Who created the summer palace of Peter I. History

Summer Palace Petra

The first thing that strikes you about this palace building is its rather modest size. And the second is that the Summer Palace of Peter I has survived to this day in its original form as a royal residence.

Summer Palace of Peter I in Summer Garden is one of the first stone palaces in St. Petersburg. It was erected in 1710–1714 under the leadership of the outstanding architect Domenico Trezzini. At the same time, by the way, the first Governor-General of St. Petersburg, Alexander Danilovich Menshikov, began the construction of his palace. True, on the other bank of the Neva and on another island - Vasilyevsky. In 1711, Peter I made the final decision to transfer the capital of the Russian kingdom from Moscow to new town- Saint Petersburg. Therefore, the construction of the palace was a kind of signal to the Moscow nobility and merchants that the royal court was going to the banks of the Neva in earnest and for a long time.

The location for construction was not chosen by chance. Here, before the founding of St. Petersburg, was the estate of the Swedish major Konau. And Peter quite deliberately tried to destroy all traces of the Swedish presence on the banks of the Neva. That is why, to the surprise of many, he did not use the large and powerful fortress of Nyenschanz and the city of Nyena on the right bank of the Neva for any purposes, after its capture by Russian troops. In fact, the Nyenschanz fortress was razed, that is, razed to the ground. And the city was simply ruined.

Palace of Peter the Great in the Summer Garden

The Tsar's palace was located in the northeastern part of the Summer Garden. The Summer Garden is the first regular garden in St. Petersburg, founded in 1704. It is known that Peter I personally took part in the design. The garden area was developed by a large group of architects and garden craftsmen. From the first years, boxwood, chestnuts, elm, apple trees, pears, and walnut trees, brought from warm regions, began to be planted in the Summer Garden. Following the example set by the Tsar in Moscow, greenhouses for growing melons began to be established. In Moscow, it was possible to grow surprisingly large and tasty melons in greenhouses. In Russia, unlike many countries, melon was served only for dessert.

The sculptural decoration and interior decoration of the palace was done by the German sculptor and architect Andreas Schlüter. Not far from the palace, on the banks of the Fontanka, A. Schlüter began work on the construction of a grotto, which was completed after the death of the architect by the architects G.I. Mattarnovi and N. Michetti.

The Palace of Peter I was not intended for ceremonial events, but primarily as the home of the Tsar and his family. The palace building with a distinctly austere appearance has a high hipped roof, decorated with corner gutters in the form of winged dragons. The main decorative element of the facades is a frieze of twenty-nine bas-reliefs separating the floors. Bas-reliefs serve to glorify Russia's military successes. Peter I is depicted here in the image of Perseus. Above the entrance to the palace is a bas-relief of the goddess of wisdom, patroness of sciences and crafts, Minerva, surrounded by banners and trophies.

According to the memoirs of contemporaries, the day of the founder of the city on the Neva developed like this: Peter got up early - at three or four in the morning. He walked around the room, thinking about his plans for the coming day. Then, before breakfast, I did some paperwork. At six in the morning, having had a light breakfast, I left the palace. I usually had lunch at 11 or 12, but no later than one in the afternoon. Before lunch, the king drank a glass of aniseed vodka, and before each new dish - kvass, beer or red wine. The traditional dinner consisted of thick hot sour cabbage soup, porridge, jelly, cold pig in sour cream (served whole, and the sovereign himself chose a piece according to his mood), cold roast (usually duck) with pickles or pickled lemons, ham and Limburger cheese. After lunch, Peter put on a robe and slept for two hours. By four o'clock he ordered urgent papers to be submitted for signature along with the report. Then he did what he loved - carpentry, working on a lathe, etc. I went to bed at 10-11 o'clock without dinner.

The palace is characterized by a strong contrast between its austere appearance and lush interior decoration. The Summer Palace is sometimes called a kind of monument to the Northern War, since the victories of Russian weapons are reflected in allegorical form in the bas-reliefs and even in the picturesque lampshades. On the ground floor of the palace there are two reception rooms, an office, a bedroom, a dining room, a room for the driver on duty, a kitchen and a dressing room. This is also where Peter is especially proud - the lathe where he loved to work. On the second floor of the building there is a reception room, a throne room, a bedroom, a children's room, a dance room, a green office, a kitchen, a dressing room and a room for the ladies on duty.

The palace is made in the Peter the Great Baroque style, as evidenced by clear proportions, numerous windows with small glazing, bas-reliefs, and a stucco frieze under the roof. The palace has retained its original layout and interior decoration. There are seven small living rooms on each floor of the building. In the interiors of the palace, first of all, one can note the carved oak panel in the lower vestibule with the image of Minerva, unique Dutch tiles in the kitchens and the office of Peter I, fireplaces with stucco bas-reliefs, picturesque lampshades and much more.

Soon the first stone embankment in St. Petersburg appeared near the Summer Palace. Until the middle of the 18th century, embankments and bridges in St. Petersburg were built only from wood. On the stone embankment near the Summer Palace near the Fontanka, a small “Havana” was built for parking the royal boats. Boats and other watercraft were declared by Peter's decree to be the main means of transportation in new capital. Therefore, the king demanded that every resident know how to handle a sail. Intending to accustom the residents of St. Petersburg to sailing rather than rowing, Peter introduced fines depending on the ranks of the violators, increasing for the first, second and third “disobedience” of the royal decree. The tsar appointed Ivan Stepanovich Potemkin to be responsible for the execution of the decree: “...to be your fiscal officer, so that people of all ranks who are located in St. Petersburg, when there is a wind, travel along the Neva River on ships with sails. And if anyone disobeys this great sovereign’s decree, then a staff will be taken against them...” Peter forbade the construction of bridges in St. Petersburg.

Later, the “Havanese” was buried, but recently, when archaeological excavations St. Petersburg restorers discovered its stone retaining walls, in which even iron rings for tying boats were preserved.

At the beginning of the 21st century, the Summer Palace, like the Summer Garden, came under the jurisdiction of the Russian Museum. And today the palace houses an extensive exhibition. Here are paintings with images of genre scenes, rare portraits, landscapes, canvases with images sea ​​vessels and battles. One of the most valuable exhibits of the museum is a wind device made in Dresden, mounted in a carved oak frame. Its mechanism is driven by a weather vane in the form of the figure of St. George the Victorious, installed on the roof. In the 60s of the 20th century, under the leadership of architect A.E. Hessen carried out a scientific restoration of the museum, which helped restore many of the original elements of the Summer Palace.

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The Summer Palace, one of the oldest buildings in St. Petersburg, was built on a small plot of land between the Neva and Fontanka, on the site of the former estate of a Swedish citizen, Major Connau. The author of the palace project was Domenico Trezzini; Zakharov, Matveev, and Schlüter took part in the design. The two-story palace is modest and consists of only 14 rooms and 2 kitchens. The palace became the summer residence of the emperor: Peter I rested here every summer from 1714 until his death in 1725.

Since the building was only used for summer time, then there was no serious heating in it. Thin walls of the house, ordinary frames in the windows, and next to them - two big rivers. All this in the difficult northern climate of St. Petersburg created additional difficulties for the preservation of a historical and cultural monument. As a result, by the time restoration began, the Summer Palace, according to experts, was already in a catastrophic state. But, although the total amount for the restoration of the unique building during the work was reduced almost four times (according to the chief architect of the State Russian Museum Irina Teterina, 220 million rubles remained from 891 million rubles), this did not affect the quality of the restoration and it was completed on time.

Palace of Peter I in the Summer Garden. Photo: Natalya Shkurenok

A special subject of concern were museum objects, the quality restoration of which had not been carried out since the 18th century. Due to limited funds, the restorers (the work was carried out by specialists from the Russian Museum, the complex of which has included the Summer Palace since 2004) restored some of the exhibits completely, including oak panels with the bas-relief “Minerva”, a wind device with a weather vane on the roof and a number of pieces of furniture , including a kitchen table and 3 cabinets, and some were carefully cleared of traces of earlier restorations and repairs and preserved - these are 11 picturesque ceiling lamps, 7 of which were approximately 2x4 m in size, 4 wall picturesque medallions, wooden panels and picturesque panels of the Green Cabinet .

A complete replacement of communications and waterproofing of the foundation were carried out. Unfortunately, the old, historical frames in the windows had to be completely replaced: both because they had fallen into complete disrepair, and for the reason that the building requires enhanced protection measures from the external environment, and for safety reasons.

Palace of Peter I in the Summer Garden. Photo: Natalya Shkurenok

The restoration of the Summer Palace of Peter I became the second stage of the project for the restoration of the entire Summer Garden, which began in 2009. In 2012, after the completion of the restoration and reconstruction of the Summer Garden, a competition was announced for design documentation for the restoration of the Summer Palace. According to preliminary plans, it was supposed to be completed by 2015, but due to problems with financing and organizational difficulties, work began only at the end of 2014, and the deadline was postponed several times. And only by the end of May 2018 the work was finally completed. Tours will soon resume in the Summer Palace of Peter I.

- the oldest building in St. Petersburg. Built in the Baroque style, it was used by the royal family only in the summer. Today the palace is a branch of the State Russian Museum.

Story

IN, which was the state residence, In 1710 the time came for the birth of the Summer Palace.


The Summer Garden itself appeared a little earlier than St. Petersburg itself

The territory for the development of the residence was determined for a reason. More in the second half of the 17th century there was a manor here with a garden, was the owner Swedish major Konau. Accordingly, among trees, swamps and water, this piece of land was already inhabited. Another reason for choosing was distance from construction noise on construction Peter and Paul Fortress. Peter I, despite his greatness and power, slept poorly, suffering from neuroses and mental illness, and even minimal noise disturbed him.

In 1710 the small wooden house that remained from the Konau manor on the site of the Summer Garden was dismantled. And right there began the construction of the Summer Palace.

In 1712, Peter had already moved into the unfinished palace, which he loved very much. Here he spent every subsequent summer until the end of his days.

After the death of Peter, until the 50s of the 19th century the building was a summer house for officials and courtiers. Despite the status of a summer residence, officials lived in it in winter, but only on the 2nd floor.

During the reign of Alexander I V warm time year in the Summer Palace They began to let the public in.Since 1934 years in the building A historical household museum opened. Since 2004 The Summer Palace became part of.

Architecture

Summer Palace – one of the oldest buildings in St. Petersburg. The building is completed in the Petrine Baroque style. At the palace strict appearance, high roof with four slopes. Clear proportions, lots of windows, under the roof - bas-reliefs and stucco frieze– a clear stylistic expression of the Baroque. Gutters completed in the form of winged dragons, and used to separate floors 29 bas-reliefs. They represent scenes of ancient mythology. Allegorically, the bas-reliefs tell the story of the Northern War. Decor four The facades are made with a frieze.

Entrance to the palace decorates Roman goddess of wisdom Minerva, surrounded by battle trophies and victorious banners. Marine theme traceable on the facades. Here you can see newts, nereids, hippocampal seahorses with fish tails in their scales. There are also figures of ancient deities and heroes, dolphins - as symbols of sea tranquility that guard the palace. And the roof of the summer residence is crowned weather vane in the form of the figure of St. George the Victorious, defender of the ancient Russian army.

Architects and creators of the palace

By and designer of the Summer Palace is . Chief architect and sculptor, outstanding German Andreas Schlüter was responsible for the facades and interior decoration palace Not far from the residence, on the Fontanka embankment He Also began to build a grotto. Finished construction of the grotto after the death of Schlüter Mattarnovi and Michetti.

Later, in 1826, the grotto turned into a Coffee House thanks to K. I. Rossi

Reconstruction

Summer Palace Peter I suffered during Great Patriotic War war. Shell fragments severely damaged the roof, plaster fell from the ceilings in the rooms, and frames and facades were damaged. In 1946, almost immediately after the war A quick cosmetic restoration was carried out. However, already in 1947, the museum's work continued.


The complete restoration of the palace was carried out in 1950-1960. The residence was restored to its original appearance, the floors were replaced and the heating system was changed. The walls were again covered with fabric, the design of the lampshades and the molding were also restored.

In 2015–2017, the palace underwent a comprehensive restoration, which was preceded by painstaking work by historians and art critics. During the work in the Summer Palace, the atmosphere of the royal home of the early 18th century was restored.

Interiors

On each of two floors the palace is located on 7 living quarters. There are no large rooms. On lived on the first floor myself Peter, on the second - Catherine. Both Peter and Catherine had their own Bedroom, Dressing Room and Kitchen: on the first floor - lower, on the second - upper. Catherine was content with one Reception, and Peter had two of them and Secretary. But on the second floor there were Dance room, Children's room and the famous Green Room, which still retains its original appearance and was Peter's home Kunstkamera.

The palace has marble floors, many mirrors and decorations. The stairs and panels on the walls are wooden and oak. Some rooms had large velvet beds. The walls were decorated with beautiful Chinese upholstery.

Both outside and inside the palace filled with allegorical symbols of victory in the Northern War. On the walls there are many paintings depicting sea vessels and battlefields; less often you can see portraits and landscapes.

The Summer Palace of Peter I in St. Petersburg was built in 1711–1712. designed by the architect Domenico Trezzini. Architects and sculptors from Western Europe: Andreas Schlüter, Georg-Johann Mattarnovi, Jean-Baptiste-Alexandre Leblond.

The Summer Palace of Peter I has a happy fate: after the death of Peter the palace never rebuilt, although there were some losses in interior decoration. The layout and appearance of the building, picturesque lampshades with allegorical content, pine wardrobes, tiled stoves and wall decoration with painted Dutch tiles, wooden paneling of the ground floor premises, interior decoration of the Lower and Upper Cookrooms and the Green Office have been preserved unchanged to this day. The unique wind instrument in the Cabinet of Peter I still shows the direction and strength of the wind, as well as time. On the second floor there is a Danzig wardrobe, in which, according to legend, Peter I kept his linen and boots.

The Summer Palace is valuable not only as one of the early architectural monuments of St. Petersburg, but also as evidence of the tastes, interests, and aspirations of Peter I, which were reflected in the architectural features of the monument.

To set up his residence, Peter I chose a habitable and advantageously located manor on a cape between the Neva and the Nameless Erik (now the Fontanka River), where the estate of the Swedish major Erich Berndt von Konow (Konau) was located - a small house with a farm yard and garden. At first, Peter could use the Konau house for living, but perhaps even then he built his own house for him. Ivan Matveev (Ugryumov), who from 1705 to 1707 supervised all engineering and construction work on the former Swedish manor. It was this building that I saw in 1710–1711. author of “Description of St. Petersburg and Kronshlot”: “Right by the river,” he writes, “the royal residence, that is, a small house in the garden of the Dutch facade, colorfully painted with gilded window frames and lead ornaments.”

On Peter’s instructions, a stone building was built on the site of his former house according to the design of the architect D. Trezzini. On April 17, 1712, Peter had already moved to live in the Summer Palace, and a year later the royal residence was visited by “overseas” guests: “On the third day [July] 6 Dutch and English trading ships came here, of which galliot and gukar (types of Dutch ships XVIII c.) they moored to me, that is, to my very chambers...”

After the death of Peter I, the Summer Palace lost its significance as a royal residence. Court servants lived here for some time . During the reign of Elizabeth Petrovna, Peter’s daughter, who honored the memory of her father, the “dilapidations” were repaired, and the former royal residence in the first half of the 19th century began to be used as a place for the summer residence of prominent dignitaries of that time.

For the 200th anniversary of St. Petersburg, an exhibition of monuments from the Peter the Great era was held in the Summer Palace. Portraits and engravings, banners, military weapons, pieces of furniture and applied art, books, and drawings were delivered from the imperial palaces, the Hermitage, and the State Archive. The bed of Peter I from the Alexander Nevsky Lavra, presented at the exhibition, is still on display at the palace.

After 1917, the palace was preserved as a historical and architectural monument, but did not yet have the status of a museum. In 1925, the palace was transferred to the jurisdiction of the historical and everyday life department of the State Russian Museum, where exhibitions were held that were not related to the historical past of the palace.

Since 1934, the Summer Palace of Peter I has become an independent museum of memorial, historical and artistic nature. At the museum's exhibition you can see the clothes of Peter I, furniture, paintings and engravings, and objects of applied art from Peter's time.

During the Great Patriotic War, the Summer Palace was damaged by a blast wave, but the damage was repaired already in 1946, and the following year the palace-museum was opened to visitors. In the 1960s The palace underwent a comprehensive restoration under the leadership of the architect A. E. Gessen.

Since 2004, the Summer Palace has become part of the State Russian Museum. In 2015–2017 A comprehensive restoration was carried out in the palace, which was preceded by the painstaking work of historians and art critics. During the restoration process, the atmosphere of a royal home from the early 18th century was restored in the palace.

Of particular note is the restoration of the picturesque lampshades in seven rooms of the Summer Palace, after which the darkened unique painting was brought closer to its original color. There was a feeling of air and floating of allegorical figures.

In the Green Cabinet, where Peter’s rarities were located in special display cabinets, which marked the beginning of the history of the Kunstkamera in St. Petersburg, the unique wall painting on wood of the early 18th century was cleaned and strengthened. The oak doors and shutters in the palace have been restored, and the parquet floors and fabrics on the walls have been updated in accordance with historical materials. Window sashes from the 19th century. have been replaced.

Particular attention was paid to the famous wind instrument (anemometer), which was ordered by Peter I in Dresden and installed in the Summer Palace in 1714. The device combines three dials: one of them is an hour dial, the other two are indicators of wind direction and speed. The arrows of the right and left dials are connected to the weather vane located on the roof through a shaft cut into the wall. The device is an integral part of the Summer Palace, its most unique rarity. The wind device has a carved frame on which mythological characters are represented: the lord of the winds Aeolus, the lord of the seas Neptune and sea emblems - rudders of ships, oars, tridents and a crown of rostra - prows of ships - crowning the frame.

Specialists carefully approached the restoration of the Lower and Upper Povaren, decorated with painted Dutch tiles. In Nizhnyaya Povarna there is a sink made of black marble, which is part of the water supply system of Peter the Great's time. Under the palace building, a brick vaulted tunnel has been preserved, which provided the operation of a flow-through sewer system - the first in St. Petersburg.

An updated gilded weather vane shone on the roof of the palace.