Types of migrations and their reasons. Military reasons for migration. Political reasons for migration
When classifying any phenomenon, including population migration, in order to avoid confusion and vagueness, it is necessary to follow the basic principle of the typology - one criterion (basis).
1. Based on geography Two main types of migration can be distinguished. The first type of migration is external (international) and internal (intrastate). External migrations are divided into two classes of migrations - intercontinental and intracontinental. Among external intracontinental ones, migrations of two orders can be distinguished – migration between states and between macro-regions. Regarding external migration, we can talk about the existence of two main types - emigration (leaving the country) and immigration (entering the country), and we can also distinguish re-emigration (return to the country from which the emigrant previously left) and repatriation (return to the ethnic homeland, i.e. i.e. to the country with which a person associates his origin and from where he or his ancestors migrated to another country).
Main reasons for migration
This return of Jordanian citizens from Iraq increased unemployment, increased demands on social services and added to water shortages. Poverty levels increased as many returnees were poor, remittances declined, and former remittance recipients now needed support from returned family members.
However, the return brought some long-term benefits due to the arrival of large numbers of professional and skilled workers. Some returnees brought them significant financial resources, which contributed to the economic boom at the end. Volatile migration flows resulting from economic cycles have welfare implications that are unclear. Of course, migrants who believe they were expected to receive higher incomes, disappointed by the sudden change in the economic climate, have suffered.
2. Structurally migration has an age, gender, ethnic, family, genetic (from genesis), educational, qualification and other profile. Migration flows united by some characteristic (age, gender, nationality, specialty, marital status) can be considered as elementary units (types) of migration. In this case, the terms “family migration”, “migration of the working-age population”, “migration of highly qualified specialists”, “migration of women”, “ethnic migration”, etc. are acceptable.
But workers are those who choose not to migrate because employment prospects in their home country have increased compared to neighboring countries- gaining momentum. Available data and literature indicate that migrants who travel to other developing countries have much lower income growth, are more likely to be irregular, are exposed to higher risks of exploitation, and are more likely to be excluded than those who migrate from developing countries to industrial countries.
However, if the benefits of South-South migration are limited, it is likely that many South-South migrants are poor or forced to migrate due to war or environmental disaster. Even a small increase in income can have very significant consequences for people's well-being in such circumstances.
3. According to the length of stay of the migrant in the new place of residence or employment It is possible to distinguish two main types of migration – permanent (irreturnable) and temporary (returnable). P Permanent migrations can be considered movements associated with a change in permanent place of residence. Temporary migration is divided into two classes - short-term migration (the migrant stays for up to 1 year outside his usual place of residence) and long-term migration (more than 1 year). Short-term migration can be divided into migration of two orders - regular and irregular.
The scale of South-South migration suggests that policymakers need to keep an eye on the issues raised. Governments of developing countries are making efforts to improve the management of South-South migration through bilateral and multilateral treaties and through participation in multilateral processes.
This two-part series is based on World Bank Working Paper No. 102, Migration and South-South Remittances. For the full article. Movement of groups and individuals from one place to another, including changes in habitual residence. Migration usually differs from mobility in general by conventions of spatial and temporal scale. For example, according to the convention international migration requires crossing a national border for an actual or intended period of at least one year.
Types of regular migration include daily commuting migrations and cross-border migrations. Commuting migrants are people whose place of residence and place of work are in different localities, which forces them to come to work every morning and return to their place of residence in the evening (for example, a resident of the Moscow region works in Moscow). Cross-border migrants (“frontaliers”) are similar to pendulum migrants, only they cross the state border, i.e. live in one country and work in another.
Live mobility, in contrast, may consist of a short distance between objects in the same city. Migration typologies differentiate between internal and international migration, and the two forms are usually studied separately. Geographers are interested in interregional, rural, and urban-urban movements, especially in societies with low fertility and mortality rates where migration is often the main cause of population change.
However, the main focus of current geographical work is international migration. But this surprisingly low number has a disproportionate impact on places and countries linked by flows, economically, socially, culturally and increasingly politically. This type of migration is further classified by time, differentiating between temporary, permanent and circular forms. Transnational migrants may live in two places at once, or at least shuttle between them on a regular basis, in addition to maintaining meaningful connections.
Types of irregular migration include shuttle, rotational, and seasonal migrations. Seasonal workers are migrants whose work depends on seasonal conditions and is performed only during a certain part of the year (for example, harvesting). Shuttle migrations are periodic trips of varying durations, for example, by merchants (“shuttles”) to buy goods and return to their place of residence. Shift migrations are determined by the specifics of a person’s work and stay in areas with extreme climates (for example, oil workers traveling to oil production sites in the North).
Other differences often arise between legal and illegal immigration. Since Ravenstein's work, geographers and others have attempted to explain and model migration. The basic dichotomy between forced and voluntary migration has proven difficult to analyse, not least because of the rise in human trafficking. Can we say, for example, that children accompanying adults prefer to move? The globalization of people flows has not only brought more countries and regions into the global migration pattern, but has also broken down the one-off division between sending and receiving countries.
4. According to the purposes, migration is divided into economic (labor and commercial) and educational. This also includes migration for the purpose of reunification and creation of families, migration in connection with recreation and tourism, religious migration(pilgrimage), migration in connection with traditional farming (nomadism).
In modern society, migrations associated with economic goals predominate, i.e. moving for work or commercial reasons. There are two main types of economic migration – labor and commercial. Labor migration is the movement of the employed population associated with a change of place of work both within the country and between countries. Migrant workers who go abroad to work are called “guest workers” (from the German term “guest worker”). Commercial migration is not about selling one’s labor, but about profiting from differences in prices for goods in different regions or countries. Educational migration means moving to a place of study. Migration for the purpose of family reunification is, for example, moving parents to children, spouse to spouse, children to parents, etc. Sometimes it is difficult to separate family goals from economic or educational goals.
What is migration?
Many are now both; Russian Federation one of the three countries of emigration and immigration. Rather than explaining migration in terms of “push” factors at the source and “pull” factors at the destination, the revolving door metaphor may be more appropriate. In a widely cited textbook, Zamky and Miller discuss three broad explanations: first, neoclassical economics, focused primarily on the individual level; secondly, historical and structural, including the theory of world systems; and third, migration systems theory, including a focus on the role of social networks.
5. By the method of involvement in migration, it is divided into three types - voluntary, forced and forced. The first is due to the voluntary decision by an individual or group of people to migrate. Forced migration is caused by military, political events, ethnic and religious persecution, which force the population to change their place of residence. Forced migration can be considered forced relocations of people organized by the state (deportations), as well as migrations carried out in the penitentiary system.
Geographical studies of migration are far-reaching, covering both the historical past and the present. Once considered a peripheral subject in the social sciences, the study of migration is increasingly considered central. Paradoxically, given the changes in personal and social mobility associated with globalization, it is increasingly difficult to distinguish migration from more flows; Are tourists migrants? There is a clear tendency to study migrants, their experiences, biographies, families, emotions, etc. In contrast to the demographic fact of migration.
Forced migration is the movement of people who left their place of residence as a result of violence committed against them or members of their families, or who were subjected to persecution and violence. According to the international documents of the 1951 Geneva Refugee Convention and the 1967 Protocol, several categories are distinguished forced migrants(Russia joined these documents in 1992):
Migration is typically a selective process based on age, skill, gender, race, class, and health, and can also be associated with critical life-cycle events. Recent research foci have included the impacts of climate change, migration nexus, child migration, international student migration, and increased security and surveillance targeting the movement of bodies of all kinds.
To find books about human migration, use the topic in which people move. To force migration, use push migration in the online directory. For international migration, use the emigration and immigration header theme. However, many others are scattered throughout the collection. Check the online catalog for specific subtopics.
Refugees are forced migrants who are granted refugee status before or after arriving in a country. For example, in Russia, a person who is not a citizen of Russia and meets the conditions of forced migration can be recognized as a refugee on the basis of the Federal Law “On Refugees”;
Asylum seekers are migrants who apply for asylum in a country other than their own. The status of an applicant, according to international documents, remains with them until their application is considered and an appropriate decision is made on it. In Russia they are called persons who have submitted applications (petitions) to acquire status;
The Atlas of Environmental Migration is the first illustrated publication to reflect this complex phenomenon. It also includes entries as disparate as bilingual education and immigrant repatriation. Part 1 - History of Immigration; Part 2 - immigration issues, which include the main directions to the US for immigrants and immigrants to other countries; Part 3 Immigrant groups in America, which may be groups of countries with similar patterns or separate countries; and Part 4, which are the original immigration documents. The pull of the familiar and the desire to start anew are conflicting impulses for the nearly 180 million people who live outside their countries of origin, often with anticipation of returning home. While migration flows occur in both directions, there is surprisingly little research on transnationalism, global migration or diasporas turn to conversion. By conducting a comparative analysis of how nearby homes affect individuals and their communities across vast cultural and geographical conditions, the contributors to this volume seek to understand the unique return experiences of refugees, migrants, and others as they face the social pressures and feelings of displacement that accompany their journeys.
- Individual changes to the Immigration Act have their own records.
- In some cases, migration caused this "drainless state."
Aliens who have received temporary protected status are allowed to remain temporarily (sometimes indefinitely) in the host state as long as their lives are in real danger in their country. The Federal Law of the Russian Federation provides for the status of a person granted temporary asylum;
Persons admitted on other humanitarian grounds are foreigners who have not been granted full refugee status but are nevertheless admitted for humanitarian reasons because they find themselves in a situation similar to that of refugees. For example, in Russian legislation these are persons who have received political asylum.
You couldn't tell the difference between the United States and Mexico,” he said. 1 Like millions of other people whose lives have been affected by migration, barriers and restrictions, Hernandez’s insight speaks to the role of borders in Everyday life those for whom they exist. His insight also illuminates a reality that does not require a celestial trip to understand: the US-Mexico border exists as a social constructor of identities rather than as a physical barrier that defines and defines distinct and exclusive landscapes.
Another type of forced migrants - internally displaced persons - are citizens of a country who do not cross borders and migrate within their state for forced reasons (similar to the case of refugees). In Russia they are called forced migrants (for example, migrants from the area of the Chechen war, the Ossetian-Ingush conflict). Sometimes internally displaced people suffer just as much as refugees. Russia has adopted the Federal Law “On Forced Migrants,” which provides forced migrant status for five years.
Since its creation as a border imposed by the War of Expansion, the US-Mexico border has functioned dualistically. It has served as both a gateway to economic opportunity and a barrier that creates and maintains unequal power relations. This paradox - the border as both a channel and an obstacle - is most obvious when analyzing the movement of peoples and capital. For American capitalists, investors, tourists and retirees, the border provides access. For Mexicans moving north, most of whom cross to seek economic opportunity in low-wage industries, the border imposes an exception.
Currently, the world is experiencing intense spatial mass mobility of the population. Moreover, international migration is becoming increasingly important as a consequence of the internationalization of life on the entire planet. Migrations generate major changes in the distribution of people both within countries and between them and individual large regions peace.
This border duality defines the social identity of both peoples in relation to each other - a status that is most pronounced as soon as one crosses the other's country. The matrix of disequilibrium created by the US-Mexico border offers transferable sovereignty to the American and the stigma of illegality to the Mexican when one crosses the border. Upon entry into each country, this imposed identity determines social relations. Unlike the gravitational force of economic globalization, which ignores borders and erases barriers, a border wall socially and politically disaggregates and separates all those who pass through it.
Accounting migration processes very important for the socio-economic development of any country, since they have a strong influence on the structure and size of the population and on the entire social and economic sphere of society.
There are two types of migration: external (relocation of people from country to country) and internal (relocation of people from region to region within the country). Moreover, leaving one’s country for permanent residence in another is called emigration, and entry is called immigration.
The existence of a border wall is more as a status signifier rather than a barrier that maintains each population in its own isolation on the opposite side. While the compelling forces of regional integration strive to make the two parts whole, the border sets them apart. While the border remains defiant, the world around it is rapidly changing.
The S.-Mexico border has never been a static or peaceful entity. This has been confirmed by violence and nurtured by conflict throughout its history. As a de facto border, it is intangible to most Americans, a nonentity in the public consciousness and a rare pager in the national media. The border is only coming to life in the American consciousness through the flammable rhetoric of national security or through the American oratorical role of immigration disasters. Yet for most Mexicans, the U.S.-Mexico border is omnipresent, looming in the national consciousness and casting a long and limited shadow.
The nature and directions of migration flows changed in different historical eras depending on various reasons and events on a planetary and local scale (development of territories, colonization and decolonization, wars and conflicts, natural and ecological disasters). Let's take a closer look at the main types of migrations.
External migrations may vary in nature, reasons, territorial scope, duration, etc. Speaking about nature, one should first of all distinguish between voluntary and forced migrations. Examples of the latter include the “export” from Africa to America (and to a much lesser extent to Europe) in the 16th-19th centuries, tens of millions of black slaves or, for example, the forced deportation to Germany of 9-10 million people from the countries it occupied in the years of the second world war.
Regarding the reasons for voluntary external migrations, then the main reason for them has always been and remains economic. At the same time, urban geographer V.V. Pokrishevsky proposed to distinguish between two types of such migrations. The first is resettlement primarily to those countries where there were undeveloped territories. Perhaps the largest number of such migrants (over 20 million) came from Great Britain, followed by Germany, Italy, Spain, France, Scandinavian countries, Ireland, Poland, Russia. And migrants settled in the USA, Canada, Brazil, Argentina, Australia, and southern Africa (South Africa, Zimbabwe, etc.).
The second type is migration associated with contractual contracting work force. Moreover, today, international labor migration, caused by relative overpopulation and lack of jobs in dozens of underdeveloped countries and regions of the world, has taken on a much larger scale than before.
In the early 1990s, in Western countries alone there were at least 25 million migrant workers (half of them from developing countries). The largest center of attraction for foreign workers (13 million people) has currently emerged in the countries of the European Union (EU). Other large immigration areas have emerged in the United States, the Gulf countries, and South Africa.
Economic reasons also underlie such a relatively new migration phenomenon as “brain drain.” Moreover, this process has already fully affected Russia and other CIS countries.
Along with economic ones, external migrations can also be caused by political reasons. Examples of this kind are the emigration of almost half a million citizens, mainly “intellectuals” (Albert Einstein, Enrico Fermi, Lion Feuchtwanger, etc.) from Nazi Germany, fascist Italy and Francoist Spain. After General Pinochet came to power in Chile in the mid-1970s, more than 1 million people left this country, etc.
Political emigration on a large scale also took place in pre-revolutionary Russia and the USSR, Cuba, Vietnam, Cambodia and many other countries.
After the defeat of Nazi Germany, almost 10 million Germans were resettled from countries of Eastern Europe in Germany, East Germany and West Berlin. The collapse of the colonial system in the 50-70s led to the return of the population from former colonies in the metropolis. Thus, a significant part of the British returned to their homeland from India, Pakistan, and a number of other colonial possessions; French - from Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco; Italians - from Libya, Somalia, Portuguese - from Angola and Mozambique.
The formation of two states on the territory of the former British colony - India and Pakistan, with the subsequent transformation of East Pakistan into the state of Bangladesh, led to the resettlement of a total of 18 million people. It was carried out mainly on a religious principle: Hindus moved to India, and Muslims moved to Pakistan and Bangladesh.
Based on territorial coverage, it is customary to distinguish between intercontinental and intracontinental migrations. Recently, the second of these types has become predominant.
Based on their duration, migrations are divided into permanent, temporary and seasonal. Most modern labor migrations fall into the category of temporary (one year, several years).
The events of the late 80s - early 90s throughout the world, but especially in Eastern Europe and the USSR (after its collapse) gave rise to a new wave of external migrations. More than 1 million people immigrated to Germany alone in 1989, including 720 thousand ethnic Germans from the GDR, countries of Eastern Europe and the USSR.
Since 1988, the flow of migrants from the republics has increased sharply former USSR, primarily “ethnic” and “intellectual” migration. A very serious problem is the migration of the Russian-speaking population from the CIS countries to Russia.
It is impossible not to touch upon another serious problem of our time. An unprecedented number of people living on the planet last years became refugees as a result of international and interregional conflicts, civil wars, natural disasters, and often due to hunger and poverty. Large flows of refugees have been and are being observed in many countries in Asia (Afghanistan, Myanmar, India, Sri Lanka, Iran, Iraq, etc.), Africa (Angola, Chad, Ethiopia, Sudan, Somalia, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, etc.) , Latin America(Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Peru).
Basically, the reasons for internal migrations of the population are the same as external migrations: economic, political, religious, environmental. Based on their duration, they are also divided into permanent, temporary and seasonal. The most typical internal migrations are relocation from villages to cities (the process of urbanization), moving to areas of new development (for example, the settlement of Siberia and Far East in Russia; settlement of the Wild West in the USA, etc.), seasonal and temporary (rotational) flows of labor (for example, to work in Western Siberia and the Far North in Russia), trips during summer holidays etc., but only always within one country.
In recent years, migrants have appeared (for example, in Russia and neighboring countries) from areas of environmental disaster (Chernobyl zone, Aral Sea, the former Semipalatinsk test site in Kazakhstan, etc.).
Since the late 80s (as already noted), a new feature and acute problem of the migration exchange of the population of Russia 126 with neighboring countries has become the forced migration of the Russian-speaking population. Its cause was the aggravation of interethnic relations, discrimination based on nationality, language, and political beliefs.
