Population migration. Consequences of labor migration for countries of immigration

Population migration(Latin migratio - relocation) - the movement of people from one region (country, world) to another, in some cases in large groups and over long distances.. Russian scientist O. D. Vorobyova writes in her works that population migration is “ any territorial movement of the population associated with crossing both external and internal borders of administrative-territorial entities for the purpose of changing their permanent place of residence or temporary stay in the territory for study or work, regardless of whether it occurs under the prevailing influence of which factors - pull or pushing out."

Terminology

People who migrate are called migrants. There are external migrations (intercontinental, interstate) and internal (within the country - between regions, cities, rural areas, etc.).

Persons who moved outside the country - emigrants who moved to this country— immigrants. The difference between the numbers of the first and second is the migration balance, which directly affects the country’s population.

Various researchers put a wide variety of meanings into the concept of “population migration”.
The English scientist E. G. Ravenstein is the author of one of the first in-depth theoretical studies in the field of migration (1885). Having studied migration processes in Great Britain and North America, Ravenstein formulated eleven migration laws, on which many theories in the field of migration were subsequently based. The main ones are the following:

• Most migrations occur over short distances;
• the larger the territorial center, the more attractive influence it has;
• each migration flow has its own counter flow;
• height major cities to a greater extent due to population migration rather than natural population growth;
• the scale of migration increases with the development of industry and trade, and especially with the development of transport;
• economic reasons for migration are decisive.

There are as many definitions of “population migration” as there are authors of these definitions. V. A. Iontsev counted about 36 different definitions in domestic publications alone. Based on an analysis of foreign and domestic literature, V. Iontsev also developed the most complete classification of directions in the theoretical understanding of population migration. It includes 17 different approaches to the study of population migration, which, according to his assessment, combined 45 scientific directions, theories and concepts. Of these, 5 theories fall on the economic approach, 5 on the sociological approach, 4 on the purely migration approach, 3 on the demographic approach, 2 on the historical, typological, political approach, and one each on the remaining nine approaches.

Migration ensures the connection of geographically distributed (across continents, countries, regions within countries) natural resources and means of production with labor force, helps meet the needs of the population in obtaining work, housing, livelihoods, socio-professional mobility, changing social status, other characteristics of the population’s living situation, and so on.

Statistics

According to a report by the International Organization for Migration, the number of international migrants in 2010 was 214 million, or 3.1% of the world's population. If the growth of this indicator continues at the same rate, then by 2050 it will reach 405 million.

According to a report by the UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, published on September 11, 2013, the number of migrants in the world amounted to 232 million people or 3.2% of the world's population. The world's largest migration corridors were Mexico - USA with 13 million migrants (for January - August 2013), Russia - Ukraine with 3.5 million, Ukraine - Russia with 2.9 million, and Kazakhstan - Russia with 2. 5 million

Official data on population migration does not always show the full picture of what is happening. Thus, trainees and students who arrived in another country to undergo training, tourists, some of whom, having entered the country by tourist visa, are employed illegally. Also, basically no one takes into account migrants who are not registered, despite the fact that the purpose of their entry is often to find employment in the country of destination.

Classification of migration movement

Different types of migration include:

• external and internal;
• seasonal migration of tourists and agricultural workers;
• rural-urban migration occurring in developing countries during the process of industrialization (urbanization);
• migration from cities to rural areas, more common in developed countries (ruralization);
• nomadism and pilgrimage;
• temporary and long-term;
• pendulum;
• border or transit.

Classification by shape:

• socially organized;
• unorganized.

Classification by reasons:

• economic;
• social;
• cultural;
• political;
• military

Classification by stages:

• making decisions;
• territorial movement;
• adaptation.

Reasons for migration

The reasons for internal migration are searching for work, improving living conditions, raising the level and changing lifestyle, etc. Internal migration is especially common in countries with a vast territory, diverse natural, climatic and economic conditions. In countries with a vast territory, a significant place is occupied by seasonal migration of labor - temporary movements of labor to the countryside to perform seasonal and agricultural work, and from rural areas temporary seasonal movement to the city - otkhodnichestvo.

Main reason international migration is economic: the difference in the level of wages that can be received for the same work in different countries peace. The shortage of specialists in a particular profession in a certain region increases wages for this profession and, accordingly, stimulates the influx of migrants. External migration of the labor force is characterized by an increasing share of highly qualified specialists in its composition. This form of migration began in the 1930s, when the United States was able to select refugee scientists from Nazi Germany. At the present stage, the main directions of migration of highly qualified specialists are from countries of Eastern Europe to the USA, Canada, and a number of Western European countries.

Migration is partly due to reasons such as war (emigration from Iraq and Bosnia to the US and UK), political conflicts (emigration from Zimbabwe to the US) and natural disasters (migration from Montserrat to the UK due to a volcanic eruption).

Forced migration can serve as a means of social control for authoritarian regimes, while voluntary migration is a means of social adaptation and a cause of urban population growth.

Consequences of migration

Migration is a rather complex and controversial process. Having a number of advantages and positive results for the development of receiving and sending countries, it also leads to negative consequences. The more the country's population is involved in migration processes, the more acute its consequences. For example, migration helps to improve the material well-being of families, but at the same time, maintaining a family and raising children is made difficult by the absence of one or both parents.

Current trends in international migration

• growth of illegal migration (pronounced labor nature);
• increase in forced migration (mostly from Africa; due to increased armed conflicts in the world, aggravation of interethnic relations; 80% of refugees flee to developing countries; women and children create additional economic burden on host countries, which requires monetary costs);
• an increase in the demographic importance of international migration (in Russia, international migration plays a leading role in the demographic development of the country; in developed countries the same trend occurs);
• globalization of world migration flows (almost all countries are involved; countries with a predominance of immigration and countries with a predominance of emigration have been identified);
• qualitative changes in the migration flow (increasing the proportion of people with a high level of education, many countries have special programs so that a person stays there as long as possible - USA, France, Canada, Sweden);
• dual character migration policy(tightening and regulation of migration policy against emigration; at the same time, the defining component of migration policy is immigration).

Large numbers of migrants are received by oil-exporting countries in the Middle East, where 70% of the workforce is foreign. Countries also have a high migration balance Latin America(Argentina, Brazil, Venezuela), South-East Asia(Singapore, Hong Kong, Japan), Africa (South Africa), and Israel have a good migration flow from Russia.

Labor suppliers on the world market currently include India, Pakistan, Vietnam, Algeria, Mexico, Ireland, Turkey, and the CIS.

Scientific approaches to the study of migration

• Demographic approach

Studies migration from the point of view of reproduction and conservation of human populations, their numbers, sex age structure. The processes taking place in this area are closely related to the demographic security of the country (A. Sovi, A. Landry, F. Notestein, D. I. Valentey, A. Ya. Kvasha, B. S. Khorev, etc.).

• Economic approach

The most universal approach. Considers migration as one of the most important regulators of the working-age population, which stimulates healthy competition in the labor market. Most types of migration are caused by economic necessity and are to one degree or another connected with the labor market (A. Smith, T. Malthus, K. Marx, D. Keynes, etc.). Among the Russian specialists who studied migration within the framework of this approach are L. A. Abalkin, G. S. Vitkovskaya, Zh. A. Zayonchkovskaya, L. L. Rybakovsky, A. V. Topilin.

• Legal approach

Determines the legal status of different categories of migrants. Aimed at developing legal norms and legislative acts, regulating the fundamental rights of migrants (V. I. Mukomel, E. S. Pain, etc.).

• Sociological approach

Focuses on problems associated with the adaptation of migrants to new living conditions. Another understanding of the role of the sociological approach is revealed in the work of T. N. Yudina “Sociology of Migration”, which emphasizes the role of sociology as an integrative science and expresses the need to create an integral special sociological theory of migration.

• Historical approach

Research into the history of migration movements of a particular region using historical and demographic studies that describe migration in the context of the historical evolution of demographic processes (D. S. Shelestov, V. M. Kabuzan, V. A. Iontsev, etc.).

• Psychological approach

The main emphasis falls on the motivational nature of migration. Migration is considered as a way to satisfy a number of social needs, including the need for self-affirmation (V.I. Perevedentsev, T.I. Zaslavskaya, V.M. Moiseenko, etc.).

• Historical-biological approach

Mainly developed by Russian scientists L.N. Gumilyov and others. The main concept in Gumilyov’s approach is passionarity. Passionarity as a characteristic of behavior is activity manifested in the individual’s desire for a goal (often illusory). A passionary trait is a genetic trait that is inherited and, according to L. Gumilyov’s hypothesis, underlies the phenomenon of passionarity as a trait of the human constitution. Passionaries (carriers of this trait) are distinguished by particularly active migration behavior; their percentage in the ethnic group largely determines the migration movement of the entire ethnic group. For example, the second half of the 16th century in Russia was an era of high passionate energy of the Great Russians, the result of which was an unprecedented expansion to the east. Other examples: the beginning of the Great Migration, Arab conquests, Viking campaigns, etc.

The historical approach developed by the Russian scientist A.V. Yurin identifies three main stages in the development of population migration in Europe from the Time of the Great Geographical Discoveries to the present.

1. The first stage ended by the middle of the 20th century, when Europe was the main region of population outflow.
2. The second period - the mid-1950s - the end of the 1990s - characterizes Europe as the world's largest center of mass uncontrolled recruitment of foreign labor into low-paid and low-prestige areas of activity.
3. The third period, from the late 1990s to the present, is a period of active regulation and restriction of immigration into Europe, with preference given to highly skilled labor.

A gravity model can be used to theoretically estimate migration volumes. The gravity model of migration is a theoretical model, similar to Newton's Law of Attraction, used in urban studies that is used to predict rates of migration between two regions. Newton's law states: "Any two bodies attract each other with a force proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them." The geographical interpretation of this law uses the replacement of the concepts of "body" and "mass" with the concepts of "regions" and "significance", where significance can be measured in units of population, gross product volume or other suitable quantity. The gravity model of migration is based on the idea that as the importance of regions increases, the movement of people between them increases, and with increasing distance, other things being equal, it decreases.

Existential migration

Existential migration is a concept that arose as a result of phenomenological studies of the life of voluntary migrants who left their homes solely out of a desire to live in a foreign country. The purpose of such migration is essentially the knowledge of certain aspects of human existence that cannot be known in any other way. Research conducted through interviews revealed a number of motives underlying this: the desire to more fully realize one’s potential, the desire for freedom and independence, openness to new experiences, the perception of one’s otherness as a stimulus to expand self-awareness. Among this group of people there is a clear preference for everything strange and alien over everything familiar and traditional.

Information sources:

ru.wikipedia.org - population migration - Wikipedia;

Journal of International Law and International Relations 2012 - No. 4

international law - international migration law

Population migration: concept, causes, consequences

Alexander Fedorako

Reviewers:
Pavlova Lyudmila Vasilyevna - Candidate of Legal Sciences, Associate Professor, Professor of the Department of International Law, Faculty of International Relations, Belarusian State University
Dobriyan Sergey Vasilievich - Candidate of Legal Sciences, temporarily acting head of the Department of Administrative Law and Management of Internal Affairs Bodies of the Faculty of Police of the Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Belarus

From the moment of their appearance, people are in constant motion: natural (they are born, die), social (they change their social status, professions, sphere of activity, etc.), migration (they make spatial movements). But it was precisely thanks to migration that human settlement took place. to the globe. The appearance of the modern world is an illustration of the results migration processes.

Population migration in the 21st century. has acquired enormous proportions. In a world of 7 billion people today, at least 214 million live outside the countries of their birth, according to estimates by the Population Division of the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. If everything international migrants created their own country, then in terms of population it would rank sixth in the world.

Population migration is a complex social phenomenon that affects almost all countries of the world. Migration leads to quantitative and qualitative changes in the population of a particular region, the state as a whole, and affects various aspects of social life. Therefore, population migration is the subject of study of many sciences: geography, sociology, demography, economics, jurisprudence, etc. Geographers study population migration from the point of view of spatial redistribution of the population, demographers study changes in the size and age-sex structure of the population, sociologists study the influence on social development and social structure society, economists - redistribution of labor resources and economic development, lawyers - from the point of view of compliance with legal requirements, protecting public order, and ensuring national security. Migration issues were studied by such famous scientists as M. B. Denisenko, V. A. Iontsev, B. S. Khorev, I. V. Ivakhnyuk, V. I. Perevedentsev, L. L. Rybakovsky, A. U. Khomra and etc.

The purpose of this article is to analyze the concept of “population migration”, types of migration movements, the factors that cause them, and to make proposals for improving the migration legislation of the Republic of Belarus.

The term "migration" has Latin roots ( migration) and means movement, resettlement. However, the concepts of “displacement” and “resettlement” are not identical and have different meanings. It should be noted that in the scientific community there is no single view on the content of this concept. Back in 1987, L.L. Rybakovsky drew attention to the fact that “in demographic science, as well as in other sciences that study migration, not a single concept has as many different interpretations as migration.” V. A. Iontsev noted 36 definitions of the term “population migration” in domestic and 27 definitions in foreign literature.

A. U. Khomra tried to combine the definitions of population migration found in the scientific research literature into three groups:

a) the broadest - identical to the concept of “mobility”; in this approach, population migration is a sectoral, territorial, professional and social redistribution;

b) broad, representing migration as a set of mechanical, professional and industrial movements;

c) a definition in which population migration is understood as any spatial movement.

According to the classification of L.L. Rybakovsky, all definitions of population migration are divided into four groups. The basis of his classification is the essential point.

The first group of definitions confuses two such different phenomena as the migration process and the migration result. For example, N.N. Filippov and V.A. Sukov understand population migration as “its movement across the territory of the country; in the broader sense of the word, it represents sectoral, territorial, professional and social redistribution” [see: 20, p. 6].

The second group includes definitions that do not separate such different concepts as “movement” and “mobility”. Thus, L.L. Shamileva defines migration as a form of population mobility. L.L. Rybakovsky emphasizes that population migration should be understood as territorial movement, and mobility should be understood as the ability to migrate, i.e., potential migration activity.

In the third group of definitions of migration, there is a mixture of different types of movement, in particular migration and social. For example, M.V. Kurman believes that territorial migration does not exhaust the entire variety of types of population migration; The content of this term includes industrial migration (intra- and inter-sectoral), as well as educational and professional migration (characterizing the transition from one educational or professional group to another) and derives the concept of “social migration” that generalizes all forms of migration.

The fourth, most widespread and recognized by most researchers, group of definitions refers to migration only as territorial movements of the population. In addition, it should be borne in mind that territorial movements can be inter- and intra-settlement, while only the first of them can be classified as migration. Territorial movements are very diverse and vary depending on the distance of movement, the status of the objects between which the movement occurs, the timing and purpose of the movement. Even when migration means territorial movements of the population, various researchers attach a wide variety of meanings to the term “population migration.” It is no coincidence that many “adjectives” have appeared in both domestic and foreign literature, specifying this concept: seasonal, pendulum, irrevocable, temporary, shuttle, permanent, economic, forced, voluntary, environmental, labor, urban, rural, external, international, internal etc. .

L.L. Rybakovsky identifies three possible approaches to including various types of territorial population movement in migration.

Firstly, migration refers to the entire diversity of spatial movement of the population, regardless of its nature and goals.

Secondly, migration includes spatial movement between settlements, which leads to a permanent or temporary change of place of residence, and also represents a regular two-way movement between the place of residence and the sphere of work or study.

Thirdly, migration includes such a process of spatial movement of the population, which ultimately leads to its territorial redistribution.

Many researchers consider population migration in the broad and “narrow” sense of the word. So, for example, V.I. Perevedentsev considers population migration in the broad sense of the word as a set of all movements of people in space, and in the “narrow” sense - as a set of people’s movements, i.e. such movements across the territory that are inextricably linked with change of place of residence for a relatively long period. L.L. Rybakovsky believes that any territorial movement that occurs between different settlements of one or more administrative-territorial units, regardless of duration, regularity and target orientation, represents migration in the broad sense of the word. And migration in the “narrow” sense is a complete type of territorial movement, ending with a change of permanent place of residence. M. B. Denisenko, V. A. Iontsev, B. S. Khorev believe that population migration in the “narrow” sense of the word is an irreversible form of inter-settlement population movement (resettlement), and in the broad sense it is resettlement, pendulum and seasonal migration.

The legislation of the CIS member states generally does not contain a definition of the concept of “migration”. This is due, first of all, to the complexity of population migration as a social phenomenon, characterized by an extraordinary variety of territorial movements, as well as problems associated with developing an unambiguous view on the interpretation of the concept of “migration”. An exception is the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan “On Migration of the Population” dated July 22, 2011. Paragraph 9 of Article 1 of this Law provides the following definition of migration: “migration is permanent or temporary, voluntary or forced movement individuals from one state to another, as well as within a state." The definition of the term “migration” was previously enshrined in Article 1 of the Law of the Republic of Moldova of December 6, 2002 “On Migration”, according to which “migration is the territorial movement of persons accompanied by a change in place of residence.” Unfortunately, at present, in the Law of the Republic of Moldova “On the regime of foreigners in the Republic of Moldova” (which repealed the above-mentioned Law “On Migration”) there is no definition of the concept of “population migration”. In accordance with the definition contained in the Government Decree Russian Federation of November 10, 1997, which approved the Federal Migration Program for 1998-2000, “migration is the movement of people across the borders of certain territorial entities for various reasons for the purpose of permanent or temporary change of place of residence.”

It should be noted that the legislation of the Republic of Belarus, despite its widespread use, does not define such concepts as “population migration”, “international (external) population migration”, “migrant”, “illegal migration”, “illegal migrant”. Only the content of such a concept as “external labor migration” is disclosed in the Law of the Republic of Belarus “On External Labor Migration”. Thus, in accordance with Article 1 of this Law, “external labor migration is departure from the Republic of Belarus for employment and labor activities in employment contract in the state of employment, as well as entry into the Republic of Belarus for employment and carrying out labor activities under an employment contract and carrying out such activities in the Republic of Belarus.” This definition cannot be considered perfect, since it is impersonal and does not give an exact answer to the question: what is external labor migration? Currently, the issue of development and legislative consolidation of the above concepts is very relevant. We believe that first of all it is necessary to define what international (external) migration is. We believe that “international migration of people is the territorial movements of people across the state borders of states, regardless of the purposes, reasons, time and distance of these movements, which lead to a change in both the place of their permanent or temporary residence, and legal status.”

It is also important to determine the types of migration movements. Despite the close attention of scientists in many countries to this phenomenon, there is no single generally accepted classification of population migration. Spatial movements are diverse in nature and, depending on the applied target features, can be classified into different types.

For example, A. U. Homra, having based the classification of forms of migration on the purpose of departure, distinguishes between production and non-production migrations. Industrial migration, in turn, is associated with work in industry, agriculture, forestry and other sectors. Non-productive ones are divided into population migrations for the purposes of service, consumption, and recreation. Depending on the category of administrative-territorial borders crossed by migrants, he identifies intra-village, inter-district and intra-district, interstate and intra-state forms of population migration. A. U. Khomra also believes that there are spontaneous and non-spontaneous, voluntary and forced, organized and unorganized forms of population migration.

Other scientists have also made attempts to classify population migration. Thus, M. B. Denisenko, V. A. Iontsev, B. S. Khorev proposed to strictly classify population migration, limiting it to three main categories: type, type and form. Considering that migration movements occur both within the country and between countries, they distinguish two main types of population migration: international (interstate, external) and internal (intrastate). International migration is divided into immigration and emigration. Immigration (from lat. immigro- moving in) is the entry into the country of foreigners for the purpose of permanent residence in it or long stay and, as a rule, obtaining citizenship. Emigration (from Lat. emigre- moving out, moving) is leaving one country for another for permanent residence (sometimes for an indefinitely long time), usually with a change in citizenship. The main types of migration are considered by M. B. Denisenko, V. A. Iontsev and B. S. Khorev: resettlement (irrevocable, stationary migration), seasonal and pendulum migration. Based on their form, they distinguish between organized and unorganized migrations. Undoubtedly, this approach is a step forward in the scientific understanding of migration movements. This classification of population migration allows us to reflect various territorial movements in an interconnected hierarchical system. However, it is impossible to consider this classification exhaustive, since it does not take into account other essential criteria, for example, the reasons, motives of migration movements, the legality of such movements, etc.

Thus, if we consider the causes of migration movements as a classification feature, then population migration is divided into economic, political, environmental, recreational, family, ethnic, etc.

Political migration occurs due to various types of persecution, as well as emergency situations of a political nature (wars, revolutions, armed clashes, political deportations, etc.). The reasons for economic migration are a low standard of living, the desire to earn money, find a decent job, etc. Economic migration includes labor and shuttle migration. They differ in that during labor migration the migrant “sells” his labor in the country of entry, and “shuttles” in a foreign country only purchase goods that they sell in their homeland. In turn, labor migration is divided into migration of low-skilled and highly skilled labor. International labor migration plays an increasingly important role in the overall flow of international world migrations. Currently, almost all countries of the world participate in the international exchange of labor resources as importers and exporters of labor. According to the International Labor Organization, at the end of the 20th century. There were a total of at least 120 million legal migrant workers and members of their families in the world. Environmental migration is caused by the catastrophic state of the environment in certain regions of the Earth (floods, desertification, anthropogenic environmental disasters - radiation contamination of the territory, etc.). Kinship migration is migration for family reasons; associated, as a rule, with family reunification. Recreational migration is territorial movements for the purposes of recreation or tourism. Ethnic migration is the territorial movement of individual peoples and ethnic groups: both moving to their historical homeland (Germans in Germany, Jews in Israel), and eviction from inhabited lands (Crimean Tatars, Chechen people during the USSR, etc.).

Migration of the population, based on the duration of the migrant’s absence in the places of exit and the duration of his stay in the places of entry, can be long-term (irrevocable) and short-term (seasonal and other temporary order).

Depending on the motives for movement, voluntary and forced migration can be distinguished. Voluntary migration is the movement of people in space of their own free will. In forced migration, movement is carried out due to emergency circumstances that threaten human life or health. The immediate causes of forced migration are individual persecution, war, generalized violence, serious violations of human rights, torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, etc.

From the point of view of compliance with the requirements of migration legislation, migration can be legal and illegal. Despite the active use of the term “illegal migration” in national legislation, there is no clear, unambiguous definition of it. We believe that “illegal migration is migration that occurs in violation of the requirements of legal norms adopted in a particular state and establishing the grounds and procedure for entry into the country, transit passage, stay and exit from the country foreign citizens and stateless persons."

It is also worth noting the variety of terms used internationally and nationally to refer to people who enter or remain in a country without appropriate authorization from the authorities. They are called differently: illegal migrants, illegal migrants, migrants with an irregular status, persons with an irregular status, etc. At the international level, there have been attempts to develop a single term for this category of persons. Thus, at the International Conference on Population and Development in 1994, it was proposed to use the term “undocumented persons”. However, it cannot be considered successful, since a migrant who entered in compliance with all legal requirements (for example, having a national passport, entry visa, etc.) but did not leave the country after the expiration of the permitted period of stay can become illegal. The International Symposium on Migration in Bangkok in 1999 recommended the use of the term “person in an irregular situation.” This term more accurately defines the legal status of this category of persons.

In accordance with Article 1 of the Agreement on cooperation between member states of the Commonwealth of Independent States in the fight against illegal migration, “illegal migrants are citizens of third states and stateless persons who have violated the rules of entry, exit, stay or transit through the territories of the Parties, as well as citizens of the Parties, who have violated the rules of stay on the territory of one of the Parties established by its national legislation.” It should be noted that in accordance with the above Agreement, citizens of the CIS member states who entered or left the territory
of the Republic of Belarus in violation of established rules do not fall under the concept of “illegal migrants”. We consider this to be unfounded, since, for example, a citizen of a CIS member state who entered the Republic of Belarus without a national passport or a document replacing it, or who crosses the State Border outside checkpoints (if any), cannot be recognized as a legal migrant. Sometimes people who are in the country legally but are engaged in illegal (illegal) labor activities are also mistakenly considered illegal migrants. In our opinion, the most acceptable term is “illegal migrant”, since, firstly, violation of legal requirements occurs during spatial movement, and secondly, the essence of these violations is the failure to comply with the requirements of legal norms adopted in a particular state establishing grounds and procedure for entry into the country, transit, stay and exit from the country of foreign citizens and stateless persons. We believe that an illegal migrant is a foreigner who has violated the requirements of the legislation defining the rules of entry into the country, transit passage, stay and departure from the host country.

To avoid possible problems in law enforcement when determining the status of foreigners in the Republic of Belarus, the issue of legislative consolidation of such related concepts as “legally...” and “illegal foreigner in the country” is relevant. Unfortunately, the legislation of the Republic of Belarus does not contain these definitions. This is unjustified from either a theoretical or a practical point of view. For comparison, the legislation of the Russian Federation has a definition of both legally and illegally staying foreigners on the territory of the Russian Federation. Thus, in accordance with Article 2 of the Federal Law “On legal status foreign citizens and stateless persons in the Russian Federation" "a foreign citizen legally present in the Russian Federation is a person who has a valid residence permit, or temporary residence permit, or visa and (or) migration card, or other documents provided for by federal law or an international treaty of the Russian Federation confirming the right of a foreign citizen to stay (reside) in the Russian Federation.” It should be noted that the above definition is not entirely acceptable, since the criterion for the legality of the presence of foreigners does not include the requirement to comply with other provisions of migration legislation (in addition to the requirement to have documents confirming the right of a foreign citizen to stay (reside) in the country). For example, a foreigner who has a valid residence permit should not be considered lawfully present if his permanent residence permit is revoked and his residence permit is not withdrawn for any reason. And according to Article 25.10 of the Federal Law “On the procedure for leaving the Russian Federation and entering the Russian Federation”, “those illegally staying on the territory of the Russian Federation are a foreign citizen or a stateless person who entered the territory of the Russian Federation in violation of established rules, or who do not have documents, confirming the right to stay (residence) in the Russian Federation, or who have lost such documents and have not submitted a corresponding application to the territorial body of the federal executive body authorized to exercise control and supervision functions in the field of migration, or who are avoiding leaving the Russian Federation after the expiration of period of stay (residence) in the Russian Federation, as well as those who violated the rules of transit travel through the territory of the Russian Federation.” This definition generally reflects the essence of this category of migrants, but contains a very dubious statement that a foreigner who is illegally in the country is a foreigner who has lost documents confirming the right to stay (reside) in the Russian Federation and has not submitted a corresponding application to the authorized bodies. Firstly, the definition does not indicate the time frame for filing a complaint regarding the loss of documents; secondly, cases are not named when the loss of documents cannot be considered as illegal presence. It is impossible, for example, to recognize a foreigner who has a permanent residence permit as illegally staying in the country due to the loss of his residence permit. After all, instead of what was lost, it is given the new kind residence and the foreigner does not lose the right to permanent residence in the country.

Taking into account the above, we believe that Article 1 of the Law of the Republic of Belarus “On the legal status of foreign citizens and stateless persons in the Republic of Belarus” must be supplemented with definitions of legally and illegally staying foreigners. We offer the following definitions:

“a foreigner legally staying in the Republic of Belarus is a person who has a permanent residence permit in the Republic of Belarus, or a person who has received a temporary residence permit for the period of its validity, or a person temporarily staying in the Republic of Belarus who has documents confirming the right of a foreigner to stay in Republic of Belarus, which has not violated the legislation on the legal status
foreigners in the Republic of Belarus";

“a foreigner illegally staying in the Republic of Belarus is a foreign citizen or stateless person who entered the territory of the Republic of Belarus in violation of established rules, or does not have identification documents confirming the right to enter and (or) stay (reside) in the Republic of Belarus, or who have lost such documents and have not submitted a corresponding application to the authorized body within the time period established by law, or who have evaded leaving the Republic of Belarus after the expiration of the permitted period of stay (residence) in the Republic of Belarus, as well as who have violated the rules of transit travel through the territory of the Republic of Belarus.”

Various types and forms of population migration have unequal social and economic significance. Thus, constant migration changes the size and composition of the permanent population. Commuting migration does not change the size and composition of the permanent population, but it does affect the supply of labor to enterprises.

Please note that between various types There is no absolute isolation of territorial movements, since one type of migration can turn into another. Thus, a labor migrant who went to work temporarily in a foreign country may eventually receive a permanent residence permit, i.e. temporary migration may turn into permanent.

Population migration is not just a mechanical movement of people in space, but is a complex, multifaceted social process. And like any process, it is a collection of phenomena of the same order. A feature of the migration process is the presence of certain successively changing stages. The first stage is the emergence of causes and conditions for migration that determine its nature; the second stage is leaving your country, moving through transit countries and entering the destination country; the third is settling in the country, employment, integration into the host society, obtaining citizenship or returning to their homeland. All stages of the migration process are closely interconnected and interdependent. Understanding migration as a complex social process affecting various spheres of public life in both sending and receiving countries is very important for the proper functioning of the mechanism for managing migration processes.

Population migration occurs under the influence of a number of reasons and factors that are complex and diverse. These factors can be grouped into the following groups.

1. Objective factors:

a) push factors in the countries of origin of migrants: poverty, hunger, low living standards and wages, overpopulation in developing countries, high unemployment, environmental disasters, wars, conflicts, persecution, etc.;

b) attracting factors in destination countries: higher standards of living and wages, huge needs of the economies of developed and actively developing countries for labor resources, employment opportunities, safety, shortage of their own labor resources in developed countries, favorable natural and climatic conditions, etc. .;

c) information: information technology, Internet, media;

d) communication factors: development of transport links between countries, reduction in transport and communication costs.

2. Subjective factors:

a) psychological attitudes, value orientations;

b) the presence of needs: the desire to find a job, improve one’s financial condition, self-realization, get to know the world, improve the level of education, family reunification, etc.) and the impossibility of satisfying them without migration;

c) the presence of personal contacts abroad, migration experience, etc.

If factors can be considered as a set of conditions that influence a person’s decision to migrate, then the cause is exactly what directly causes the decision to migrate. It is the result of the interaction of objective and subjective factors.

Migration movements are a response to the needs of the global economy, differences in conditions and living standards in developed and developing countries, unfavorable factors environment, unstable socio-political situation, etc. According to the UN Secretary-General, about 1 billion people suffer from a lack of food and water. Unfortunately, the difference in per capita income between rich and poor countries continues to widen. So, average level World GDP is $10,500. US per year per person. However, if the GDP level in Luxembourg is $81,000. USA per year per person, in Germany - 40,000 dollars, then in Zimbabwe - 200 dollars. US per year per person. 26% of the world's population lives on less than $1.25. per day, i.e. lives below the poverty line. At the same time, the share of such a population in developed countries is 1%, and in African countries - 53%.

In addition, there is currently a shrinking and aging population in developed countries and rapid population growth in developing countries. According to the UN in 2011, 1.2 billion people live in developed countries and 5.8 billion in developing countries. The world population, which has now exceeded 7 billion people, is growing by about 80-90 million people every year, with 97% of this increase occurring in developing countries. In Europe and Japan, the mortality rate exceeds the birth rate. If current trends continue, by 2050 the population of Japan will decrease by 20%, the population of Europe will decrease by 42 million people, and the population of developing countries will increase by more than 2 billion people.

Intensive migration processes have become one of the most important factors influencing national security, politics, economic development, the ethnocultural composition of the population and the demographic situation of almost all countries of the world. Population migration entails various positive and negative consequences. Thus, the positive benefits for migrants are: obtaining a higher income, which allows them to support their family in their homeland, new professional knowledge and skills; getting to know the world, broadening your horizons. The host country satisfies the needs of the economy and non-production sphere for cheap labor, including filling vacancies in hard, dirty, harmful, low-prestige jobs. Attracting migrant workers makes it possible to develop production, increase gross domestic product, and ensure high competitiveness of enterprises due to the relatively lower cost of labor. Many researchers note that countries receiving migrants receive a “net profit.” Thus, the migrant gives more to the host country than he receives in social benefits. Migration is also an important source of replenishing population losses in developed countries. As for the countries of origin of migrants, as a result of migration there is a decrease in demographic pressure, unemployment and social costs, and the receipt of remittances makes it possible to improve the well-being of the population, etc. International migration is one of the factors in improving the health of the world population, since as a result “ mixing" of nations and nationalities improves the gene pool of humanity. However, it is migration that contributes to the “spread” of a number of dangerous diseases, such as HIV, hepatitis, etc. In addition, in countries of destination in places where there is a large concentration of migrants, there is an increase in social tension, increased racial and national hostility, as competition intensifies in national labor markets, wages of local workers decrease. The massive attraction of low-skilled foreign labor hinders the process of technical modernization of the economy and does not allow increasing labor productivity. For countries of origin, the problem of emigration of highly qualified personnel (the so-called “brain drain” problem) is also relevant. Negative aspects of migration processes are also: the focus of immigration flows on certain regions of states in accordance with the aspirations of foreigners without taking into account the national interests of the states themselves, which causes an increased burden on the regional spheres of social services for the population, primarily on health care and education; the accumulation in certain regions of a significant number of illegal migrants who for a long time cannot find work and solve their financial problems by committing illegal acts or leading a marginal lifestyle; the formation of closed ethnic communities that are insensitive to the legal, cultural and behavioral traditions of the indigenous population, etc.

Since gaining independence and the beginning of the policy of openness, the Republic of Belarus has been involved in active migration processes. Currently, migration processes have a huge impact on the demographic situation in the country. The Republic of Belarus is characterized by the same demographic problems as most European countries, — population decline and aging. Since the beginning of the 90s. XX century The demographic situation in the country is characterized by stable depopulation. Absolute population decline for 1993–2010. amounted to over 750 thousand people. The population of Belarus as of January 1, 2012 was 9,468 thousand people. The main reason for the reduction in the number of residents of Belarus was natural population decline (i.e., mortality exceeds birth rate). The low birth rate ensures population reproduction by only 65%. Migration is a significant reserve for replenishing losses of human resources. The migration situation in the Republic of Belarus is characterized by the presence of two differently directed migration processes - entry into the country and exit from the country. Migration balance(the difference between the number of those who entered and those who left) is positive and over the past 10 years amounted to more than 84 thousand people. The migration balance remained positive both with the CIS countries and with other states. Thanks to migration growth, in 2010 the natural decline in the country's population was compensated by 48.5%. The positive balance of migration in 2011 made it possible to reduce the natural population decline by almost 40%. In 2011, 13,308 foreigners remained for permanent residence in the Republic of Belarus, and over 40 thousand foreigners received temporary residence permits. Among migrants entering the Republic of Belarus, the Russian-speaking population predominates. The main migration exchange occurs with the CIS countries: 90% of migrants are citizens who arrived from Russia, Ukraine and Kazakhstan. As of January 1, 2012, over 148 thousand foreign citizens and stateless persons were permanently residing in the republic, more than 36 thousand had temporary residence permits. In 2011, more than 115 thousand temporarily staying foreigners were registered with the internal affairs bodies, and over 475 thousand in hotels. People leave Belarus mainly for CIS countries (75%). The main countries of emigration for our citizens are currently Russia, Ukraine, USA, Germany and Israel. Most citizens leave the Republic of Belarus for Russia. In 2012, more than 7 thousand people left the republic for permanent residence. The integration of the Republic of Belarus into the international labor market is accompanied by the development of external labor migration, expressed in the sending of Belarusian citizens to work abroad and in attracting foreign labor to our country. In 2011, more than 5.5 thousand Belarusians went abroad under agreements and contracts to work mainly in the Russian Federation, the USA, and Poland. The largest number of labor migrants come from Ukraine, Lithuania, Turkey, and China. About 8.5 thousand migrants worked in the Republic of Belarus in 2011.

The migration policy of the Republic of Belarus is aimed at regulating migration flows in the interests of the socio-economic and demographic development of the republic, taking into account the socio-economic conditions and demographic structure of its individual regions, protecting the national labor market from the uncontrolled influx of foreign labor, stimulating a reduction in the emigration outflow of scientific and technical , intellectual and creative potential from the Republic of Belarus, integration of migrants into Belarusian society, overcoming the negative consequences of illegal migration.

In accordance with Article 5 of the Law of the Republic of Belarus “On the demographic security of the Republic of Belarus”, one of the main tasks of ensuring demographic security is optimizing external and internal migration flows of the population, promoting the voluntary return of Belarusians to their ethnic homeland (at their place of birth), and combating illegal migration. In order to compensate for population decline, the legislation of the Republic of Belarus provides for the possibility of issuing permits for permanent residence in the Republic of Belarus to foreign citizens and stateless persons who have grounds for acquiring citizenship of the Republic of Belarus, as well as a simplified procedure for acquiring citizenship of the Republic of Belarus for Belarusians and persons who previously resided either born on the territory of the Republic of Belarus (in order of registration).

In accordance with the National Program of Demographic Security of the Republic of Belarus for 2011-2015, it is necessary to carry out the following activities: external migration: create a mechanism based on a selective approach to attracting immigrants, taking into account investment and educational potential, age; provide financial support to foreign families and specialists when moving and during the period of settlement; organize rational settlement of immigrants, based on the interests of regional development; develop measures for adaptation and integration of immigrants into Belarusian society; use the opportunities of consular offices, diasporas and communities abroad and in the Republic of Belarus to attract immigrants. As a result of the implementation of these measures in 2015, the balance of external migration should increase to 60 thousand people.

In addition, it is necessary to improve the migration legislation of the Republic of Belarus, including by consolidating fundamental migration concepts (“population migration”, “international (external) migration of the population”, “migrant”, “illegal migration”, “illegal migrant”, etc. ). This is important not only from a theoretical, but also from a practical point of view, as it would allow for a unified approach both to taking into account various categories of migrants and to the management impact on them.

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Balance of migration in 2008: positive (blue), negative (orange), close to zero (green), no data (gray)

Concept "migration" should be described as “territorial movements of individuals from state to state, from region to region”. The main participants in modern migration flows are students, labor migrants, refugees, migrants, repatriates and illegal migrants. Migrant movements are divided into seasonal, that is, depending on the time of year (such as tourism and seasonal agricultural work) and pendulum - regular movements from a certain point and return to the starting point.

Considering modern migration processes, it is necessary to highlight immigration (movement and emigration (migration flows, its limits for permanent or long-term residence). Historically, population migration has prevailed "migrant type"- so as a result of this type of migration, migrants moved across state borders and changed their place of residence.

Various factors and certain political events can lead to emigration or re-emigration (the process of emigrants returning to their country of origin for permanent residence) as a result of massive flows of migration and immigration. However, the processes stimulating the influx of immigrants can end their effect and then emigrants, under the influence of factors, can become re-emigrants or repatriates.

Migrants are social subjects, actors of migration processes, and the migration processes themselves are considered as the result of the personal motivation of migrants. In fact, the separation of the image of a person from specific people, their individual characteristics creates significant difficulties for the embodiment of the image in certain areas of science and art.

Dynamics of migration processes

IN modern world international flows of labor and other types of migration lead to more complex political and economic changes. International migrations are caused by factors such as economic, political and sociocultural.

Modern migration flows as a phenomenon of international life and international relations represent the interaction of migrants and society, both the country of origin and the society of the receiving country. To explain the dynamics and processes of international migration, the chief researcher at the Institute of Socio-Political Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, L.L. Rybakovsky, proposed a theory of the migration process, consisting of three stages, in which the initial, main and final phases of the migration process are distinguished. The initial phase of migration is associated with decision-making and readiness to migrate. The main phase of migration deals with the actual migration process. And finally, the final phase of migration is associated with the process of arrival and adaptation of migrants to the new social conditions of the host society. Thus, consideration of the stages of migration processes allows us to consider international migration as one of the key social and international processes and to apply to it methodological principles developed in sociology and international relations.

Among the factors that determine the willingness of individuals to participate in modern migration processes, one should highlight endogenous and exogenous ones, which influence the emergence of a migration attitude (the desire to move to another country).

The influence of external factors that determine the motivation for migration behavior (the desire to migrate) is ambiguous - both the objective conditions of the social environment that have developed in their homeland and the perception of social reality by potential migrants influence migration motivation. External factors that specifically affect migrants in the country of origin lead to the emergence of multiple motives to migrate, which leads to a variety of modes of movement of migrants (for example, both legal and illegal) and a variety of adaptation strategies and tactics of migrants in the recipient country (full or partial adaptation to the socio-cultural norms of the recipient country, individual or collective adaptation strategy through compact residence of migrants, etc.).

Internal factors should be considered the motivation that determines the desire for migration behavior (for example, the migrant’s desire to improve his socio-economic situation, the desire to realize creative potential. Moreover, this approach allows us to consider international migration in the context of sociocultural changes: a) as a factor transforming social connections in the society of the recipient country; b) influencing the system of social interaction in the recipient country, since the concentration of migrants with different values ​​and norms of intra-community interactions than the indigenous population in any area causes a response, sometimes a negative reaction, from the local community.

It should also be noted that the dynamics of migration processes are determined by social phenomena. Thus, unfavorable external conditions, such as deterioration of the economic, environmental or political situation in the country of residence, can become factors determining the readiness of potential migrants for forced migration. However, migrants have different socio-economic characteristics, and therefore they react in different ways to unfavorable environmental conditions and choose a variety of migration strategies. Therefore, for a more complete analysis of the reasons for the determination of migration, it is necessary to pay attention to the socio-psychological characteristics of potential and actual migrants (at least, these factors cannot be completely excluded when considering mass migration flows).

Positive and negative aspects of migration

Among the positive consequences of modern international migration, it should be noted that legal labor migrants pay taxes and other mandatory contributions to the recipient country. One of the consequences of massive migration flows is demographic changes in the structure of the population of the country of origin and the recipient country: migration processes allow developing countries reduce the number of unemployed working-age population (mainly youth) through youth migration to recipient countries.

The positive consequences of labor and external migration flows are the replenishment of the demographic potential of the host country. Indeed, modern migration flows influence the demographic indicators of donor countries and recipient countries of migration flows. Migration flows not only contribute to the solution of migration flows in donor and recipient countries, but also contribute to the outflow of the working-age and qualified population in donor countries.

Among the negative consequences of modern international migration, the growth of illegal migration should be noted. The number of illegal migrants is also increasing due to tourists, students and workers whose visa or work contract has expired, but who evade returning to the country of origin and continue to stay illegally in the territory of the recipient country, hoping, despite their illegal status, to continue work in the recipient country.

Migrants are characterized by a low standard of living and social standards of new settlers and population turnover. Significant numbers of illegal migrant workers reduce the wages of native workers who compete with migrants. Conflicts between migrants and indigenous populations may be exacerbated by economic downturns. Mass migration also has more negative consequences for donor countries of migration flows: migration from countries of origin can lead to "brain drain" and to travel outside the country of origin of the working-age population.

Modern migration flows are characterized by an increase in the flow of migrating labor in the South-North direction. European countries are associated with the ability of these countries to integrate migrant workers into society. The number of illegal migrant workers is also increasing. Legal labor migration is only part of large-scale migration. All these phenomena contribute to the increase in the popularity of right-wing and far-right parties in Europe.

Thus, modern global migration flows provide significant advantages to both the recipient states of migration flows (additional labor resources) and the migration supply states (allowing them to partially solve the issue of employing excess labor). Migration flows to the recipient country stimulate the growth of the economy of that country, contribute to the welfare of the indigenous population and migrants, and also contribute to the economic and social development of the country of origin. However, many modern migration processes lead to the emergence of socio-economic problems and conflicts between immigrants and the society of the recipient country, which leads to increased social tension in society.

Modern migration flows demonstrate that this characteristic modern migration processes provide significant advantages to the recipient states of migration, as a labor resource, and to the states providing migration, as a surplus labor force. However, many modern migration processes lead to the emergence of socio-economic problems and conflicts between immigrants and the society of the recipient country.

Globalization processes are also a catalyst for migration flows. Modern urbanization and industrialization, as well as the processes of economic and cultural globalization, causing mass migration and spatial movements of people, lead, according to E. Hobsbawm, to “the crisis of the fundamental idea of ​​the need for the existence of territory”. Moreover, in view of the crisis of the idea of ​​ethnic homogeneity of the population of national states, modern states are multi-ethnic communities united by a common economic system, and modern ethnic groups, multi-ethnic states, are more concerned about competition with other ethnic groups and sociocultural (cultural and religious traditions) ) and political (power, influence) resources.

Along with this look:
Illegal migration to the USA
Ethnic unions
Migrant looking for income

1.3 The meaning of migration: causes, functions, consequences

Why is there a need for migration? One of the classification criteria, as we noted, is the reasons for migration. The circumstances that led to the resettlement can be both objective (military actions, environmental disaster) and subjective (an individual’s dissatisfaction with his position in society).

On the other hand, migration factors (a set of driving forces influencing migration processes) and its causes (that which directly explains the resettlement process) are divided into positive (pull) and negative (push), but it is quite difficult to identify their dominance in a particular case. The authors believe that if the influence of the second group of factors (“I will go anywhere, just not stay here”) predominates in the decision to resettle, then push factors prevail. If the need to move to a specific region prevails, then the factors of attraction are decisive [Volgin, p.244].

S.K. Bondyreva identifies a number of groups of need motives for migration - the desire for a “better lot”, migration out of envy of residents of more prosperous places, migration due to an inferiority complex, etc. [p.48-50]. She also notes that the main motive for migration is the search for a prosperous life, and well-being has two basic aspects - material well-being and security.

In this regard, several main reasons for migration can be identified:

For security reasons - migration in connection with the collapse of the USSR from the former union republics of the Russian population - re-emigration of peoples of other nationalities in connection with the aggravation of interethnic relations, military conflicts and clashes, persecution, infringement of rights; also due to environmental and man-made disasters affecting densely populated areas of the country and threatening public health;

For socio-economic reasons - the desire to more fully realize one’s creative potential (“brain drain”, young people moving to cities from rural areas), searching for work in new regions due to the negative consequences of the emergence of a market economy - the decline in production and the closure of a number of industries , reduction in the number of armed forces, etc.

The driving forces of migration, according to V.N. Vorobyov, are objectively predetermined by disproportions between parts of the country, between settlements, and the imbalance of individual spheres within cities and regions. In modern conditions, the most important driving forces-factors of migration are considered to be territorial differentiation of the level and quality of life, employment, demographic structures, socio-political situation, safety of human life, and in some cases the environmental situation [Vorobiev, pp. 11-12].

In the life of society, migrations perform certain functions and roles, described and discussed in detail in the works of T.I. Zaslavskaya, L.L. Rybakovsky. First of all, L.L. Rybakovsky points out that the functions of population migration are not unambiguous. Some of them are independent of the type of socio-economic system and the characteristics of individual societies, while the nature of others is determined by the socio-economic conditions of specific countries. The first are the general functions of migration, the second are the specific functions of a particular civilization. To the general functions of migration as proposed by T.I. Zaslavsky classification includes:

Accelerating – ensuring personal development through increased mobility of the population, changes in socio-psychological characteristics, and also promoting integration national cultures;

Redistribution – reflecting changes in the population of territories covered by migration flows, an indirect impact on demographic processes;

Selective, the essence of which is that the uneven participation in migration of various population groups leads to a change in the qualitative composition of the population of interacting territories.

L.L. Rybakovsky also focuses on the economic and social functions of migration, which is especially important in modern conditions. The social function of population migration is entirely determined by the level of economic development of the country and its policies. Within this framework, migrants solve their life problems: through resettlement they strive to improve their lives. Migration, due to the implementation of its social function, is a process of increasing the living standards of the migrating population.

Probably, one can also note a certain “signaling” function of migration - it is thanks to constant migration flows that not only obvious, open, but also latent problems and crises that contribute to their emergence become the object of attention. For example, many intrastate migrations are a “distress signal” of dying villages and small towns, a call to action in matters of reforming the agricultural sector, policies to support rural residents, and increasing the prestige of workers’ professions Agriculture. T. N. Yudina, in addition to the widely used term “brain drain”, also used the concepts of “muscle drain”, “muscle drain”, “bride drain”. The emergence of new terminology also shows areas where new problems arise - in the sports environment, family and marital relations, etc.

In the 80s XX century L.L. Rybakovsky, T.I. Zaslavskaya and other authors developed the concept of a three-stage migration process, where the initial stage is the process of forming territorial mobility of the population; the main one is the movement itself; the final one is the adaptation of migrants to a new place. A.I. Kuzmin notes that on the basis of this concept it is possible to formulate specific tasks for each stage of the migration process, which to one degree or another specify the problem of improving the territorial redistribution of the population. Indeed, by delimiting the framework of these stages with formal acts - registration of departure from one and arrival in another territorial entity, we can clearly emphasize the problems of each of them, identify the measures necessary to provide support at a particular stage or, conversely, measures aimed at suppression of undesirable consequences.

The main consequences of migration at the level of society and the state are:

Changes in population size and age structure;

Changes in the composition of the population by educational level, social status, areas of activity;

Increasing ethnic diversity of the population, possible exacerbation of conflicts on a religious and ethnic basis;

A decrease in demand for jobs in areas of departure and an increase in demand in areas of resettlement - changes in local and regional labor markets, increased competition in the field of employment;

Mass migrations organized or regulated by the state (refugees, evacuated residents) require large material costs and the presence of special services;

Ideally, being an economically rational behavior, population migration should lead to equalization of regional development levels.

Today, a widespread approach is to consider all possible consequences of migration from the perspective of the national security of countries affected by migration flows. We will touch on this topic in more detail in the next section, emphasizing now the need to follow the position we initially stated - maintaining a balance of interests of the state, society and migrants themselves when analyzing migration processes. Thus, having outlined the general results of migration, it is necessary to take into account its consequences, first of all, for the migrants themselves. They are associated with difficulties not only of an organizational and legal nature (the need to obtain registration, citizenship), but also with the difficulties of psychological adaptation (accepting a new social environment, values), finding one’s place in the life of another state or its territory, unstable, and sometimes crisis financial situation (impossibility of employment, work outside of one’s specialty). According to the definition of P.D. Pavlenka, “during forced migration, a person’s social integration is seriously disrupted - from one natural and socio-cultural environment he ends up in another, breaking his previous connections and traditions and trying to establish new ones. This is the essence of the object and the subject social work with migrants as marginals,” that is, people who have lost their previous social status and are in the process of searching and finding something different, better [Pavlenok, p. 264].

According to S.K. Bondyreva, migration is always forced, but the need varies [p.43]. Although not every migrant has the right to apply for status, for example, a refugee, according to the laws of the state, not every applicant can receive it, but for any person there was a certain reason that prompted and forced him to change his place of residence. And although those people who really fled from real persecution and faced a threat to life and health in the place of their former habitat experience the very fact and consequences of their move more vividly and acutely, people who voluntarily and without external dramatic reasons decided to resettle inevitably face the need to adapt and solve other problems listed above.

Therefore, when working with migrants, it is especially important to provide specific assistance, which is possible only with a developed state strategy for regulating migration processes, the existence of well-established interaction between executive authorities in this area, their interaction with public organizations, the functioning of a network of territorial institutions that take into account the local situation and its features, on the one hand, but on the other hand, using accumulated experience and applying specific work technologies. Thus, from considering theoretical provisions on migration, we move on to analyzing more specific issues of the modern migration policy of the Russian state.