What is the temperature at the foot of Mont Blanc. Mount Mont Blanc: location, description, interesting facts

Mont Blanc is the highest peak Western Europe. (11 photos)

1. To begin with, the Alpine Range originates on mediterranean coast France, not far from Nice, and, gracefully curving, stretches through the territory of Switzerland, Italy, the former Yugoslavia and Germany, fading to nothing on the Danube plain for most of the territory of Austria.

Mount Mont Blanc photo

Majestically beautiful is Mount Blanc.

5. Mont Blanc distributes the weather for all its seven valleys and seven dozen others that scatter from it to all four cardinal points. Mont Blanc is a country of people of one language, standing above the divided borders of Europe.

6. In a literal translation, Mont Blanc is translated as " white mountain». From the Veni valley rise to the Shekru pass - the best place to admire Mont Blanc. The crest of St. Petersburg seems to be dissected, broken.

7. The most famous travel writers - Goethe, Dumas, Hugo - argue that the journey to Mont Blanc should be started from the Arves valley. The Great White Mountain hides behind the clouds and the curves of the pre-alpine landscape.

10. Great Mont Blanc in the Alps.

Verification Criteria

Iround (test)

1.1. What will be the scale of the terrain plan if the line on the terrain has a length of 2500 m, and on the plan 10 cm?

1) 1: 100 000; 2) 1: 25 000; 3) 1: 50 000; 4) 1: 5000.

1.2. Which of the proposed points on the earth's surface is closest to the center of the earth?

1) coast Baltic Sea; 2) Mariana Trench (11022 m);

3) Vinson Massif, Antarctica (5140 m); 4) Level Dead Sea(-395 m).

1.3. Indicate the answer, where the value of the amplitude of the air temperature will be minimal:

1) -16ºС and +16ºС; 2) +3ºС and +33ºС; 3) -4ºС and +17ºС; 4) -24ºС and -48ºС.

1.4. What will be the air temperature on Mont Blanc (4800 m), if at its foot the air temperature was + 20ºС:

1) +48.8ºС; 2) -48.8ºС; 3) +24.8ºС; 4) -8.8ºС?

1.5. Determine the approximate height of the mountain, if it is known that at its foot the air temperature was +20ºС, and at its top -10ºС:

1) 1.2 km; 2) 5 km; 3) 15 km; 4) 500 m.

1.6. What will be the approximate value of atmospheric pressure at the highest peak in Russia (Mount Elbrus, 5642 m), if at its foot the atmospheric pressure is 737 mm Hg. st.:

1) 199.7 mmHg Art.; 2) 1274 mm Hg. Art.; 3) 725 mmHg Art.; 4) 797 mm Hg st?

1.7. Who was the first to mathematically justify the spherical shape of the Earth:

1) I. Newton; 2) M. Beheim; 3) Eratosthenes; 4) Aristotle.

1.8. Which island is intersected by the equator?

1) Madagascar; 2) Cuba; 3) Sumatra; 4) Sri Lanka.

1.9. What continent are we talking about: geographers compare its outline with a bunch of grapeshanging on a stalk of the Isthmus of Panama?

1) Africa; 2) North America; 3) South America; 4) Australia.

1.10. Which scientist is considered the "father" of the theory of global plate tectonics?

1) Newton; 2) Wegener; 3) Einstein; 4) Dokuchaev.

1.11. Organic sedimentary rocks include

1) marble; 2) hard coal; 3) granite; 4) pumice.

1.12. Which statement about the atmosphere is true?

1) the ozone shield protects the Earth from ultraviolet radiation;

2) high in the mountains, atmospheric pressure is higher than on the plains;

3) atmospheric water vapor is concentrated in the stratosphere;

4) the air temperature in the troposphere increases with height.

1.13. What climate is formed in the subtropical zone on east coast Eurasia?

1) Mediterranean; 2) continental; 3) monsoon; 4) with uniform moisture.

1.14. In which type of climate will the average annual rainfall be the highest?

1) equatorial; 2) subtropical Mediterranean; 3) moderate monsoon; 4) temperate marine.

1.15. Choose the correct statement about the circulation of air masses by season in the subequatorial climate zone:

1) winter and summer are dominated by equatorial air masses;

2) in winter - equatorial air masses, in summer - tropical;

3) in winter - tropical air masses, in summer - moderate;

4) in winter - tropical air masses, in summer - equatorial.

1.16. Which of the listed types of clouds belongs to the highest "upper tier", with a height of more than 6000 meters?

1) cumulus; 2) layered; 3 ) pinnate; 4) Altocumulus.

1.17. The value of normal atmospheric pressure is considered to be:

1) 740mmHg Art.; 2) 750 mmHg Art.; 3) 760 mmHg Art.; 4) 765 mmHg Art.

1.18. The lowest air temperature recorded on the globe, is -89.2ºС. Choose a place where it could be:

1) Oymyakon (Russia); 2) North Pole; 3) Antarctica (Vostok station);

4) about. Greenland.

1.19. The angle of inclination of the earth's axis to the plane of the orbit is equal to:

1) 23.5o; 2) 45 o; 3) 66.5 o; 4) 90 o.

1.20. A line on a climate map connecting points with the same amount of precipitation is called:

1) isohyet; 2) isotherm; 3) isobar; 4) isobath.

1.21. Which statement about the oceans is true?

1) the highest salinity is in the surface waters of tropical latitudes;

2) the most powerful current of the World Ocean - the Gulf Stream;

3) the average salinity of the surface waters of the World Ocean is 48‰;

4) the temperature of the waters of the World Ocean rises with depth.

1.22. Which sea has the highest average surface water salinity?

1) Red; 2) Barents; 3) Arabian; 4) Weddell.

1.23. What kind of ocean are we talking about: the most ancient, with warm surface waters, with many volcanoes at the bottom.

1) Atlantic; 2) Indian; 3) Arctic; 4) Quiet.

1.24. How do you say "extraordinary" in Japanese? a big wave in the bay?

1) Hokkaido; 2) Shikoku; 3) Tsunami; 4) Oyashio.

1.25. A sea that has no shores:

1) Caribbean; 2) Sargasso; 3) Kara; 4) Fiji.

1.26. What device for modern ships measure the depth of the sea?

1) seismograph; 2) echo sounder; 3) lot; 4) a rope with a load.

1.27. What parts of the hydrosphere cannot be seen on a physical map?

1) glaciers; 2) World Ocean; 3) rivers and lakes; 4) groundwater.

1.28. Select the part of the hydrosphere that requires the most time for a complete water change:

1) rivers; 2) lakes; 3) swamps; 4) glaciers.

1.29. A short-term rise in the water level in a river, often triggered by heavy rains, is called:

1) high water; 2) flood; 3) low water; 4) floodplain.

1.30. For what natural area climatic indicators are typical: the average July temperature is +5 ... 100С, long cold winter, precipitation 200–300 mm per year, excessive moisture?

1) tundra; 2) taiga; 3) mixed forests; 4) deciduous forests.

Number of points - 36.

	Correct	Quantity
Total:

All-Russian Olympiad for schoolchildren

II(municipal) stage

Geography

7th grade

Verification Criteria

IIround (analytical)

Oil in Kaliningrad region quite "light" and clean;

There is production on the shelf of the Baltic Sea (Kravtsovskoye field)

Agriculture, chemical industry, fuel

Supplied for export.

The deposits are located in the Polessky, Nesterovsky, Slavsky districts of the region.

In places of occurrence in dry weather, fires occur.

Huge zaps.

Clays (building clays)

There were many factories for the production of bricks during the stay of East Prussia.

A new plant was opened in Krasnoznamensk.

Very high quality brick.

Sand and gravel mixtures

Construction, production of sand-lime bricks

Due to the glacial geological history of the territory, there are a sufficient number of deposits.

Formation of quarries at mining sites.

Food, chemical industry. In salt mines, it is possible to build gas storage facilities.

No deposits are being developed.

High stock estimate.

Mineral water

Food industry, medicinal purposes.

A wide variety of waters and their deposits (Svetlogorsk, Zelenogradsk, Sovetsk, Gusev, Slavsk)

Healing mud

Therapeutic (balneological purposes)

Mined in the area of ​​Svetlogorsk-Otradny

Sapropel

Glauconites

Chemical raw materials

Lignites (so-called brown coal)

Chemical and pharmacological raw materials

District of the village Grachevka.

The fact that this is not brown coal, but lignites.

Note: it is also possible to indicate other minerals that are actually common in the region.

Task 2.

The plane took off from St. Petersburg (60o latitude 30o east longitude) and flew straight south, then it turned east and, turning again, it flew another 1110 km to the north.

Specify approximate geographical coordinates where the plane ended up. Over what continent and specific geographical object it appeared.

To simplify this task, draw up an approximate flight diagram, indicate the geographical coordinates of the starting point of the flight, the turning points of the aircraft and the end point.

Number of points - 10.

Answer: To solve this problem, it should be remembered that each degree of any meridian corresponds to 111 km of distance, therefore, at the first stage (St. at a point with coordinates 0o latitude 30o east. etc., i.e., at the equator. Then he prolem to the east, i.e. he flew along the equator, where also each degree corresponds to 111 km, i.e. prolekm: 111 km = 10o, i.e. he ended up at a point with coordinates 0o latitude 40o east. e. Then he flew another 1110 km (or 10o) to the north, that is, along the meridian, specifically 40o E. therefore, it ended up at a point with coordinates 10o s. sh. 40o c. d.

This point is located in Africa, above the Ethiopian highlands.

Task 3.

This is the smallest sea in terms of area on our planet. Its name is consonant with the name of a metamorphic rock that was found on one of the islands located in this sea. What is the name of this sea? Indicate the name of the rock and the island where it is mined.

Number of points - 10.

Sea of ​​Marmara; white marble; mined on the island of Marmara.

Task 4.

Imagine that you are a researcher at a meteorological station and are engaged in weather observations. Meteorologist friends have come to visit you from another planet, where the atmosphere, in its properties, was also close to the earth's. Tell us about the weather parameters, meteorological instruments that record them, as well as the units of their measurement.

Record the results of your story in the table provided.

table 2

Number of points - 10.

Note: Considering that in most programs only three instruments (thermometer, barometer, weather vane) are studied in detail, the indication of other instruments is evaluated with a higher score (see criteria table).

Task 5.

Match the title geographical feature, geographical phenomenon (process) or the name of a scientist.

Answer options for comparison: Andes, archipelago, Beheim M., reservoir, geyser, Himalayas, Greenland, Drake, Magellan F., soil.

Write your answer in a column like this:

1. name from the list that you have chosen;

2. name from the list that you have chosen;

10. name from the list that you have chosen;

Number of points - 10.

	Made the first trip around the world	Magellan F.
	Most big Island on the ground	Greenland
	Most high mountains on the land
	artificial lake	reservoir
	Place of exit of hot waters heated by magma to the surface
	Created the first globe	Beheim M.
	The widest strait on earth
	A group of islands that lie close to each other	archipelago
	The longest mountains on earth
	The upper layer of the earth's crust, covered with vegetation and possessing fertility

TOTAL POINTS - 86

France/Italy

photo Stefano Caldera

Mont Blanc - the lord of the mountains;
they lifted him up long ago,
seated on a rock-cut throne,
in a mantle of clouds and a crown of snow

J. G. Byron woe

In the heart of the Alps, a mountain range that crosses the borders of six countries, rises the famous Mont Blanc, located on the border of France and Italy. The mountain, which was formed in ancient times, attracts millions of people today: tourists, climbers, athletes, and scientists aspire here.

The Alps themselves are a mountain range that stretches across Europe for almost 1200 km, at its widest point between the Italian Verona and the German Garmisch-Partenkirchsn is about 260 km wide, covering a total area of ​​190,000 square meters. km. The Alps are wholly or partially located on the territory of 8 countries; by share total area states attributable to the Alps, these countries are located as follows: Liechtenstein (100%), Monaco (100%), Austria (65%), Switzerland (60%), Slovenia (40%), Italy (17%), France ( 7%), Germany (3%).

Education

With the collision of two tectonic plates: the African and the Eurasian, the Alps were formed about 40 million years ago. During the collision, the earth's crust was bent into folds, the rocks were squeezed upward, forming mountain range. Most of The Alps are composed of sedimentary rocks. For millions of years, destructive forces and glaciers have been acting, thanks to which the Alps have acquired a modern look.

Coordinates: 45°49?40? With. sh. 6°50?59? V. / 45.827778° N sh. 6.849722° in. d.

Photo Matthieu Riegler

Mont Blanc (fr. Mont Blanc, Italian. Monte Bianco, lit. "white mountain") - the highest peak of the Alps, according to various estimates, reaches 4807 or 4810 meters. It is also called the "roofs" of Europe.

In ancient times, Mont Blanc was surrounded by mystery. The first documentary mention of it refers to 1088 AD. On the map of the possessions of the monks of the Benedictine order in the city of Chamonix, it is designated as Rupes Alba ("white mountain"). However, over the centuries locals they called it the "Cursed Mountain", believing that demons and dragons live there.

This is a crystalline massif 50 km long, 12 to 15 km wide, with a glaciation area of ​​more than 200 km. sq. That is, the slopes of Mont Blanc are indented by glaciers, for example, the large Mer de Glace glacier.

Peaks of the Mont Blanc massif above 4000 m

• Mont Blanc (4810 m)
• Mont Blanc de Courmayeur (4748 m)
• Rocher de la Tourmet (4677 m)
• Grand Bos (4547 m)
• Petite Bos (4513 m)
• Mont Mody (4465 m)
• Ludovic Amadeus Peak (4460 m)
• Aiguille Belle Etoile (4354 m)
• Dome du Goute (4304 m)
• Mont Blanc du Tacul (4248 m)
• Grand Piliet d'Angle (4243 m)
• Grand Joras (4208 m)
• Aiguille Vert (4122 m)
• Aiguille Blanche (4108 m)
• Aiguille de Bionnasse (4052 m)
• Dents du Jean (4013 m)
• Baretti Peak (4013 m)
• Piton des Italianes (4002 m)

As we can see, Mont Blanc is not one peak, but a whole relief composition formed by peaks, figures made of snow and ice, which create a play of light, like in a fairy tale, especially at the moment when the first rays of the sun glide over the slopes of the mountain. Mont Blanc is the first not only to meet, but also to see off the sun, shimmering from blush-pink at sunrise to fiery at sunset. The mountain is decorated with wooded hills and valleys.

• Valleys: Chamonix, Glacier, Aosta, Montjoie, Ferret.
• Glaciers: Mer de Glace, Bosson, Argentiere, Brenva, etc.
• Cities: Chamonix-Mont-Blanc (Chamonis), Courmayeur.

Climate

Characteristic alpine climate: snowy winters and cold summers. average temperature at an altitude of 1000 m: -2.5?C in January and +19?C in July.

Ludiaman Photos

The climate in the Alps is very diverse. Warm Mediterranean air comes in from the south and rises, while cold air descends from the north. Eagles soar in warm air currents. Snow-covered peaks sparkle in the sun. At an altitude of 1500 meters, snow often falls in large quantities. At high altitudes, temperatures are always low, exacerbated by the wind. Scientists believe that the mummified remains of a prehistoric man discovered in 1991, which had lain for more than 5,000 years, were preserved thanks to the influence of wind, sun and ice.

The climate of the Alps, like the climate of the mountains, is very diverse, which makes the vegetation and animal worlds adapt to such harsh conditions. The Alps are no different from other mountains: at first, deciduous forests give way to frost-resistant coniferous forests, and further to the border of eternal snows, the famous alpine meadows spread, where in a short mountain summer you can find a lot of different vegetation, shimmering with all possible colors, as well as animals grazing here. At other times, here you can meet representatives of the wild fauna, more adapted to life in these conditions. For example, partridges that sleep directly buried in the snow, which keeps them from bad weather.

Tourism

Scientists from different fields work on Mont Blanc, but nevertheless it is known and popular among tourists, climbers, skiers and snowboarders.

Photo by Jean-Paul Grandmont

Mont Blanc is first and foremost a paradise for climbers and winter sports enthusiasts, even those who are far from it can appreciate its attractive beauty by taking a walk along it. Around the mountain there are many observation platforms from which such magnificent views open up. Nature lovers with a good physical condition will be interested in the hike around Mont Blanc, known as the "Tour Mont Blanc". This 130 km circular route passes through Italy, France and Switzerland. It is divided into 10 stages. Every day, travelers spend from 3 to 10 hours on the road, admiring the picturesque views.

There are mountain paths that will allow lovers to reach the edge of the glaciers - one of the most popular leads from the Chamonix valley to the Chalet de Pyramides (1895 m above sea level). Some sections of the road can be overcome with the help of lifts and cable cars, enjoying stunning alpine views with forests, mountain lakes and picturesque glaciers.

Anyone can climb the array. Since 1958, a cable car has been operating here. The maximum height to which it raises tourists is the Aiguille di Midi peak, 3842 meters above sea level.

Up to 20,000 tourists and climbers climb up to Mont Blanc annually along the route laid back in the 18th century. The route is considered not very difficult, but for experienced and physically prepared tourists. In the mountains you always need to be careful, it is not difficult to get injured. Therefore, rescue service helicopters make up to 12 flights per day over the mountain at the height of the season.

Until the middle of the 18th century, all mountain range Mont Blanc was called "damned mountains" (Les Montagnes Maudits): that's how it was called by the people and on a few maps. One of the most dangerous peaks in the world gathers its deadly harvest every year. IN good weather Mont Blanc is magnificent and seems harmless, but strong hurricanes and avalanches, unstable weather can overtake climbers at any moment. Mont Blanc is a treacherous mountain. In 2009, 60 people died here, making Mont Blanc one of the deadliest mountains in the world. Many climbers found their death on the mountain, and a mournful cross was erected in memory of those who died on Mont Blanc.

valleys

You can admire Mont Blanc from different places. You can climb from the Veni valley to the Shekru pass. From here you can see the crest of Peter, which looks as if broken. You can see and dangerous routes"Pear", "Sentry", "Major's Way", which lead to the highest pass in Europe. These routes were first climbed by English climbers, and then they were climbed by many climbers. Many accidents have brought an infamous reputation

Another option is the beautiful Ferre Valley. The slopes here are very different: on the right is virgin nature, and on the left are alpine meadows and forests. You can meet chamois and stone sheep, domestic goats and sheep, as well as black, red and gray marmots.

The Shampe Valley, surrounded by dense forest and rare meadows, where the lake seems to be set into the mountain, beautiful place for tourists. Many hotels have been built on green hills, complemented by beautiful alpine nature.

Mont Blanc from the Chamonix Valley
Hapesoft Photos

Mont Blanc looks like a large white cat that has retracted its claws and arched its back when viewed from the Chamonix valley.

Famous writers who traveled in these places - Goethe, Dumas, Hugo - said that the ascent should be started from the Arves valley, from where the mountain itself is not even visible, but it is easy to guess about its presence. Above the yawning depression of the Arves arched the old humpbacked bridge of Saint-Martin.

The Montjoie Valley ("mountain of joy") of all 7 valleys, one goes to the plain. Along the entire valley there is a road of Roman times.

The Courmayeur Valley is known for its squat villages. stone houses with sheds and haylofts. Fields with rye, barley and other crops are separated by pyramidal poplars and stone fences. Professional guides live here.

Attractions

• At the western foot of Mont Blanc, on the French side, is the famous ski resort Chamonix. At the south, on the Italian side - Courmayeur;
• Glaciers and summits: Mer de Glace (Sea of ​​Ice), Gran Balkon Sud (Large South Balcony), Aiguille du Midi spur.
• St. Bernard breeding nursery on the Great St. Bernard Pass;
• Alpine Museum;
• Parks and reserves of the Chamonix valley (Merle, Epoille Rouge);
• Mont Blanc tunnel.

Mer de Glace

Mer de Glace (fr. Mer de Glace - “sea of ​​ice”) is a complex valley glacier on the northern slope of the Mont Blanc massif.

The length of the glacier is 12 km, the area is 33.1 km?, the thickness of the ice reaches 400 m

Mer de Glace is formed from four streams of ice and descends into the Chamonix valley to a height of 1470 m. The water stream flowing from it flows into the Arve River. Currently, the glacier is retreating; over the past 100 years, its area has decreased by more than a quarter.

The Mer de Glace is a popular tourist attraction: a cable car from France to Italy passes over it via the Aiguille du Midi peak (3842 m).

A popular tourist attraction: a special train can be reached from Chamonix to the middle part of the glacier. It is also known for having astronomical observatory, and under it a road tunnel 11.6 km long was laid, connecting France and Italy. The tunnel is paid. As of August 2011, the fare through the tunnel is 36 euros 80 cents.

Conquest

Gjbas Photos

Ancient weapons and tools found in the Alps indicate that people inhabited these places as early as 50,000 years ago. But we only know that they were nomadic hunters. In the Middle Ages, due to the thin layer of soil and the harsh climate, people settled here for a very short period. In summer they climbed high into the mountains, where they grazed their cattle on rich pastures, and with the onset of winter they descended into the valleys. Over the past 100 years, the way of life in these parts has changed a lot due to the regular influx of tourists, hikers, rock climbers, skiers.

The first traveler to describe his impressions of Mont Blanc in 1744 was Peter Martel, the son of a French emigrant who settled in Geneva. After the publication of his notes, hiking in the mountains turned into a real fashion, some adventurers literally fell ill with Mont Blanc, they were eager to conquer it. And in August 1786, the local doctor Michel Gabriel Paccard and his guide Jacques Balma were the first to climb the ice peak of Mont Blanc.

Back in the 40s, the passage through the Alps required at least 18 hours of the most difficult journey. That is why in 1959 it was decided to dig a tunnel in the mountain that would connect France and Italy. Six years later, the 11 km long tunnel was opened and thus the barrier erected by the formidable mountain was overcome.

• Jacques Balma, one of the first conquerors of Mont Blanc, was granted by the King of Sardinia the right to add to his name the title "nicknamed Mont Blanc".
• On August 1, 1787, the list of things that accompanied De Saussure to the summit included, among others: an umbrella, a tent, a folding bed, a mattress, blankets, two jackets, three jackets, three waistcoats, six shirts, formal white clothes, travel clothes , boots, leggings, three pairs of shoes - with long, short and regular toes, as well as slippers.
• The first woman to conquer Mont Blanc (July 14, 1808) was the Frenchwoman Marie Paradis. The last hundreds of meters to the top of it were dragged through the snow by male guides, just to complete the publicity stunt that promised an influx of tourists.
• In 1886, an expedition led by the future US President Theodore Roosevelt reached the summit.
• The first Winter Olympic Games were organized in Chamonix in 1924.
• Everything is known about Mont Blanc and several thousand books have been written. True, some fundamental questions of a geographical nature have not been resolved: for example, what is its height - 4807 or 4810 meters, where is its peak located - in France or in Italy?
• In 1814, a request was sent to the King of Sardinia to create a tunnel under Mont Blanc. However, the construction of the tunnel began only in 1959 and was completed in 1965. The tunnel, 11.6 kilometers long, starts in Italy at an altitude of 1381 meters and ends in France at an altitude of 1274 meters.

Photo Nono vlf

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Mont Blanc (in French Mont Blanc) and Monte Bianco (Monte Bianco in Italian) means "White Mountain" - the top of eternal snowfields and glaciers.

The top of Mont Blanc is a snow dome of thick centuries-old ice, the thickness of which is constantly changing. Thus, it is impossible to determine the exact height, although measurements are regularly taken on certain dates. The declared official height of the summit is 4,809 meters (15,777 ft).

Mont Blanc ranks 11th in the world in terms of topographic output and is considered the most high mountain in Europe, but Elbrus technically holds this honor (a mountain in the Caucasus with a height of 5642 meters).

The White Mountain "Montblanc" lies in the range of the mountain range of the western part of the Alps, called the Graian Alps (Italian: Alpi Graie, French: Alpes grées), between the Aosta Valley (Italy) and Savoie/Haute-Savoie (France).

The first recorded ascent of Mont Blanc took place on August 8, 1786 (Jacques Balmat and Dr. Michel Paccard). The ascent, which marked the beginning of modern mountaineering, was made by Horace-Benedick de Saussure, who was awarded for his successful ascent.
The first woman to climb Mont Blanc was Marie Paradis in 1808.
Grindelwald's "Tschingel" was the first dog to rise without human technical assistance. When Tschingel climbed Mont Blanc (1875), he was observed from Chamonix with a telescope, his reaching the top was marked by a cannon shot.

In 1886, future US President Theodore Roosevelt climbed Mont Blanc while on his honeymoon in Europe.

Approximately 20,000 climbers climb Mont Blanc every year, and the area surrounding the mountain has become a major tourist area for both Italy and France. There are several different established routes here. The most popular route is Voie Des Cristalliers (Crystal Way), also known as Voie Royale (Royal Way).

The scale of the tragedies of Mont Blanc averages about 100 deaths per year. It is estimated that there were 6,000-8,000 climbing deaths in total (more than on any other mountain in the world).

In 1990, the Swiss climber Pierre-André Gobbet, having left Chamonix, completed the ascent and descent in 5 hours, 10 minutes and 14 seconds.
On July 11, 2013, Spanish skier Kilian Jornet beat this record with the fastest total ascent and descent time of 4 hours 57 minutes and 40 seconds.

Three cities, together with their communities, surround Mont Blanc:

• Courmayeur - in the Aosta Valley, Italy
• Saint-Gervais-les-Bains and Chamonix - in Haute-Savoie, France

The 1924 Winter Olympics, officially a multi-sport winter event, took place in Chamonix, France.

The first professional scientific research on the summit was carried out by the meteorological botanist Joseph Vallo at the end of the 19th century. He built his own permanent cabin near the summit.
The French astronomer Jules Janssen had the desire to create the highest observatory in the world here. An observatory placed atop Mont Blanc would give a clear view of the sky. The Janssen Observatory, built in 1893, was located on the very high peak and exposed to extreme weather. Winches attached to the ice supported the observatory. This worked until 1906, when the building leaned heavily and eventually fell over.

The mountain has been the scene of two fatal plane crashes:

• Air India Flight 245 in 1950
• Air India Flight 101 in 1966

In 1960, aircraft pilot Henri Giraud landed on the summit, which is only 30 meters (98 feet) long.

The 11.6 km (7.25 miles) Mont Blanc Tunnel connects France/Italy. It was built in the period 1957-1965. From IT. the city of Courmayeur to fr. the resort of Chamonix is ​​only 13 kilometers away. Even in previous centuries, normal people did not climb mountain paths, but walked around. Now that a tunnel has been dug under Mont Blanc, it is used not only by motorists, but twice a year by migratory flocks of migrating birds.

On September 13, 2007, a jacuzzi party was abandoned on Mont Blanc. A portable hot tub was carried to the summit by 20 people. Each of them had to carry equipment weighing 20 kilograms. This work was done to order: a whirlpool with less oxygen, lower pressure, "against the wind and freezing temperatures."

In 2007, two toilet cabins were installed on Mont Blanc. These two highest toilets in Europe (located at an altitude of 4260) were delivered by helicopter to the top of Mont Blanc. They are also served by helicopter.

Since 1955. with the introduction cable car, the path to Mont Blanc has become much more comfortable. The mountain tram lifts to a height of 2732 m, and cable car- up to a height of 3845 m. It was stretched by the Italian engineer Dino Laura Tatino between the peaks of the Aiguille du Midi (Aiguille du Midi - "midday peak") and Plan de l'Aiguy (route through Botanical Garden). To admire the fantastic panorama of the Alps, you need to pay 40 euros.


On August 19, 2012, fifty paragliding pilots landed on site, breaking the previous record of 7 pilots in 2003.

Mount Mont Blanc is being put forward as a potential World Heritage Site for its uniqueness and cultural significance is a symbol of modern mountaineering. It is necessary that the three governments of Italy, France and Switzerland apply to UNESCO with a request to include it in the list.

Global warming has affected the melting of glaciers and causes avalanches from Mont Blanc, creating even more dangerous climbing conditions.
During a cold winter, in January 1893, the temperature at the top of Mont Blanc was -43°C, the lowest ever recorded.

Who owns Mont Blanc?
Until 1723, the mountain was part of the administrative jurisdiction of the state of the Duchy of Savoy. Then belonged to the Kingdom of Sardinia. After Napoleon's victory in Italy in 1797, Savoy and Piedmont, along with Mont Blanc, were ceded to France. The Congress of Vienna in 1815 restored the sovereignty of the King of Sardinia over the traditional territories (Nice, Savoy and Piedmont). A new political act, between Napoleon III and Victor Emmanuel II of Savoy, was signed on March 24, 1860 in Turin: the consent of the King of Sardinia that Mont Blanc is on the border with France. Then, on March 7, 1861, they signed the Demarcation Agreement, which determined that the mountain was " new frontier» countries. Until now, this act has legal force. De facto, the question of Mont Blanc belonging to someone is ignored: the border runs between cities (Italian Courmayeur and French Saint-Gervais-les-Bains); goes north from the main peak to Mont Mody (the southeastern ridge belongs to Italy, and the northwestern is under the control of France).

Mountain peaks beckon with their impregnability. Every climber has his own goal. conquer french alps dream of thousands of tourists. They are attracted by the snow-capped peak of Mont Blanc. Where is the mountain? In this article, we will answer the most pressing questions that beginner travelers ask. We will give recommendations on how to make a route where you can spend the night. Explain what a shelter is. Let's describe the most difficult areas for climbing. Let's talk about how to set up tents on Mont Blanc, and where the office of the mountain gendarmerie is located.

Geographic location

Mont Blanc is the most famous peak of the Alpine ridge. It is located in its western part, near the state border of Italy and France. The ownership of the mountain has not yet been established. For centuries, the Italians have been arguing with the French over ownership of this peak. At the foot of the place where Mont Blanc is located, an underground tunnel begins, connecting both countries. Its length exceeds eleven kilometers.

The height of the peak is 4810 meters above sea level. Attempts to conquer the mountain today are made not only by experienced climbers, but also by beginners. To the top depart from the villages of Courmayer and Chamonix, which are located at the foot of the ridge. Alpine ridge begins off the French coast mediterranean sea, in the resort area of ​​Nice. It passes through Italy, Switzerland, Germany and Austria. Ends on the Danube Plain.

Description

Where Mount Mont Blanc is located, the area of ​​\u200b\u200bglaciers is about 200 km². Their length exceeds fifty kilometers. The first documented attempts to conquer the summit were in 1786. The authors of the notes were Jacques Balmat and Michel Paccard. A woman followed suit twenty years later. Maria Paradis climbed the peak in 1808. One of the American presidents also visited these parts. Theodore Roosevelt participated in the expedition in 1886.

Experienced tourists conquer Mount Blanc (France, Italy) on their own, beginners turn to instructors for help. The ascent takes less than a week. The snow-covered slopes of the massif are an amazingly beautiful sight. They are cut by glaciers sparkling in the sun. The total number of peaks is 10. Their surroundings are the center of skiing in Europe. In the list of the most popular peaks for skiing, Brévent is listed, followed by Les Houches, Grand Monts and Flegères.

The description of Mont Blanc says that the complex "White Valley" consists of slopes for free skiing, the length of the longest is 22 km. The sections in Vallorcine and in the Le Ture region are recognized as the most difficult and dangerous routes.

The world-famous peak is not the only one that attracts climbers. Next to it rises the peak of Grande Joras, which literally hangs over the valley. It is so steep that climbing it is considered very difficult and only elite climbers can do it.

The peak is admired not only by skiers and adherents of sports tourism, but also by scientists. Archaeologists conduct their research on its slopes. Relatively recently, they found an icy skeleton ancient man. The age of this artifact exceeds five thousand years.

In the vicinity of the peak, a huge number of people die every year. In the 18th century, the peak was called the Cursed Mountain. Statistics say that Mont Blanc claimed the lives of thousands of travelers. Not only desperate athletes die on the slopes. In the 20th century, two major plane crashes occurred in the region of the mountain at once. They killed 200 passengers.

The history of Mont Blanc is continuously connected with tragedies. In 1999, a terrible car accident happened in a tunnel that runs under a mountain. The fire in the truck caused a lot of smoke. The oxygen concentration changed, which led to the engine shutdown of other cars that were trapped underground. Under the tourist center of Mont Blanc, the fire raged for more than two days. It killed 39 people.

The slopes of the ridge are used as scenery for filming spectacular and realistic films. Life in the foothills does not stop even in spring. Festivals are held in local villages, which attract tens of thousands of spectators. To climb to a height of 3777 meters, it is not necessary to travel on foot. Tourists are advised to use the cable car, which leads to the best viewing platforms complex.

Comments

In their reviews of the description of climbing Mount Blanc, climbers say that you can conquer the peak by train. Fascinating panoramas of the Alps open from the window of the carriage of the Montenvers excursion train. The minimum ticket price is 1400 rubles and reaches 2100 rubles. Children's tariff - 1100 rubles. In addition to the train trip, travelers recommend relaxing in the village of Courmayer.

Entertainment

There are golf courses in the valley. At an altitude of 1700 meters above sea level, there is an outdoor swimming pool equipped with a water heating system. They say that the most popular spa complex is located in the hotel Au Coeur Des Neiges. Those who have recently visited Mont Blanc say that local authorities are actively experimenting with placing a special gendarmerie unit on the slopes.

Police officers monitor compliance with the rules for setting up tents. A few years ago, climbers were banned from setting up camps in an area that is above 3835 meters above sea level. In addition, the gendarmes provide assistance to those who find themselves in a difficult situation, accompany them to the nearest village.

Independent travelers in their reviews and comments recommend purchasing plane tickets in advance. This will work out much cheaper. When booking hotel rooms, one should not forget about accommodation in the mountains. It is provided by shelters, which are most often crowded during the high season. There are exceptions, but very rarely. When choosing an insurance program, pay only for a special policy for climbers.

If you believe the reviews of tourists, then a trip to the mountains will take about 95,000 rubles. This amount includes the costs associated with climbing the peak. It takes about eight days to conquer Mont Blanc. For pocket and unforeseen expenses, you need to leave 25,000 rubles. If you're lucky, then a round-trip flight will cost 12,000.

Service

In no case should you save on the services of a guide. He will not only take on some of the organizational issues, but in the process of climbing he will correct the climbing technique, teach new techniques. And the conductor has its own vehicle, which greatly facilitates movement around Mont Blanc.

An experienced guide is a guarantee that the trip will end safely. He knows all the nuances of the mountain route, knows how to predict the weather and chooses the best moment for climbing.

Climatic conditions

The high season in the foothills begins on the first of July. Climbers leave the slopes of the ridge in the last days of August. During this period, warm weather sets in. To avoid the crowd that invariably accompanies the beginning of the season, some tourists start conquering Mont Blanc at the end of June.

Speaking of summer in the high mountainous regions of the massif, it should be borne in mind that this is a relative concept. In just one July night, twenty centimeters of snow fall at an altitude of 4,000 meters. Wind gusts reach 150 kilometers per hour. At the same time, in the village of Chamonix, which is located below, the thermometer shows +25 ° C. At an altitude of 2500 meters, warm weather also reigns. Tourists wear short-sleeved T-shirts.

But at an altitude of 3800 meters above sea level, the night air temperature can drop below -20 ° C. The average value for July is -5 °C. During the day, most often the thermometer exceeds 0 ° C. In June, every third day in the Alps is rainy. There is slightly less rainfall in July and August. You can get an up-to-date weather report at any shelter that is located on a slope. Early forecasts are usually uninformative. If there is a guide, the planning of all stages of the ascent falls on the shoulders of the guide.