozhig, zhig, zhig, zhig...” the saber being sharpened whistled. And suddenly Petya heard a harmonious choir of music playing some unknown, solemnly sweet hymn. Petya was musical, just like Natasha, and more than Nikolai, but he had never studied music, did not think about music, and therefore the motives that unexpectedly came to his mind were especially new and attractive to him. The music played louder and louder. The melody grew, moving from one instrument to another. What was called a fugue was happening, although Petya did not have the slightest idea what a fugue was. Each instrument, sometimes similar to a violin, sometimes like trumpets - but better and cleaner than violins and trumpets - each instrument played its own and, not yet finishing the tune, merged with another, which started almost the same, and with the third, and with the fourth , and they all merged into one and scattered again, and again merged, now into the solemn church, now into the brightly brilliant and victorious.
“Oh, yes, it’s me in a dream,” Petya said to himself, swaying forward. - It's in my ears. Or maybe it's my music. Well, again. Go ahead my music! Well!.."
He closed his eyes. And from different sides, as if from afar, sounds began to tremble, began to harmonize, scatter, merge, and again everything united into the same sweet and solemn hymn. “Oh, what a delight this is! As much as I want and how I want,” Petya said to himself. He tried to lead this huge choir of instruments.
“Well, hush, hush, freeze now. – And the sounds obeyed him. - Well, now it’s fuller, more fun. More, even more joyful. – And from an unknown depth arose intensifying, solemn sounds. “Well, voices, pester!” - Petya ordered. And first, male voices were heard from afar, then female voices. The voices grew, grew in uniform, solemn effort. Petya was scared and joyful to listen to their extraordinary beauty.
The song merged with the solemn victory march, and drops fell, and burn, burn, burn... the saber whistled, and again the horses fought and neighed, not breaking the choir, but entering into it.
Petya didn’t know how long this lasted: he enjoyed himself, was constantly surprised by his pleasure and regretted that there was no one to tell it to. He was awakened by Likhachev's gentle voice.
- Ready, your honor, you will split the guard in two.
Petya woke up.
- It’s already dawn, really, it’s dawning! - he screamed.
The previously invisible horses became visible up to their tails, and a watery light was visible through the bare branches. Petya shook himself, jumped up, took a ruble from his pocket and gave it to Likhachev, waved, tried the saber and put it in the sheath. The Cossacks untied the horses and tightened the girths.
“Here is the commander,” said Likhachev. Denisov came out of the guardhouse and, calling out to Petya, ordered them to get ready.

Quickly in the semi-darkness they dismantled the horses, tightened the girths and sorted out the teams. Denisov stood at the guardhouse, giving the last orders. The party's infantry, slapping a hundred feet, marched forward along the road and quickly disappeared between the trees in the predawn fog. Esaul ordered something to the Cossacks. Petya held his horse on the reins, impatiently awaiting the order to mount. Washed with cold water, his face, especially his eyes, burned with fire, a chill ran down his back, and something in his whole body trembled quickly and evenly.
- Well, is everything ready for you? - Denisov said. - Give us the horses.
The horses were brought in. Denisov became angry with the Cossack because the girths were weak, and, scolding him, sat down. Petya took hold of the stirrup. The horse, out of habit, wanted to bite his leg, but Petya, not feeling his weight, quickly jumped into the saddle and, looking back at the hussars who were moving behind in the darkness, rode up to Denisov.
- Vasily Fedorovich, will you entrust me with something? Please... for God's sake... - he said. Denisov seemed to have forgotten about Petya’s existence. He looked back at him.
“I ask you about one thing,” he said sternly, “to obey me and not to interfere anywhere.”
During the entire journey, Denisov did not speak a word to Petya and rode in silence. When we arrived at the edge of the forest, the field was noticeably getting lighter. Denisov spoke in a whisper with the esaul, and the Cossacks began to drive past Petya and Denisov. When they had all passed, Denisov started his horse and rode downhill. Sitting on their hindquarters and sliding, the horses descended with their riders into the ravine. Petya rode next to Denisov. The trembling throughout his body intensified. It became lighter and lighter, only the fog hid distant objects. Moving down and looking back, Denisov nodded his head to the Cossack standing next to him.
- Signal! - he said.
The Cossack raised his hand and a shot rang out. And at the same instant, the tramp of galloping horses was heard in front, screams from different sides and more shots.
At the same instant as the first sounds of stomping and screaming were heard, Petya, hitting his horse and releasing the reins, not listening to Denisov, who was shouting at him, galloped forward. It seemed to Petya that it suddenly dawned as brightly as the middle of the day at that moment when the shot was heard. He galloped towards the bridge. Cossacks galloped along the road ahead. On the bridge he encountered a lagging Cossack and rode on. Some people ahead - they must have been French - were running from the right side of the road to the left. One fell into the mud under the feet of Petya's horse.
Cossacks crowded around one hut, doing something. A terrible scream was heard from the middle of the crowd. Petya galloped up to this crowd, and the first thing he saw was the pale face of a Frenchman with a shaking lower jaw, holding onto the shaft of a lance pointed at him.
“Hurray!.. Guys... ours...” Petya shouted and, giving the reins to the overheated horse, galloped forward down the street.
Shots were heard ahead. Cossacks, hussars and ragged Russian prisoners, running from both sides of the road, were all shouting something loudly and awkwardly. A handsome Frenchman, without a hat, with a red, frowning face, in a blue overcoat, fought off the hussars with a bayonet. When Petya galloped up, the Frenchman had already fallen. I was late again, Petya flashed in his head, and he galloped to where frequent shots were heard. Shots rang out in the courtyard of the manor house where he was with Dolokhov last night. The French sat down there behind a fence in a dense garden overgrown with bushes and fired at the Cossacks crowded at the gate. Approaching the gate, Petya, in the powder smoke, saw Dolokhov with a pale, greenish face, shouting something to the people. “Take a detour! Wait for the infantry!” - he shouted, while Petya drove up to him.
“Wait?.. Hurray!..” Petya shouted and, without hesitating a single minute, galloped to the place from where the shots were heard and where the powder smoke was thicker. A volley was heard, empty bullets squealed and hit something. The Cossacks and Dolokhov galloped after Petya through the gates of the house. The French, in the swaying thick smoke, some threw down their weapons and ran out of the bushes to meet the Cossacks, others ran downhill to the pond. Petya galloped on his horse along the manor's yard and, instead of holding the reins, strangely and quickly waved both arms and fell further and further out of the saddle to one side. The horse, running into the fire smoldering in the morning light, rested, and Petya fell heavily onto the wet ground. The Cossacks saw how quickly his arms and legs twitched, despite the fact that his head did not move. The bullet pierced his head.
After talking with the senior French officer, who came out to him from behind the house with a scarf on his sword and announced that they were surrendering, Dolokhov got off his horse and approached Petya, who was lying motionless, with his arms outstretched.
“Ready,” he said, frowning, and went through the gate to meet Denisov, who was coming towards him.
- Killed?! - Denisov cried out, seeing from afar the familiar, undoubtedly lifeless position in which Petya’s body lay.
“Ready,” Dolokhov repeated, as if pronouncing this word gave him pleasure, and quickly went to the prisoners, who were surrounded by dismounted Cossacks. - We won’t take it! – he shouted to Denisov.
Denisov did not answer; he rode up to Petya, got off his horse and with trembling hands turned Petya’s already pale face, stained with blood and dirt, towards him.
“I’m used to something sweet. Excellent raisins, take them all,” he remembered. And the Cossacks looked back in surprise at the sounds similar to the barking of a dog, with which Denisov quickly turned away, walked up to the fence and grabbed it.
Among the Russian prisoners recaptured by Denisov and Dolokhov was Pierre Bezukhov.

There was no new order from the French authorities about the party of prisoners in which Pierre was, during his entire movement from Moscow. This party on October 22 was no longer with the same troops and convoys with which it left Moscow. Half of the convoy with breadcrumbs, which followed them during the first marches, was repulsed by the Cossacks, the other half went ahead; there were no more foot cavalrymen who walked in front; they all disappeared. The artillery, which had been visible ahead during the first marches, was now replaced by a huge convoy of Marshal Junot, escorted by the Westphalians. Behind the prisoners was a convoy of cavalry equipment.
From Vyazma, the French troops, previously marching in three columns, now marched in one heap. Those signs of disorder that Pierre noticed at the first stop from Moscow have now reached the last degree.
The road along which they walked was littered with dead horses on both sides; ragged people lagging behind different teams, constantly changing, then joined, then again lagged behind the marching column.
Several times during the campaign there were false alarms, and the soldiers of the convoy raised their guns, shot and ran headlong, crushing each other, but then they gathered again and scolded each other for their vain fear.
These three gatherings, marching together - the cavalry depot, the prisoner depot and Junot's train - still formed something separate and integral, although both of them, and the third, were quickly melting away.
The depot, which had initially contained one hundred and twenty carts, now had no more than sixty left; the rest were repulsed or abandoned. Several carts from Junot's convoy were also abandoned and recaptured. Three carts were plundered by the backward soldiers from Davout's corps who came running. From conversations of the Germans, Pierre heard that this convoy was put on guard more than the prisoners, and that one of their comrades, a German soldier, was shot on the orders of the marshal himself because a silver spoon that belonged to the marshal was found on the soldier.
Of these three gatherings, the prisoner depot melted the most. Of the three hundred and thirty people who left Moscow, there were now less than a hundred left. The prisoners were even more of a burden to the escorting soldiers than the saddles of the cavalry depot and Junot's baggage train. Junot’s saddles and spoons, they understood that they could be useful for something, but why did the hungry and cold soldiers of the convoy stand guard and guard the same cold and hungry Russians who were dying and lagged behind on the road, whom they were ordered to shoot? not only incomprehensible, but also disgusting. And the guards, as if afraid in the sad situation in which they themselves were, not to give in to their feeling of pity for the prisoners and thereby worsen their situation, treated them especially gloomily and strictly.
In Dorogobuzh, while the convoy soldiers, having locked the prisoners in a stable, went off to rob their own stores, several captured soldiers dug under the wall and ran away, but were captured by the French and shot.
The previous order, introduced upon leaving Moscow, for captured officers to march separately from the soldiers, had long been destroyed; all those who could walk walked together, and Pierre, from the third transition, had already united again with Karataev and the lilac bow-legged dog, which had chosen Karataev as its owner.
Karataev, on the third day of leaving Moscow, developed the same fever from which he was lying in the Moscow hospital, and as Karataev weakened, Pierre moved away from him. Pierre didn’t know why, but since Karataev began to weaken, Pierre had to make an effort on himself to approach him. And approaching him and listening to those quiet moans with which Karataev usually lay down at rest, and feeling the now intensified smell that Karataev emitted from himself, Pierre moved away from him and did not think about him.
In captivity, in a booth, Pierre learned not with his mind, but with his whole being, life, that man was created for happiness, that happiness is in himself, in the satisfaction of natural human needs, and that all unhappiness comes not from lack, but from excess; but now, in these last three weeks of the campaign, he learned another new, comforting truth - he learned that there is nothing terrible in the world. He learned that just as there is no situation in which a person would be happy and completely free, there is also no situation in which he would be unhappy and not free. He learned that there is a limit to suffering and a limit to freedom, and that this limit is very close; that the man who suffered because one leaf was wrapped in his pink bed suffered in the same way as he suffered now, falling asleep on a naked damp earth, cooling one side and warming the other; that when he used to put on his narrow ballroom shoes, he suffered in exactly the same way as now, when he walked completely barefoot (his shoes had long since become disheveled), with feet covered with sores. He learned that when, as it seemed to him, he had married his wife of his own free will, he was no more free than now, when he was locked in the stable at night. Of all the things that he later called suffering, but which he hardly felt then, the main thing was his bare, worn, scabby feet. (Horse meat was tasty and nutritious, the saltpeter bouquet of gunpowder, used instead of salt, was even pleasant, there was not much cold, and during the day it was always hot while walking, and at night there were fires; the lice that ate the body warmed pleasantly.) One thing was hard. at first it’s the legs.
On the second day of the march, after examining his sores by the fire, Pierre thought it impossible to step on them; but when everyone got up, he walked with a limp, and then, when he warmed up, he walked without pain, although in the evening it was even worse to look at his legs. But he did not look at them and thought about something else.
Now only Pierre understood the full power of human vitality and the saving power of moving attention invested in a person, similar to that saving valve in steam engines that releases excess steam as soon as its density exceeds a known norm.
He did not see or hear how the backward prisoners were shot, although more than a hundred of them had already died in this way. He did not think about Karataev, who was weakening every day and, obviously, was soon to suffer the same fate. Pierre thought even less about himself. The more difficult his situation became, the more terrible the future was, the more, regardless of the situation in which he was, joyful and soothing thoughts, memories and ideas came to him.

On the 22nd, at noon, Pierre was walking uphill along a dirty, slippery road, looking at his feet and at the unevenness of the path. From time to time he glanced at the familiar crowd surrounding him, and again at his feet. Both were equally his own and familiar to him. The lilac, bow-legged Gray ran merrily along the side of the road, occasionally, as proof of his agility and contentment, tucking his hind paw and jumping on three and then again on all four, rushing and barking at the crows that were sitting on the carrion. Gray was more fun and smoother than in Moscow. On all sides lay the meat of various animals - from human to horse, in varying degrees of decomposition; and the wolves were kept away by the walking people, so Gray could eat as much as he wanted.
It had been raining since the morning, and it seemed that it would pass and clear the sky, but after a short stop the rain began to fall even more heavily. The rain-saturated road no longer absorbed water, and streams flowed along the ruts.
Pierre walked, looking around, counting steps in threes, and counting on his fingers. Turning to the rain, he internally said: come on, come on, give it more, give it more.
It seemed to him that he was not thinking about anything; but far and deep somewhere his soul thought something important and comforting. This was something of a subtle spiritual extract from his conversation with Karataev yesterday.
Yesterday, at a night halt, chilled by the extinguished fire, Pierre stood up and moved to the nearest, better-burning fire. By the fire, to which he approached, Plato was sitting, covering his head with an overcoat like a chasuble, and telling the soldiers in his argumentative, pleasant, but weak, painful voice a story familiar to Pierre. It was already past midnight. This was the time at which Karataev usually recovered from a feverish attack and was especially animated. Approaching the fire and hearing Plato’s weak, painful voice and seeing his pitiful face brightly illuminated by the fire, something unpleasantly pricked Pierre’s heart. He was frightened by his pity for this man and wanted to leave, but there was no other fire, and Pierre, trying not to look at Plato, sat down near the fire.
- How's your health? - he asked.
- How's your health? “God will not allow you to die because of your illness,” said Karataev and immediately returned to the story he had begun.
“...And so, my brother,” Plato continued with a smile on his thin, pale face and with a special, joyful sparkle in his eyes, “here, my brother...”
Pierre knew this story for a long time, Karataev told this story to him alone six times, and always with a special, joyful feeling. But no matter how well Pierre knew this story, he now listened to it as if it were something new, and that quiet delight that Karataev apparently felt while telling it was also communicated to Pierre. This story was about an old merchant who lived decently and God-fearingly with his family and who one day went with a friend, a rich merchant, to Makar.
Stopping at an inn, both merchants fell asleep, and the next day the merchant's comrade was found stabbed to death and robbed. A bloody knife was found under the old merchant's pillow. The merchant was tried, punished with a whip and, having pulled out his nostrils - in the proper order, said Karataev - he was sent to hard labor.
“And so, my brother” (Pierre caught Karataev’s story at this point), it’s been ten years or so. Furthermore. An old man lives in hard labor. As follows, he submits and does no harm. He only asks God for death. - Fine. And if they get together at night, the convicts are just like you and me, and the old man is with them. And the conversation turned to who is suffering for what, and why is God to blame. They began to say, that one lost a soul, that one lost two, that one set it on fire, that one ran away, no way. They began to ask the old man: why are you suffering, grandpa? I, my dear brothers, he says, suffer for my own and for people’s sins. But I didn’t destroy any souls, I didn’t take anyone else’s property, other than giving away to the poor brethren. I, my dear brothers, am a merchant; and had great wealth. So and so, he says. And he told them how the whole thing happened, in order. “I don’t worry about myself,” he says. It means God found me. One thing, he says, I feel sorry for my old woman and children. And so the old man began to cry. If that same person happened to be in their company, it means that he killed the merchant. Where did grandpa say he was? When, in what month? I asked everything. His heart ached. Approaches the old man in this manner - a clap on the feet. For me, he says, old man, you are disappearing. The truth is true; innocently in vain, he says, guys, this man is suffering. “I did the same thing,” he says, “and put a knife under your sleepy head.” Forgive me, he says, grandfather, for Christ’s sake.

In 2009, the collections included 1,185 species and cultivars of vascular plants.

Purpose and activities of the Botanical Garden

The collections and exhibitions of the Botanical Garden are formed in order to preserve the diversity and enrichment of the plant world.
The garden takes an active part in and provides educational, scientific and educational activities in the field of botany and nature conservation, ecology, plant growing and selection, ornamental horticulture and landscape architecture. Here educational and industrial practice and research work of students of environmental-biological, forest engineering, agrotechnical, medical and other faculties of the university take place, training sessions are held for teachers and schoolchildren of Karelia, excursions for city residents and tourists.

Scientific research is carried out in the following areas:

development of theoretical foundations and methods for preserving the gene pool of plants of the natural and cultural flora of Karelia, increasing the diversity of cultural flora through the introduction of new economically useful plants;
creation of scientific and educational information resources on the formed collections and plants growing in the natural areas of the Botanical Garden;
development and implementation of new information technologies to solve problems of inventory of plant genetic resources and coordination of collection activities of botanical gardens of the Russian Federation.

Story

Organizational period

The original structure of the garden, approved by the Garden Council in 1951, included the following departments:

Directorate;
Introduction Department;
Breeding Department;
Reproduction Department;
Department of Woody Plants (Arboretum);
Department of fruit and berry crops;
Department of Ornamental and Medicinal Herbaceous Plants;
Seed laboratory;
Plant Protection Group;
Propaganda Group;
Group for organizing and conducting excursions;
Meteorological station;
Classrooms in botany and plant physiology.

Creation and formation of collections

Modern period

Collection departments

Arboretum

The information retrieval system (IRS) “Botanical collections of Russia and neighboring countries” provides free access to information about collections of vascular plants.

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Literature

Main publications of the staff of the Botanical Garden of PetrSU

A.A.Prokhorov & M.I.Nesterenko, Der Nutzen des Internet und das Informations- und Suchsystem “Botanishe sammlungen Russlands”; A.A.Prokhorov & M.I.Nesterenko, Das Datenbankmanagementsystem CALYPSO fur die Pflanzenregistrierung // Botanishe garten und Erhaltung Biologisher Vielfalt. Ein Erfahrungsaustausch. (Referate und Ergebnisse des gleichlautenden Workshops in Georgien vom 23.-28. Mai 1999) ed. M. Von den Driesh und W. Lobin (Bearb.) Bundesamt fur Naturshutz, 2001. P.75-82. P.83-92.
A. Prokhorov, W. Andrjusenko, M. Kashtanov, E. Platonova. Computer registration of botanical collections and effective distribution of information about botanical gardens. Approach and methods of the Petrozavodsk University Botanical Garden // Preserving botanical collections for the 21st century. Proceedings of the Third International Conference on the Preservation of Botanical Collections. China science and technology press, Beijing, 2003. P. 94-108.
Prokhorov A.A., Platonova E.A.. Nature protection and plant conservation in the Botanic garden of Petrozavodsk State University, Russia // Botanic Gardens Conservation News. 1998. Vol.2. No. 10. P.42-43.
Catalog of Cultivated Woody Plants in Russia. - Sochi-Petrozavodsk, 1999. 173 p. (Editorial board: Arnautov N. N., Bobrov A. V., Karpun Yu. N., Korobov V. I., Prokhorov A. A.)
Lantratova A. S., Eglacheva A. V., Markovskaya E. F.. Woody plants introduced in Karelia (history, current state). Petrozavodsk: PetrSU Publishing House, 2007. - 196 p.
Markovskaya E. F., Antipina G. S., Gruzdeva E. A., Demidov I. N., Zaugolnova L. B., Krasilnikov P. V., Kulikova V. V., Kulikov V. S., Lantratova A. S., Lukashov A.D., Prokhorov A.A.. Ecosystem studies on the territory of the Botanical Garden of PetrGU // Bulletin of the Main Botanical Garden of the Russian Academy of Sciences. 1996. T. 173. P.61−71.
Platonova E. A. Analysis of the catenas of the Kivach Nature Reserve: structure, successional state and potential composition of forest vegetation // Ecology. 2005. No. 4. P. 252-258.
Platonova E. A. Distribution of tree species in a ridge landscape (southern Karelia) // Ecology. 2001. No. 6. - P.409-415.
Platonova E. A. Characteristics of the lake catena (southern Karelia) // Eastern European Forests. History in the Holocene and modern times. - M.: Nauka, 2004. - P.347-352.
Prokhorov A. A. Providing open access to information about the collection funds of botanical gardens // Botanical Journal. 2002. T.87, No. 11. - P.127-130.
Prokhorov A. A. Formation of the information space of botanical gardens // Information resources of Russia. 2002. Issue 3 (66). - P. 10-13.
Prokhorov A. A., Nesterenko M. I. Information retrieval system “Botanical collections of Russia on the Internet” // Bulletin of the Main Botanical Garden. 2000. T.180. - pp. 124-128.

Publications of the Botanical Garden

CD “Unique objects of higher education. Botanical gardens and dendrological parks" - includes a comprehensive analytical review as part of monitoring the educational, scientific and social activities of botanical gardens of universities of the Federal Agency for Education, as well as illustrated materials about their collections and natural and climatic conditions. Created by order of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia.
Hortus botanicus - Online journal of botanical gardens. Publishes materials devoted to the results of scientific, educational and social activities of botanical gardens around the world.

Notes

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An excerpt characterizing the Botanical Garden of PetrSU

On the night of their voluntary “departure” from the unjust and evil material world, all the Cathars went outside to breathe the wonderful spring air for the last time, to once again look at the familiar radiance of the distant stars they loved so much... where their tired, a tormented Qatari soul.
The night was gentle, quiet and warm. The earth was fragrant with the smells of acacias, blossoming cherries and thyme... People inhaled the intoxicating aroma, experiencing real childhood pleasure!.. For almost three long months they did not see the clear night sky, did not breathe real air. After all, in spite of everything, no matter what happened on it, it was their land!.. Their native and beloved Occitania. Only now it was filled with hordes of the Devil, from which there was no escape.
Without saying a word, the Cathars turned to Montsegur. They wanted to take one last look at their HOME. To the Temple of the Sun, sacred to each of them. A strange, long procession of thin, emaciated people unexpectedly easily ascended to the highest of the Qatari castles. It was as if nature itself was helping them!.. Or perhaps these were the souls of those with whom they were going to meet very soon?
At the foot of Montsegur a small part of the Crusader army was located. Apparently, the holy fathers were still afraid that the crazy Cathars might return. And they were guarding... The sad column passed like quiet ghosts next to the sleeping guards - no one even moved...
– They used “blackout”, right? – I asked in surprise. – Did all the Cathars know how to do this?..
- No, Isidora. “You forgot that the Perfect Ones were with them,” answered the North and calmly continued.
Having reached the top, the people stopped. In the light of the moon, the ruins of Montsegur looked ominous and unusual. It was as if every stone, soaked in the blood and pain of the dead Qatar, called for revenge on those who had come again... And although there was dead silence around, it seemed to people that they could still hear the dying cries of their relatives and friends, burning in the flames of the terrifying “cleansing” papal bonfire . Montsegur towered over them, menacing and... unnecessary to anyone, like a wounded animal left to die alone...
The walls of the castle still remembered Svetodar and Magdalena, the children's laughter of Beloyar and golden-haired Vesta... The castle remembered the wonderful years of Qatar, filled with joy and love. I remembered the kind and bright people who came here under his protection. Now this was no longer the case. The walls stood bare and alien, as if Kathar and the big, kind soul of Montsegur had flown away along with the souls of those burned...

The Cathars looked at the familiar stars - from here they seemed so big and close!.. And they knew that very soon these stars would become their new Home. And the stars looked down on their lost children and smiled tenderly, preparing to receive their lonely souls.
The next morning, all the Cathars gathered in a huge, low cave, which was located directly above their beloved - “cathedral”... There, once upon a time, Golden Maria taught KNOWLEDGE... New Perfects gathered there... There the Light and Good World Qatar.
And now, when they returned here only as “shards” of this wonderful world, they wanted to be closer to the past, which was no longer possible to return... The Perfect Ones quietly gave Purification (consolementum) to each of those present, affectionately laying their magic hands on their tired ones , drooping heads. Until all those “leaving” were finally ready.
In complete silence, people took turns lying down directly on the stone floor, crossing their thin arms over their chests, and completely calmly closing their eyes, as if they were just getting ready for bed... Mothers hugged their children to themselves, not wanting to part with them. A moment later, the entire huge hall turned into a quiet tomb of five hundred who had fallen asleep forever. good people...Qatar. Faithful and Bright followers of Radomir and Magdalena.
Their souls flew away together to where their proud, brave “brothers” were waiting. Where the world was gentle and kind. Where you no longer had to be afraid that, by someone’s evil, bloodthirsty will, your throat would be cut or simply thrown into the “cleansing” papal fire.
A sharp pain squeezed my heart... Tears flowed in hot streams down my cheeks, but I didn’t even notice them. Bright, beautiful and pure people passed away... of their own free will. They left so as not to surrender to the killers. To leave the way they wanted. In order not to drag out a miserable, wandering life in your own proud and native land- Occitania.
– Why did they do this, Sever? Why didn't they fight?..
– We fought – with what, Isidora? Their battle was completely lost. They simply chose HOW they wanted to leave.
– But they committed suicide!.. Isn’t this punishable by karma? Didn’t this make them suffer the same way there, in that other world?
– No, Isidora... They simply “left”, removing their souls from the physical body. And this is the most natural process. They did not use violence. They just "gone away."
With deep sadness I looked at this terrible tomb, in the cold, perfect silence of which the falling drops rang from time to time. It was nature that began to slowly create its eternal shroud - a tribute to the dead... So, over the years, drop by drop, each body will gradually turn into a stone tomb, not allowing anyone to mock the dead...
– Did the church ever find this tomb? – I asked quietly.
- Yes, Isidora. The servants of the Devil, with the help of dogs, found this cave. But even they did not dare to touch what nature had so hospitably embraced. They did not dare to light their “purifying”, “sacred” fire there, since, apparently, they felt that this work had long been done for them by someone else... Since then, this place has been called the Cave of the Dead. Much later, in different years, the Cathars and Knights of the Temple came there to die; their followers, persecuted by the church, hid there. Even now you can still see old inscriptions left there by the hands of people who once took refuge... A variety of names are intertwined there with the mysterious signs of the Perfect... There is the glorious House of Foix, the persecuted proud Trencaveli... There, sadness and hopelessness come into contact with desperate hope...

And one more thing... Nature has been creating its own stone “memory” there for centuries of sad events and people who deeply touched its big loving heart... At the very entrance to the Cave of the Dead there is a statue of a wise owl, who has been protecting the peace of the departed for centuries...

– Tell me, Sever, the Cathars believed in Christ, didn’t they? – I asked sadly.
The North was truly surprised.
- No, Isidora, that’s not true. The Cathars did not “believe” in Christ, they turned to him, spoke to him. He was their Teacher. But not by God. You can only believe blindly in God. Although I still don’t understand how a person can need blind faith? This church once again distorted the meaning of someone else's teachings... The Cathars believed in KNOWLEDGE. In honesty and helping other, less fortunate people. They believed in Good and Love. But they never believed in one person. They loved and respected Radomir. And they adored the Golden Mary who taught them. But they never made a God or a Goddess out of them. They were for them symbols of Mind and Honor, Knowledge and Love. But they were still PEOPLE, albeit ones who gave themselves completely to others.
Look, Isidora, how stupidly the churchmen distorted even their own theories... They argued that the Cathars did not believe in Christ the man. That the Cathars supposedly believed in his cosmic Divine essence, which was not material. And at the same time, says the church, the Cathars recognized Mary Magdalene as the wife of Christ, and accepted her children. Then, how could children be born to an immaterial being?.. Without taking into account, of course, the nonsense about the “immaculate” conception of Mary?.. No, Isidora, there is nothing truthful left about the teachings of the Cathars, unfortunately... Everything what people know has been completely perverted by the "holy" church to make this teaching seem stupid and worthless. But the Cathars taught what our ancestors taught. What do we teach? But for the clergy this was precisely the most dangerous thing. They couldn't let people know the truth. The Church was obliged to destroy even the slightest memories of the Cathars, otherwise how could it explain what it did to them?.. After the brutal and total destruction of an entire people, HOW would it explain to its believers why and who needed such a terrible crime? That is why nothing remains of the Qatari teachings... And centuries later, I think it will be even worse.
– What about John? I read somewhere that the Cathars supposedly “believed” in John? And even his manuscripts were kept as a shrine... Is any of this true?
- Only that they really deeply revered John, despite the fact that they had never met him. – North smiled. – Well, one more thing is that, after the death of Radomir and Magdalena, the Cathars actually had the real “Revelations” of Christ and the diaries of John, which the Roman Church tried to find and destroy at all costs. The Pope's servants tried their best to find out where the damned Cathars hid their most dangerous treasure?! For if all this had appeared openly, the history of the Catholic Church would have suffered a complete defeat. But, no matter how hard the church bloodhounds tried, luck never smiled on them... Nothing was found except a few manuscripts of eyewitnesses.
That is why the only way for the church to somehow save its reputation in the case of the Cathars was only to distort their faith and teaching so much that no one in the world could distinguish truth from lies... As they easily did with the lives of Radomir and Magdalena.
The church also claimed that the Cathars worshiped John even more than Jesus Radomir himself. Only by John they meant “their” John, with his false Christian gospels and the same false manuscripts... The Cathars indeed revered the real John, but he, as you know, had nothing in common with the church John-“ baptist."
– You know, North, I have the impression that the church distorted and destroyed ENTIRE world history. Why was this necessary?
– In order not to allow a person to think, Isidora. To make obedient and insignificant slaves out of people, who were “forgiven” or punished by the “holiest” at their discretion. For if a person knew the truth about his past, he would be a PROUD person for himself and his Ancestors and would never put on a slave collar. Without the TRUTH, from being free and strong, people became “slaves of God”, and no longer tried to remember who they really were. This is the present, Isidora... And, frankly, it does not leave too bright hopes for change.
The north was very quiet and sad. Apparently, having observed human weakness and cruelty for so many centuries, and seeing how the strongest perished, his heart was poisoned with bitterness and disbelief in the imminent victory of Knowledge and Light... And I so wanted to shout to him that I still believe that people will wake up soon !.. Despite the anger and pain, despite the betrayal and weakness, I believe that the Earth will finally not be able to withstand what is being done to its children. And he would wake up... But I understood that I would not be able to convince him, since I myself would soon have to die, fighting for this same awakening.
But I didn’t regret... My life was just a grain of sand in an endless sea of suffering. And I just had to fight to the end, no matter how terrible it was. Since even drops of water, constantly falling, are capable of someday breaking through the strongest stone. So is EVIL: if people crushed it even grain by grain, it would someday collapse, even if not during this lifetime. But they would return again to their Earth and see - it was THEY who helped her survive!.. It was THEY who helped her become Light and Faithful. I know that the North would say that man does not yet know how to live for the future... And I know that so far this has been true. But this is precisely what, in my understanding, stopped many from making their own decisions. Because people are too accustomed to thinking and acting “like everyone else,” without standing out or interfering, just to live in peace.
“I’m sorry I put you through so much pain, my friend.” – The voice of the North interrupted my thoughts. “But I think it will help you meet your destiny easier.” Will help you survive...
I didn’t want to think about it... At least a little more!.. After all, I still had plenty of time left for my sad fate. Therefore, in order to change the painful topic, I started asking questions again.
– Tell me, Sever, why did I see the sign of the royal “lily” on Magdalene and Radomir, and on many Magi? Does this mean that they were all Franks? Can you explain it to me?
“Let’s start with the fact that this is a misunderstanding of the sign itself,” Sever answered, smiling. “It was not a lily when it was brought to Frankia Meravingli.”

Trefoil - the battle sign of the Slavic-Aryans

– ?!.
“Didn’t you know that it was they who brought the “Threfoil” sign to Europe at that time?..,” Sever was sincerely surprised.
- No, I've never heard of it. And you surprised me again!
– The three-leaf clover once, a long time ago, was the battle sign of the Slavic-Aryans, Isidora. It was a magical herb that helped wonderfully in battle - it gave warriors incredible strength, it healed wounds and made it easier for those leaving for another life. This wonderful herb grew far in the North, and only magicians and sorcerers could get it. It was always given to warriors who went to defend their homeland. Going into battle, each warrior uttered the usual spell: “For Honor! For Conscience! For Faith! While also making a magical movement, he touched the left and right shoulders with two fingers and the middle of the forehead with the last. This is what the Three Leaf Tree truly meant.
And so the Meravingli brought it with them. Well, and then, after the death of the Meravingley dynasty, the new kings appropriated it, like everything else, declaring it a symbol of the royal house of France. And the ritual of movement (or baptism) was “borrowed” by the same Christian church, adding to it a fourth, lower part... the part of the devil. Unfortunately, history repeats itself, Isidora...
Yes, history really repeated itself... And it made me feel bitter and sad. Was anything real from all that we knew?.. Suddenly I felt as if hundreds of people I didn’t know were looking at me demandingly. I understood - these were those who KNEW... Those who died defending the truth... It was as if they bequeathed to me to convey the TRUTH to those who do not know. But I couldn't. I left... Just as they themselves once left.
Suddenly the door swung open with a noise and a smiling, joyful Anna burst into the room like a hurricane. My heart jumped high and then sank into the abyss... I couldn’t believe that I was seeing my sweet girl!.. And she, as if nothing had happened, smiled widely, as if everything was great with her, and as if she wasn’t hanging over ours. lives are a terrible disaster. - Mommy, honey, I almost found you! Oh, North!.. Have you come to help us?.. Tell me, you will help us, right? – Looking into his eyes, Anna asked confidently.
North just smiled at her tenderly and very sadly...
* * *
Explanation
After a painstaking and thorough thirteen-year (1964-1976) excavation of Montsegur and its surroundings, the French Group of Archaeological Research of Montsegur and the Environment (GRAME), announced in 1981 its final conclusion: No trace of ruins from the First Montsegur, abandoned by its owners in the 12th century, has been found. . Just as the ruins of the Second Fortress of Montsegur, built by its then owner, Raymond de Pereil, in 1210, have not been found.
(See: Groupe de Recherches Archeologiques de Montsegur et Environs (GRAME), Montsegur: 13 ans de rechreche archeologique, Lavelanet: 1981. pg. 76.: "Il ne reste aucune trace dan les ruines actuelles ni du premier chateau que etait a l" abandon au debut du XII siecle (Montsegur I), ni de celui que construisit Raimon de Pereilles vers 1210 (Montsegur II)...")
According to the testimony given to the Holy Inquisition on March 30, 1244 by the co-owner of Montsegur, arrested by Lord Raymond de Pereil, the fortified castle of Montsegur was “restored” in 1204 at the request of the Perfects - Raymond de Miropois and Raymond Blasco.
(According to a deposition given to the Inquisition on March 30, 1244 by the captured co-seigneur of Montsegur, Raymond de Pereille (b.1190-1244?), the fortress was "restored" in 1204 at the request of Cather perfecti Raymond de Mirepoix and Raymond Blasco.)
However, something still remains to remind us of the tragedy that unfolded on this small piece of mountain soaked through with human blood... Still firmly clinging to the foundation of Montsegur, the foundations of the disappeared village literally “hang” over the cliffs...

Anna looked at Sever enthusiastically, as if he was able to give us salvation... But little by little her gaze began to fade, because from the sad expression of his face she understood: no matter how much he wanted it, for some reason there would be no help.
“You want to help us, don’t you?” Well, tell me, you want to help, Sever?..
Anna took turns peering carefully into our eyes, as if wanting to make sure that we understood her correctly. Her pure and honest soul could not understand that someone could, but did not want to save us from a terrifying death...
“Forgive me, Anna... I can’t help you,” Sever said sadly.
- But why?!! Don’t you regret that we will die?.. Why, North?!..
- Because I DO NOT KNOW how to help you... I don’t know how to destroy Karaffa. I don't have the right "weapons" to get rid of him.
Still not wanting to believe, Anna very persistently continued to ask.
– Who knows how to overcome it? Someone should know this! He's not the strongest! Even grandfather Isten is much stronger than him! After all, really, North?
It was funny to hear how she easily called such a person grandfather... Anna perceived them as her faithful and kind family. A family in which everyone cares about each other... And where another life is valuable to everyone. But, unfortunately, they were not exactly such a family... The Magi had a different, separate life. And Anna still didn’t understand this.
“The Master knows this, dear.” Only he can help you.
– But if this is so, then how come he hasn’t helped until now?! Mom was already there, wasn't she? Why didn't he help?
- Forgive me, Anna, I can’t answer you. I don't know...
At this point I couldn’t keep silent any longer!
– But you explained it to me, Sever! What has changed since then?..
- Probably me, my friend. I think it was you who changed something in me. Go to the Lord, Isidora. He is your only hope. Go before it's too late.
I didn’t answer him. And what could I say?.. That I don’t believe in the help of the White Magus? I don’t believe he’ll make an exception for us? But this is exactly what was true! And that’s why I didn’t want to go to bow to him. Perhaps it was selfish to do this, perhaps it was unwise, but I could not help myself. I no longer wanted to ask for help from my father, who had once betrayed his beloved son... I did not understand him, and I completely disagreed with him. After all, he COULD have saved Radomir. But I didn’t want to... I would give a lot in the world for the opportunity to save my sweet, brave girl. But, unfortunately, I did not have such an opportunity... Even if they kept the most precious thing (KNOWLEDGE), the Magi still did not have the right to harden their hearts to such an extent as to forget simple philanthropy! To destroy compassion in yourself. They turned themselves into cold, soulless “librarians” who sacredly guarded their library. Only now the question was, did they remember, having closed themselves in their proud silence, FOR WHOM this library was once intended?.. Did they remember that our Great Ancestors left their KNOWLEDGE so that it would help them someday? grandchildren to save our beautiful Earth?.. Who gave the White Magus the right to unilaterally decide when exactly the hour would come that they would finally open the doors wide? For some reason, it always seemed to me that those whom our ancestors called Gods would not allow their best sons and daughters to die just because the “right” time was not yet on the threshold! For if the blacks slaughter all the enlightened ones, then no one will understand even the best library...
Anna watched me carefully, apparently hearing my sad thoughts, and in her kind, radiant eyes there was an adult, stern understanding.
“We won’t go to him, mommy.” “We’ll try it ourselves,” my brave girl said, smiling tenderly. – We still have some time left, right?
North looked at Anna in surprise, but, seeing her determination, did not say a word.
And Anna was already looking around in admiration, only now noticing what wealth surrounded her in this marvelous treasury of Caraffa.
- Oh, what is this?! Is this really the Pope's library?.. And could you come here often, Mommy?
- No, my dear. Just a few times. I wanted to learn about wonderful people, and for some reason the Pope allowed me to do this.
– Do you mean Qatar? – Anna asked calmly. “They knew a lot, didn’t they?” And yet they failed to survive. The earth has always been very cruel... Why is that, mom?
– It is not the Earth that is cruel, my sun. These are people. And how do you know about Qatar? I never taught you about them, did I?
A “pink” embarrassment immediately flared up on Anna’s pale cheeks...
- Oh, forgive me, please! I just “heard” what you were talking about, and it became very interesting to me! So I listened. I'm sorry, there was nothing personal in it, so I decided that you wouldn't be offended...
- Surely! But why do you need such pain? What the Pope gives us is enough for us, isn’t it?
– I want to be strong, mom! I want not to be afraid of him, just as the Kathars were not afraid of their killers. I want you not to be ashamed of me! – Anna said, raising her head proudly.
Every day I was more and more amazed at the strength of spirit of my young daughter!.. Where did she get so much courage to resist Caraffa himself?.. What moved her proud, warm heart?
– Do you want to see anything else? – North asked softly. “Wouldn’t it be better to leave you two alone for a while?”
– Oh, please, Sever, tell us more about Magdalene!.. And tell us how Radomir died? – Anna asked enthusiastically. And then, suddenly coming to her senses, she turned to me: “You don’t mind, do you, Mom?”
Of course, I didn’t mind!.. On the contrary, I was ready to do anything just to distract her from thoughts about our near future.
– Please tell us, Sever! This will help us cope and give us strength. Tell me what you know, my friend...
The North nodded, and we again found ourselves in someone else’s, unfamiliar life... In something long ago lived and abandoned in the past.
A quiet spring evening was fragrant with southern scents before us. Somewhere in the distance the last reflections of the fading sunset were still blazing, although the sun, tired of the day, had long since set in order to have time to rest until tomorrow, when it would return to its daily circular journey. In the quickly darkening, velvety sky, unusually huge stars flared up more and more brightly. The world around us was gradually preparing itself for sleep... Only sometimes, somewhere, the offended cry of a lonely bird could suddenly be heard, unable to find peace. Or from time to time, the silence was disturbed by the sleepy barking of local dogs, thereby showing their vigilance. But otherwise the night seemed frozen, gentle and calm...
And only in the garden enclosed by a high clay wall were two people still sitting. It was Jesus Radomir and his wife Mary Magdalene...
They spent their last night... before the crucifixion.
Clinging to her husband, laying her tired head on his chest, Maria was silent. She still wanted to tell him so much!.. To say so many important things while there was still time! But I couldn’t find the words. All the words have already been said. And they all seemed meaningless. Not worth these last precious moments... No matter how hard she tried to persuade Radomir to leave a foreign land, he did not agree. And it was so inhumanly painful!.. The world remained just as calm and protected, but she knew that it would not be like that when Radomir left... Without him, everything would be empty and frozen...

In 1951, on the northern coast of the Petrozavodsk Bay of Lake Onega, among the coniferous forests stretching on the southern slopes of a relict volcano, the Botanical Garden of Petrozavodsk State University was founded. Located on the northern borders of the natural distribution of a number of species of woody plants, it is a connecting link, the next introduction step between the St. Petersburg and Polar-Alpine botanical gardens.

AT THE FOOT OF THE DAMN CHAIR

On the vast expanse of forest belt east of Solomenny (Petrozavodsk region) under the highest mountain, Bolshaya Vaara, there is open area, from which the city is clearly visible. This tract of the Devil's Chair is one of the classic objects for studying the history of the development of our planet: 2 billion years ago active volcanic processes took place here; at the foot there are landslides and rocky screes - traces of strong (up to 8-9 points) earthquakes that occurred during the post-glacial period, which began 12 thousand years ago. One of the stone pieces, torn off by a sudden displacement and rupture of the earth's crust, formed an armchair-like niche, which gave the name to the rock and the entire tract.

The retreat of the glacier, which changed climatic conditions, was accompanied by a change in vegetation cover. At the first stages, it was very unique, combining the features of different natural zones: birch, steppe wormwood, annual and perennial grasses, subshrubs or, less commonly, shrubs and low trees growing here, representing the families of goosefoot and moss. At that time, Greater Vaara was surrounded on all sides by lake water.

In 1987, the Devil's Chair received the status of a geological natural monument of regional significance, storing information about the processes and phenomena occurring in this area since the Proterozoic, which began 2.5 billion years ago. The reserve functions as a base for practical training for students of Petrozavodsk State University, other universities in Russia and European countries, and excursions for tourists. This is a favorite vacation spot for Petrozavodsk residents. During the warmest post-glacial period - the Atlantic - the appearance of this area was largely shaped by broad-leaved species: linden, elm, maple and even oak. However, further climate cooling and anthropogenic impact made adjustments. Nowadays, the local vegetation includes a wide range of phytocenoses (communities) both typical and rare for Karelia. 80% of the area is occupied by forests dominated by Norway spruce ( Picea abies (L). H.Karst.) and Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.). Rare include individual populations of black alder ( Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn.) and cordate linden ( Tilia cordata Mill.), located on the northern border of the range. In addition, 395 species of vascular plants, 124 leafy and 44 liver mosses, and 117 species of lichens grow in the protected area. The flora includes 9 plant species listed in the Red Book of Karelia (2008), and 38 in the Red Book of Eastern Fennoscandia (1998).

STORY

The garden was founded in these parts during the difficult post-war years. People first started talking about it in June 1944 - immediately after the return of Petrozavodsk University from evacuation - the city of Syktyvkar (Komi Republic). Then the botanical departments raised the question of the need for a base for research work and summer educational practices. Since 1947, the project was widely discussed at the Academic Council of the Faculty of Biology with the active participation of the head of the Department of Plant Physiology, Doctor of Biological Sciences Avraamiya Kokin, Associate Professor of the same department Evgenia Ovchinnikova, the famous dendrologist, senior researcher at the Botanical Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Doctor of Biological Sciences Sergei Sokolov. Already in February 1951, the relevant authorities decided to allocate a land plot of 14 hectares in the area of the village of Solomennoye on the shore of the Petrozavodsk Bay of Lake Onega. It was part of the Zaonezhsky floristic region and had a relief characteristic of Karelia: terrace-like ledges, flatter in the western part.

In 1951-1963. The builders erected the main facilities: a house with offices for students’ summer practice, a laboratory building, a greenhouse, greenhouses, laid a water supply network, and roads. And specialists concentrated their efforts on collecting material for the main departments. In a short period of time, they created an extensive collection of decorative, economically valuable woody plants suitable for implementation in the practice of landscaping cities in the North and afforestation. Further enrichment of dendrological communities was carried out using methods of stepwise introduction, climatic analogues, individual and group selection, taking into account plant resistance to low temperatures, seasonal growth, carbohydrate content and enzyme activity. The garden area gradually increased to 80 hectares. Pavel Krupyshev, Candidate of Biological Sciences (1963-1993), who replaced Ivanov as director, focused on the study of fruit crops and educational activities: more than 50 excursions a year were held here for schoolchildren, teachers, tourists, and nature lovers. Employees continued to replenish the garden with new tree species, conducted scientific research with teachers of the biological and agricultural faculties, and formed a department of medicinal plants. In the same year, the Academic Council approved the structure of the garden, the arboretum, the departments of introduction (relocation of certain plant species outside the natural range), selection, fruit and berry crops, ornamental and medicinal herbaceous plants; seed laboratory and classrooms. The entire territory was divided into several zones: botanical exhibitions, a park part, experimental and collection areas, nurseries and brood plantations, protective plantings, and economic infrastructure. The first director of the garden was the scientist Mikhail Ivanov.

In 1994, the Botanical Garden expanded its “domains” to 367 hectares. Most of it was occupied by a protected area, the main purpose of which is to preserve the regional flora in- situ(from Latin “on the spot”) and the organization of practices in the specialty “ecology”. Under the leadership of the head of the Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Doctor of Biological Sciences Evgenia Markovskaya, in the mid-1990s, carried out a comprehensive study of the area with the participation of employees of the Karelian Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences and for the first time compiled geological, geomorphological, soil, geobotanical maps, carried out an inventory of the flora, including higher vascular plants , mosses and lichens. Assessing the current state of natural complexes, the history of their formation, monitoring populations of rare and endangered species and developing measures to protect ecosystems - this range of issues is still the focus of attention of the department of floristic and phytocenological research, headed by Candidate of Biological Sciences Elena Platonova.

“AND IN THE CITY THERE’S A GARDEN, ALL THE HERBS AND FLOWERS...”

The unique landscape created by volcanoes, glaciers and pine forests made it possible to create an attractive exhibition - an arboretum, which was based on a geographical principle. Initially, they decided to form 3 departments on an area of 5 hectares: European, Asian and American flora.

At the same time, biologists carried out phenological observations, studied the rhythm of growth and development of crops, and determined the winter hardiness of tree species. The formation of collections and scientific research took place in close collaboration with teachers from the Department of Botany and Plant Physiology of the university. Antonina Lantratova, Faina Kudryashova, Lyudmila Ganyushkina, Maria Mironova and Maria Chekhonina supervised work on the generic complexes of spruce, fir, larch, pine, oak, maple, rowan, birch and a number of shrubs. As a result of geographical sowing of Siberian larch and Norway spruce seeds, elite seedlings were selected from 25 reproductive regions, distinguished by phenetic characteristics: the color of needles and seed scales. The founder of physiological research was Arthur Olykainen. His work on the pigment composition of pine needles was published in Russian periodicals - Higher School Reports, Bulletin of the Main Botanical Garden named after. N.V. Tsitsin RAS, foreign press. On the initiative of university teachers Evgenia Ovchinnikova and Antonina Lantratova, centers for obtaining planting and sowing material were identified, including nurseries and botanical gardens Leningrad region, Moscow, many other Russian cities (Lipetsk, Penza, Kirovsk, Barnaul), as well as Riga and Salaspils (Latvian SSR). In 1953, to explore the surroundings of the city of Sortavala, located 287 km from Petrozavodsk, and the island of Valaam (Republic of Karelia), a scientific expedition was organized, which contributed to a significant replenishment of the collection. And Candidate of Biological Sciences Nikolai Sokolov, who previously worked at the Leningrad Forestry Academy named after. CM. Kirov, one of the oldest forestry schools in the world, launched multi-series experiments on growing various forms of Karelian birch in the nursery ( Betula pendula var. carelica(Mercklin) L.Hämet-Ahti). Plants that had its characteristic features were planted in the arboretum and border areas of the garden, and part of the material was transferred to forestry enterprises.

In general, during this period, biologists tested 420 taxa, identifying from them, on the basis of the greatest stability, elements of Eurasian and North American origin that underwent stepwise introduction. By the way, this method was also used to study the seasonal development of some woody plants, carried out in 1984 in close cooperation with the Polar-Alpine and Kaliningrad botanical gardens.

Much has changed since then. The trees and shrubs planted by the founders have grown. In the arboretum, which is now curated by Marina Potapova, there are now about 300 species representing the flora of Asia, Europe and North America. The territory allows the creation of large groups that imitate plant communities in nature.

Now the prospects for the development of the arboretum are associated with the cultivation of forms and cultivars of those species that have already been introduced and are successfully growing in the conditions of Karelia. Since 2002, Alexey Falin has been creating a collection of the genus Salix L., including various cultural groups of willows obtained from the Botanical Garden of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Ekaterinburg). Today it contains about 50 taxa that are promising for landscaping the cities of Karelia, and this is the largest collection in the North-West of Russia.

The new exhibition is a decorative arboretum created from varieties of thuja occidentalis, junipers, spruces, Norway maple, spirea and barberries. Its main donors were the botanical gardens of Moscow and St. Petersburg, the cities of Sochi and Tver, and the Bruns-Pflanzhen nurseries (Germany). By the way, the transfer of plants through several climatic zones far to the north occurred quite easily. One cannot help but think about the role of global warming, especially when a significant number of “alien” trees and shrubs produce viable seeds. IN last years For the first time, it was possible to obtain seedlings of red oak, widespread in the eastern United States, and horse chestnut, growing in Southeast Europe, India, East Asia and North America.

Now we can safely say: research on tree species has gone beyond the boundaries of our Botanical Garden. Arina Eglacheva’s PhD thesis presents the composition of the dendroflora of Karelia (402 species), identifying species-rich reserves that can be used for wider landscaping of urbanized areas of the region.

Vitamins for the peoples of the North

On the beautiful southern slope of the middle lakeside terrace, the first educational fruit garden was laid out in the early 1950s (largely through the efforts of the candidate of biological sciences Militsa Izergina). His pride is the winter-hardy varieties of apple trees, grown thanks to careful care and fruitful research work. Small-fruited varieties, including creeping forms, created at the Biysk Experimental Breeding Station (Altai Territory) turned out to be especially productive. Local reproductive areas also contributed to the enrichment of fruit and berry crops. Back in 1945, in the city of Sortavala, on the initiative of the aforementioned Abraham Kokin, a fruit and berry nursery was created - a source of planting material. A large number of seedlings were brought from the Sulazhgorsky fruit and berry nursery (city of Petrozavodsk), Valaam Island, from the Fruit Garden named after. M.V. Lumpieva (city of Olonets, Republic of Karelia). Our employee Pavel Kurkhinen, in the process of variety testing, selected the most successful fruitful and winter-hardy scions for Karelia. Particular attention was paid to the study of the microelement composition of fruit crops (Pavel Krupyshev). This topic is now of interest for solving the extremely urgent task of creating a diet balanced in microelements in the conditions of Karelia. In the 1990s, based on this collection, Vladimir Kovyaka created a research and production nursery. Nowadays it contains over 200 varieties suitable for cultivation in the Republic: traditional raspberries, garden strawberries, currants, gooseberries, sea buckthorn, apple trees and new varieties of edible honeysuckle, felt cherry, cherry plum, and actinidia. The nursery provides the Botanical Garden and the population of Karelia with varietal planting material of fruit and ornamental plants, which can be used thanks to container technologies throughout the entire growing season. Plants collected during expedition work and seedlings from other organizations also come here. But the main task of the fruit department (today it is headed by Tatyana Kirilkina, Candidate of Agricultural Sciences) is the preservation of genetic potential, identification, selection and replenishment of highly productive and winter-hardy crops.

FOR BEAUTY AND HEALTH

At first, the collection of floral and ornamental plants in our garden was small: 36 species and varieties (mainly gladioli, tulips, daffodils). Biologists selected them for resistance to low temperatures, pests and pathogens. At the same time, decorative forms that differ in color were especially carefully analyzed. As a result, a list of the most suitable varietal flower crops for landscaping appeared. Transferred in 1976-1980. city, they became a decoration of the streets and parks of Petrozavodsk.

The Department of Medicinal Plants, created on the initiative of the head of the Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Professor Alexey Shtanko in the 1980s, was formed on the basis of native and introduced species grown in small areas, taking into account their use in pharmacology. In 2004, the exposition was expanded “for health reasons”: students of the new department of pharmacognosy of the Faculty of Medicine of Petrozavodsk State University needed practice. Today it is an integral part of the garden's perennial herbaceous plants department.

Let us also note several original works by Tamara Smirnova, candidate of biological sciences. So, in 1996, under the canopy of pines near a small old pond, the Shadow Garden “settled”. It is based on the collection of Doctor of Biological Sciences Rimma Karpisonova from the Moscow Main Botanical Garden. N.V. Tsitsin RAS. Next to it we are forming the so-called Solar Garden, which already numbers more than 400 taxa.

WHERE WHAT COME FROM

There are two main sources of replenishment of our collections - expeditionary collections in nature and exchange, the activation of which is helped by the list of seeds published annually since the 1960s. Our research and production nursery is aimed at obtaining high-quality local reproduction material. Experience has shown that it produces the most stable and viable seedlings for further cultivation in the garden. Every year, up to 50-60 species are sown in nurseries.

When collecting seeds, we focus on plants of the local flora that are of greatest interest to our colleagues. In recent years, we have maintained relations with 150 organizations of the relevant profile for the exchange of material. Every year, the seed bank, supervised by Tatyana Timokhina, receives over 500 samples from 25-50 gardens in Russia and foreign countries. Our list usually includes 150-200 plant species, mainly local flora, collected in the protected area of the Botanical Garden.

"GAME" IN THE MAJOR LEAGUE

Botanical gardens are one of the most ancient and integrated scientific communities in the world. Its activities are now coordinated by the corresponding International Council for Plant Conservation, the Consortium of Botanical Gardens of Europe, and a similar body operates within our country. Having barely survived the crisis of the early 1990s, our team, headed since 1993 by Doctor of Biological Sciences Alexei Prokhorov, rebuilt the development strategy of its brainchild in accordance with the activities of the listed authoritative organizations. We are based on three priority areas: creating a new look for the garden that is attractive to visitors; study and conservation of the diversity of native flora; development and implementation of new information technologies.

Since 1997, the activities of the Botanical Garden have been supported by grants from the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, the Russian Humanitarian Science Foundation, the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, the International Council of Botanical Gardens for Plant Conservation, the American Charitable Foundation MacArthur, the Open Society Institute and the Russian Universities program.

The Congress of the Association of Eurasian Botanical Gardens, held in 1994 in the Subtropical Botanical Garden of Kuban (Sochi), was key in the search for new areas of work. Then experts paid special attention to the problem (by the way, also relevant for us) of registration and inventory of collections, the lack of appropriate software. After the successful implementation of Karelian programmers, in particular Mikhail Nesterenko and Vasily Andryusenko, the Botanical Garden of Petrozavodsk University became a center for the development of information systems aimed at studying and preserving natural resources, uniting many colleagues from Russia and other countries of the world.

For almost 14 years, we have been developing organizational, scientific and methodological support for the formation and analysis of a national collection of genetic resources of vascular plants ex-situ(note: in the botanical gardens and dendrological parks of Russia alone, more than 25 thousand of their species and over 29 thousand varieties and cultural varieties are currently cultivated). The desire to make this information accessible led to the creation of the search system “Botanical collections of Russia and neighboring countries,” which allows one to obtain information on the Internet about the localization of each taxon and its representativeness. Currently, it includes data on 100 meetings (77 Russian and 23 foreign). And recently another resource appeared - the information and analytical system “Botanical Collections of Russia”. From now on, each garden has the opportunity to make a comparative analysis of its funds, evaluate their species diversity, uniqueness, and, based on the knowledge gained, “adjust” its policy. Modern technology makes it possible to compare collections in similar climatic conditions and compile lists of potential introduced species.

The local system for registering the collection fund “Calypso”, developed at Petrozavodsk University, and adapted to work in the network of botanical institutions in Russia, has received wide recognition. Supporting world standards, it provides an inventory of genetic resources and the creation of automated banks of passport and assessment data of the relevant funds. Thus, Russian gardens have a real opportunity to fully integrate research within the framework of the established information space. It is no coincidence that Petrozavodsk hosted a school-seminar on computer technologies of the International Council of Botanical Gardens for Plant Conservation in March 1997, a meeting “Problems of greening northern cities” in the summer of the same year, and a conference dedicated to the 50th anniversary of our brainchild in 2001 “Strategy of the botanical gardens of Russia at the beginning of the 3rd millennium”, and in September 2008 - the XII Delegate Congress of the Russian Botanical Society (established in 1916 in Petrograd), convened every five years. To participate in such significant events for the development of botanical science, and especially to act as a host, is a great success.

AT THE FOOT OF THE DAMN CHAIR

On a vast expanse of forest belt east of Solomennoye (Petrozavodsk region), under the highest mountain, Bolshaya Vaara, there is an open area from which the city is clearly visible. This tract of the Devil's Chair is one of the classic objects for studying the history of the development of our planet: 2 billion years ago active volcanic processes took place here. At the foot there are landslides and rocky screes - traces of strong (up to 8 - 9 points) earthquakes during the post-glacial period, which began 12 thousand years ago. One of the stone pieces, torn off by a sudden displacement and rupture of the earth's crust, formed an armchair-like niche, which gave the name to the rock and the entire tract.

During the warmest post-glacial period - the Atlantic - the appearance of this area was largely shaped by broad-leaved species: linden, elm, maple and even oak. However, further climate cooling and anthropogenic impact have made their own adjustments. Nowadays, the local vegetation includes a wide range of phytocenoses (communities) both typical and rare for Karelia. 80% of the area is occupied by forests dominated by Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H.Karst) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris (L.). Rare populations include individual populations of black alder (Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn) and heart-shaped linden (Tilia cordata Mill.), located on the northern border of the range. In addition, 395 species of vascular plants, 124 leaf-stemmed and 44 liver mosses, 117 species of lichens grow in the protected area. The flora includes 9 species of plants listed in the Red Book Karelia (2008), and 38 - in the Red Book of Eastern Fennoscandia (1998).

EXCURSION INTO HISTORY

The garden was laid out in the difficult post-war years. They first started talking about him in June 1944 - immediately after the return of Petrozavodsk University from the evacuation of the city of Syktyvkar. Then the botanical departments raised the question of the need for a base for research work and summer educational practices. Since 1947, the project was widely discussed at the Academic Council of the Faculty of Biology with the active participation of the head of the Department of Plant Physiology, Doctor of Biological Sciences Abraham Kokin, Associate Professor of the same department Evgenia Ovchinnikova, a famous dendrologist, senior researcher at the Botanical Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Doctor of Biological Sciences Sergei Sokolov. In February 1951, the relevant authorities decided to allocate a land plot of 14 hectares in the area of the village of Solomennoye on the shore of Petrozavodsk Bay of Lake Onega. It was part of the Zaonezhsky floristic region and had a relief characteristic of Karelia: terrace-like ledges, flatter in the western part. In the same year, the Academic Council approved the structure of the garden, the arboretum, departments of introduction (relocation of certain plant species outside the natural range), selection, fruit and berry crops, ornamental and medicinal herbaceous plants; seed laboratory and classrooms. The entire territory was divided into several zones: botanical exhibitions, a park part, experimental and collection areas, nurseries and brood plantations, protective plantings, and economic infrastructure. The first director of the garden was the wonderful scientist and organizer Mikhail Ivanov.

In 1951 - 1963 The builders erected the main facilities: a house with offices for students’ summer practice, a laboratory building, a greenhouse, greenhouses, laid a water supply network, and roads. And specialists concentrated their efforts on collecting material for the main departments. In a short period of time, they created an extensive collection of decorative, economically valuable woody plants, suitable for implementation in the practice of landscaping in the northern cities of the country and afforestation. Further enrichment of dendrological communities was carried out using methods of stepwise introduction, climatic analogues, individual and group selection, taking into account plant resistance to low temperatures, seasonal growth, carbohydrate content and enzyme activity. The garden area gradually increased to 80 hectares. Pavel Krupyshev, Candidate of Biological Sciences (1963 - 1993), who replaced Ivanov as director, focused on the study of fruit crops and educational activities: more than 50 excursions a year were held here for schoolchildren, teachers, tourists, and nature lovers. The staff continued to replenish the garden with new tree species, conducted scientific research with teachers from the biological and agricultural faculties, and formed a department of medicinal plants.

In 1994, the Botanical Garden expanded its holdings to 367 hectares. Most of it was occupied by a protected area, the main purpose of which is the preservation of regional flora in situ and the organization of practices in the specialty "ecology". Under the leadership of the head of the Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Doctor of Biological Sciences Evgenia Markovskaya, in the mid-1990s they conducted a comprehensive study of the area with the participation of employees of the Karelian Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences and for the first time compiled geological, geomorphological, soil, geobotanical maps, carried out an inventory of flora, including higher vascular plants, mosses and lichens. Assessing the current state of natural complexes, the history of their formation, monitoring populations of rare and endangered species and developing measures to protect ecosystems - this range of issues is still the focus of attention of the department of floristic and phytocenological research, headed by Candidate of Biological Sciences Elena Platonova.

"AND IN THE CITY THERE IS A GARDEN, ALL HERBS AND FLOWERS..."

Arboretum (or arboretum)- an area allocated for the cultivation in an open pound of woody plants, located according to systematic, ecological, decorative and other characteristics.

On the initiative of university teachers Evgenia Ovchinnikova and Antonina Lantratova, centers for obtaining planting and sowing material were identified, including nurseries and botanical gardens of the Leningrad region, Moscow, other Russian cities - Lipetsk, Penza, Kirovsk, Barnaul, as well as Riga and Salaspils (Republic of Latvia). In 1953, a scientific expedition was organized to explore the surroundings of the city of Sortavala, located 287 km from Petrozavodsk, and the island of Valaam, which contributed to a significant replenishment of the collection. And Candidate of Biological Sciences Nikolai Sokolov, who previously worked at the Leningrad Forestry Academy named after. CM. Kirov, one of the oldest forestry schools in the world, launched multi-series experiments on growing various forms of Karelian birch (Betula pendula var. carelica (Mercklin) L. Hamet-Ahti) in the nursery. Plants that had its characteristic features were planted in the arboretum and border areas of the garden, and part of the material was transferred to forestry enterprises.

In general, during this period, biologists tested 420 taxa, identifying from them, on the basis of the greatest stability, elements of Eurasian and North American origin that underwent stepwise introduction. By the way, this method was also used to study the seasonal development of some woody plants, which was carried out in 1984 in close cooperation with the Polar-Alpine and Kaliningrad botanical gardens.

Much has changed since then. The trees and shrubs planted by the founders of the garden have grown. In the arboretum, which is now curated by Marina Potapova, there are now about 300 species representing the flora of Asia, Europe and North America. The territory allows the creation of large groups that imitate natural plant communities.

Now the prospects for the development of the arboretum are associated with the cultivation of forms and cultivars of those species that have already been introduced and are successfully growing in the conditions of Karelia. Since 2002, Alexey Falin has been creating a collection of the genus Salix L., including various cultural groups of willows obtained from the Botanical Garden of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Ekaterinburg). Today it contains about 50 taxa that are promising for landscaping the cities of Karelia - this is the largest collection in the north-west of Russia.

The new exhibition is a decorative arboretum created from varieties of thuja occidentalis, junipers, spruces, Norway maple, spirea and barberries. Its main donors were the botanical gardens of Moscow and St. Petersburg, the cities of Sochi and Tver, and the Bruns-Pflanzhen nurseries (Germany). By the way, the transfer of plants through several climatic zones far to the north occurred quite easily. One cannot help but think about the role of global warming, especially when a significant number of “alien” trees and shrubs produce viable seeds. In recent years, for the first time, seedlings of red oak, widespread in the eastern United States, and horse chestnut, native to Southeast Europe, India, East Asia and North America, have been obtained.

VITAMINS FOR NORTHERNERS

Our employee Pavel Kurkhinen, in the process of variety testing, selected the most successful fruitful and winter-hardy scions for Karelia. Particular attention was paid to the study of the microelement composition of fruit crops (Pavel Krupyshev). This topic is now of interest for solving the extremely urgent task of creating a diet balanced in microelements in the conditions of Karelia. In the 1990s, based on this collection, Vladimir Kovyaka created a research and production nursery. Nowadays it contains over 200 varieties suitable for cultivation in the republic: traditional raspberries, garden strawberries, currants, gooseberries, sea buckthorn, apple trees and new varieties of edible honeysuckle, felt cherry, cherry plum, and actinidia. The nursery provides the Botanical Garden and the population of Karelia with varietal planting material of fruit and ornamental plants, which can be used thanks to container technologies throughout the entire growing season. Plants collected during expedition work and seedlings from other organizations also come here. But the main task of the fruit department (today it is headed by Tatyana Kirilkina, Candidate of Agricultural Sciences) is the preservation of genetic potential, identification, selection and replenishment of highly productive and winter-hardy crops.

FOR BEAUTY AND HEALTH

At first, the collection of floral and ornamental plants in our garden was small: 36 species and varieties (mainly gladioli, tulips, daffodils). Biologists selected them for resistance to low temperatures, pests and pathogens. At the same time, decorative forms that differ in color were especially carefully analyzed. As a result, a list of the most suitable varietal flower crops for landscaping appeared. Transferred in 1976 - 1980 city, they became a decoration of the streets and parks of Petrozavodsk.

The Department of Medicinal Plants, created on the initiative of the head of the Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Professor Alexey Shtanko in the 1980s, was formed on the basis of native and introduced species grown in small areas, taking into account their use in pharmacology. In 2004, the exhibition was expanded “according to vital indications”: students of the new department of pharmacognosy of the Faculty of Medicine of Petrozavodsk State University needed practice. Today it is an integral part of the garden's perennial herbaceous plants department.

Let us also note several original works by Tamara Smirnova, candidate of biological sciences. So, in 1996, under the canopy of pines near a small old pond, the Shadow Garden “settled”. It is based on the collection of Doctor of Biological Sciences Rimma Karpisonova from the Moscow Main Botanical Garden. N.V. Tsitsin RAS. Next to it we are forming a Solar Garden, which already numbers more than 400 taxa.

WHERE WHAT COME FROM

There are two main sources of replenishment of our collections - expeditionary collections in nature and exchange, the activation of which is helped by the delectus (list) published annually since the 1960s. Our seed laboratory is aimed at obtaining high quality locally reproduced material. Experience has shown that it produces the most stable and viable seedlings for further cultivation in the garden. Every year, up to 50 - 60 species are sown in nurseries.

When collecting seeds, we focus on plants of the local flora that are most interesting to our colleagues. In recent years, we have maintained relations with 150 organizations of the relevant profile for the exchange of material. Every year, the seed bank, supervised by Tatyana Timokhina, receives over 500 samples from 25 - 50 gardens in Russia and foreign countries. Our list usually includes 150 - 200 plant species, mainly local flora, collected in the protected area of the Botanical Garden.

"GAME" IN THE MAJOR LEAGUE

Botanical gardens are one of the most ancient and integrated scientific communities in the world. Their activities are now coordinated by the International Council for the Conservation of Botanical Gardens, the Consortium of Botanical Gardens in Europe, and a similar body operates within our country. Having barely survived the crisis of the early 1990s, our team, headed since 1993 by Doctor of Biological Sciences Alexei Prokhorov, rebuilt the development strategy of its brainchild in accordance with the principles of the listed authoritative organizations. It is based on three priority areas: creating a new look for the garden that is attractive to visitors; study and conservation of the diversity of native flora; development and implementation of new information technologies.

Since 1997, our activities have been supported by grants from the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, the Russian Humanitarian Science Foundation, the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, the International Council of Botanical Gardens for Plant Conservation, the American MacArthur Foundation, the Open Society Institute and the Russian Universities program.

For almost 14 years, we have been developing organizational, scientific and methodological support for the formation and analysis of a national collection of genetic resources of vascular plants ex situ (note: in botanical gardens and dendrological parks of Russia alone, more than 25 thousand of their species and over 29 thousand varieties are currently cultivated and cultural varieties). The desire to make this information accessible led to the creation of the search system “Botanical Collections of Russia and Neighboring States,” which makes it possible to obtain information on the Internet about the localization of each taxon and its representativeness. Currently, it includes data on 100 meetings (77 Russian and 23 foreign). And recently another resource appeared - the information and analytical system "Botanical Collections of Russia". From now on, each garden has the opportunity to make a comparative analysis of its funds, evaluate their species diversity, uniqueness, and, based on the knowledge gained, “adjust” its policy. Modern technology makes it possible to compare collections in similar climatic conditions and compile lists of potential introduced species.

The local system for registering the collection fund "Calypso", developed at Petrozavodsk University, and adapted to work in the network of botanical institutions in Russia, has received wide recognition. Supporting world standards, it provides an inventory of genetic resources and the creation of automated banks of passport and assessment data of the relevant funds. Thus, Russian gardens have a real opportunity to fully integrate research within the framework of the established information space. It is no coincidence that in March 1997 Petrozavodsk hosted a School-Seminar on Computer Technologies of the International Council of Botanical Gardens for Plant Conservation, in the summer of the same year a meeting “Problems of Greening Northern Cities” was held, and in 2001 a conference dedicated to the 50th anniversary of the garden was held. Strategy of Russian botanical gardens at the beginning of the 3rd millennium", and in September 2008 - the XII Delegate Congress of the Russian Botanical Society (established in 1916 in Petrograd), convened every five years. Carrying out such significant events for the development of botanical science in Petrozavodsk (and we acted as the host) is recognition of our work.

Doctor of Biological Sciences Alexey PROKHOROV, Director of the Botanical Garden of Petrozavodsk State University, Deputy Chairman of the Council of Botanical Gardens of Russia; Candidate of Biological Sciences Elena PLATONOVA, Deputy Director of the same garden; Candidate of Biological Sciences Antonina LANTRATOVA, Associate Professor of the Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Petrozavodsk State University

The Botanical Garden in Petrozavodsk is an amazing place where every visitor can make a fascinating journey through the northern hemisphere in an hour. On a not very large territory there is a magnificent collection of plants from Europe, Asia and North America.

Tract "Devil's Chair"

In the forest belt, east of the Solomenny district (Petrozavodsk), at the foot of the Bolshaya Vaara mountain, there is an open area from which the city is clearly visible. This tract was named “Devil’s Chair”. About two billion years ago there was active volcanic activity here. Rocky screes and landslides at the foot are traces of strong, about 9.0 magnitude earthquakes that occurred during the post-glacial period.

One of the huge stone fragments was torn off by a sudden rupture and displacement of the earth's crust. It formed a niche in the shape of a chair. This gave the name to the entire tract and rock. In 1987, this place was recognized as a geological natural monument of regional significance, which stores information about the phenomena and processes that occurred during the Proterozoic era.

Story

The botanical garden was founded in 1951 on the (northern) coast of Petrozavodsk Bay of the majestic Lake Onega, at the very foot of the “Devil’s Chair”.

The territory was divided into several zones:

park part;
botanical exhibitions;
collection and experimental areas;
brood plantations and nurseries;
economic infrastructure;
protective plantings.

The Botanical Garden (Petrozavodsk), whose address is Lenin Ave., 33, was headed by a wonderful scientist and unsurpassed organizer Mikhail Ivanov. Until 1963, construction of the main facilities was carried out on the territory of the park: buildings with offices for summer internships for students, a greenhouse, a laboratory building, greenhouses, a water supply network and roads were laid.

At the same time, botanists created a collection of valuable trees and shrubs, which were intended for landscaping northern cities and afforestation, as well as ornamental plants. Gradually the garden area increased to 80 hectares.

After some time, the Botanical Garden (Petrozavodsk) was headed by P. Krupyshev, Candidate of Biological Sciences, who focused on the study of fruit crops and the expansion of educational activities: more than 50 excursions were held here per year for schoolchildren and teachers, nature lovers and tourists. Meanwhile, the staff replenished the garden with new tree species and varieties, and conducted scientific research with teachers from the faculties of agriculture and biology. A department of medicinal plants was created.

By 1994, the Botanical Garden (Petrozavodsk) had expanded its grounds to 367 hectares. Most of the territory was occupied by a protected area. In the summer of 2011, a Stone Age object, the “Pagan Glade,” was opened in the garden in a solemn ceremony. This is a unique copy of a real clearing of the ancient Sami with a labyrinth of four paths and seid boulders.

Description of the garden

Its main departments were established in the very first years after its founding. At first it was planned to create only Asian, American and European departments of flora. Later, an orchard and a collection of ornamental plants and flowers appeared on the southern lakeside slope.

The Botanical Garden (Petrozavodsk) today occupies an area of 360 hectares. Here are located:

fruit and berry garden;
arboretum;
department of ornamental and medicinal plants.

The garden exposition, available for visits, occupies only 14 hectares, the rest of the area is protected area. It performs the main task - the preservation of the unique flora and natural landscapes of this region. The Botanical Garden (Petrozavodsk), whose collection is a little over 65 years old, although in this case this does not matter much, is an unusual collection of rare plants. The uniqueness of his collection lies in the fact that the park is located in harsh climatic conditions, where in winter frosts often exceed - 30 °C.

In addition to plants characteristic of these territories, you can see rare specimens that were brought from Asia, North America and other continents. Thanks to the enormous efforts of the park staff, the plants quickly adapt to new, difficult conditions and many of them even bear fruit.

Flowers

Flower lovers will find great pleasure in this park. Tourists from all over the country come to the Botanical Garden (Petrozavodsk) to admire them. We will tell you how to get here below, but now let’s return to the collection.

At first it was quite modest: 36 varieties and species (mainly tulips, daffodils, gladioli). Scientists carefully selected them for resistance to very low temperatures, pathogens and pests. They analyzed decorative shapes and colors. As a result of this work, a list of the most suitable flower varietal crops for landscaping was created. In 1980, they decorated the parks and streets of Petrozavodsk.

Medicinal plants

In the eighties, the head of the Department of Plant Physiology and Botany of the University of Petrozavodsk, Professor Alexey Shtanko, began the formation of a department of medicinal plants based on introduced and native species that are grown in small areas.

The exhibition was significantly expanded in 2004, since students of the Department of Pharmacognosy at Petrozavodsk University, which was created at that time, needed practice. Today it is an integral part of the herbaceous perennial plants department of the garden.

Karelian birch

This tree is considered the hallmark of the park. Souvenirs made from its wood are very valuable and cost a lot. The fact is that this species is characterized by extremely slow growth of radial wood - one millimeter per year. The population of the tree is very small in the world: there are small plantings in Scandinavia and the Republic of Belarus. The main part of the range is located in Karelia.

Sale of seedlings

In the courtyard of the main building of the university there is a store where you can buy seeds of cultivated varieties of rare plants. It is open from September 2 on Fridays from 14.00 to 18.00. Has its own nursery, Botanical Garden (Petrozavodsk). Seedlings are sold in the Solomennoye area on the street. Botanicheskaya, 2. The nursery is open on weekdays from 10.00 to 18.00.

Botanical Garden (Petrozavodsk): opening hours

Today the park occupies a vast territory. Entrance to its natural part is free and free. The exhibition areas of the garden can be visited on weekdays from 9:00 to 16:00. The entrance ticket costs 100 rubles. Tours here are held from May 1 to November 1 from 10:00 to 16:00. The Botanical Garden (Petrozavodsk), reviews of which are always positive, can be visited independently or as part of a small excursion group.

Order an excursion

If you want to view the garden collection, please call the administration in advance and agree on a time. Guided tours of the park are available for groups of no more than twenty people from Wednesday to Sunday.

In the garden you can organize a party, conduct a photo shoot or shoot a video. The excursion includes a visit to the Botanical Garden, fishing villages, and the Church of the Presentation. In addition, there are programs including lectures by experts and practical classes in gardening.

The best time to visit the garden is in the summer, when it is simply surrounded by flowers and greenery. At the end of May, the traditional Apple Blossom festival is held here. Everyone is invited to attend. If you find yourself in winter, don’t worry. At this time the garden is unusually beautiful. In addition, the New Year is celebrated here in an interesting and fun way.

Petrozavodsk, Botanical Garden: how to get there?

The park is located in the nearest suburb of Petrozavodsk. This is the village of Solomennoye in the northeast of Lake Onega. From the city center you can take buses No. 27, 23, 8, 4. They go towards the village you need. At the “Magazin” stop, you should get off and walk about two kilometers. First, you will cross the bridge, pass the Church of the Presentation, and turn right. From here Botanicheskaya Street will take you to the park.

Excursions and other services. Excursions and other services Petersburg Botanical Garden excursions

Purpose and activities of the Botanical Garden

Story

Organizational period

Creation and formation of collections

Modern period

Structure of the Botanical Garden

Department of Floristic and Phytocenological Research

Collection departments

Arboretum

Write a review about the article "Botanical Garden of PetrSU"

Literature

Main publications of the staff of the Botanical Garden of PetrSU

Publications of the Botanical Garden

Links

Notes

An excerpt characterizing the Botanical Garden of PetrSU

Purpose and activities of the Botanical Garden

Story

Organizational period

Creation and formation of collections

Modern period

Collection departments

Arboretum

Write a review about the article "Botanical Garden of PetrSU"

Literature

Main publications of the staff of the Botanical Garden of PetrSU

Publications of the Botanical Garden

Links

Notes

An excerpt characterizing the Botanical Garden of PetrSU

AT THE FOOT OF THE DAMN CHAIR

EXCURSION INTO HISTORY

"AND IN THE CITY THERE IS A GARDEN, ALL HERBS AND FLOWERS..."

VITAMINS FOR NORTHERNERS

FOR BEAUTY AND HEALTH

WHERE WHAT COME FROM

"GAME" IN THE MAJOR LEAGUE

Tract "Devil's Chair"

Story

Description of the garden

Flowers

Medicinal plants

Karelian birch

Sale of seedlings

Botanical Garden (Petrozavodsk): opening hours

Order an excursion

Petrozavodsk, Botanical Garden: how to get there?

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