What words should you use to end your city tour? Individual excursion text

2.5. Excursion techniques

The effectiveness of any excursion largely depends on the technique of its implementation, the connection between the methodology and the technique of conducting it. There are a number of requirements for the technique of conducting an excursion. These include the guide’s introduction to the group, the correct placement of the group at the object, the excursionists getting off the bus and returning to the bus (other vehicle), the use of a microphone by the guide, adherence to the time allotted for the excursion as a whole and the disclosure of individual subtopics, answers to questions from tourists, etc.

The guide introduces the group. The guide, upon entering the bus, introduces himself to the group. He greets those present, states his last name, first name, patronymic, the excursion institution that he represents, introduces the excursionists to the bus driver, i.e. begins the excursion with an introduction.

It is important that from the very beginning the guide subordinates his actions to the established rules of communication with the group. He doesn't start talking right away. There is a pause that lasts ten to twenty seconds. The first acquaintance occurs; further contacts between the guide and the group largely depend on it. The tourists gradually fall silent, sit down more comfortably, and their attention turns to the guide. The excursionists figure out what the guide is capable of, what interesting things he will tell them, and the guide thinks about how to interest these people, how to rivet their attention to the topic.

With proper organization of excursion work, preparation for it should occur in advance. This is done by excursion organizers or travel agents.

The plot of the excursion must be known to the excursionist in advance. The tourist must know the topic of the excursion. It is extremely important that promotional activities and the purchase of a tour package are separated from the tour by one or two days. This is significant in the sense that during this period of time a certain psychological attitude of the tourist will take place. He will have time to think about it and get used to the plot of the excursion.

Each topic has its own introduction. If the composition of the group is different (for example, local population and visiting tourists, adults and children), the same excursion will have different introductions. The guide pays special attention to the preparation and execution of the introduction, which gives a specific instruction to the excursionists and allows them to establish contact with them.

Excursionists exit the bus (trolleybus, tram). Excursionists must be prepared in advance for departure. In cases where this is not done, a significant part of the group remains sitting on the bus, without getting out to observe the monuments at their location. Thus, excursionists lose the opportunity to personally get to know the object.

At stops where the excursion group is provided to exit, the guide leaves first, showing an example to the group and determining the direction of its movement to the object. In cases where other stops are made during excursions, for example, sanitary stops or for purchasing souvenirs, the guide informs you of the exact time (hour and minutes) of the bus departure. It is necessary to require tourists to comply with the regulations for the excursion, which affects the bus schedule along the route. If the parking time on a country excursion is shortened or increased for some reason, the guide informs all excursionists about this.

Arrangement of the group at the object. When developing an excursion, as a rule, several options for accommodating a group to observe the excursion object are determined. This is done in the case when the place determined by the methodological development is occupied by another group or when the sun's rays shine into the eyes, making it difficult to examine the object. There are other reasons that prevent you from using the recommended location. In hot weather, opportunities are used to arrange groups in the shade. In case of rain, there is an option to accommodate tourists under a roof, under the canopy of trees. In some cases, the technique requires that several points be selected to examine an object: distant, if the object is shown together with the environment or other objects; near, if individual details of a building, structure, area, or natural object are analyzed. These features are reflected in the column “Organized instructions for methodological development.” Each guide carefully studies these instructions and, before leaving with the group on the route, clarifies issues related to the arrangement of the group to observe objects. It is also necessary to ensure the safety of tourists when inspecting objects and when crossing highways.

When several groups are simultaneously located at one object, such a distance must be maintained between them so that one guide does not interfere with the other with his story, so that one group does not obscure another object of observation. Known difficulties in meeting this condition are caused by the placement of groups for displaying museum exhibitions.

Movement of tourists from bus to object, from object to bus, between objects is carried out by a group. The guide's place is in the center of the group, several people walk in front, a few next to each other, and the rest behind. It is important that the group does not stretch: the distance between its head and those who come last should not exceed 5-7 meters. The guide must ensure that the integrity of the group is not compromised when moving the group along the route. If the group is extended, not everyone will hear the guide’s story, his explanations and logical transitions that are presented along the way. Experienced guides skillfully guide the movement along the route.

The pace of the group’s movement depends on the composition of the group (children, youth, middle age, elderly people), on the terrain, for example, climbing a mountain, poor road conditions, overcoming ditches in dangerous areas in working workshops, etc.

On a walking tour, the pace of the tourists is slow and leisurely, since the objects on display are located next to each other.

It is more difficult to establish the required pace of movement of the group on a bus excursion. Here, after getting off the bus, the guide does not immediately start moving, especially if the object is located in the distance. He allows most of the excursionists to get off the bus and then, slowly, but not too slowly, at the head of the group heads towards the goal. Approaching the object, he begins his story not immediately, but after the whole group has gathered.

The guide guides the movement of tourists during their independent work along the route. Tourists walk around the object to read the inscription on it themselves, go inside it, and see the peculiar features of the architecture. They climb a hill to determine its height, climb a bell tower, a minaret to make sure of the unusual “step” of the steps of a steep staircase, go down into the fortress moat to determine its depth, etc. These movements of excursionists enrich them additional information and new impressions, make it possible to experience the unique features of the objects, the features of the events to which the excursion is dedicated.

Return of tourists to the bus. During the group's movement, it is led by a guide. When a group boards the bus, he stands to the right of the entrance and counts the excursionists who enter the cabin. This is done unnoticed. Having made sure that all participants of the excursion have gathered, he enters the bus last and gives a conventional sign to the driver to start moving.

It is necessary to avoid counting tourists who have already taken their seats on the bus. This introduces unnecessary nervousness and sometimes causes comical situations, thereby disrupting the course of the excursion.

Guide's place. The guide on the bus should occupy a place from where he can clearly see the objects discussed on the excursion, but so that all the excursionists are in his field of vision. At the same time, sightseers must see it. Typically, this is a designated front seat next to the driver (the seat behind the driver is reserved for another driver). The guide is not allowed to stand while the bus is moving (as well as tourists) for safety reasons.

On a walking tour, the guide should be positioned halfway to the object. Displaying visually perceived objects requires that they be in front of the guide’s eyes, because he analyzes them based on his visual impressions. This is especially important on country excursions, when the guide, while the bus is moving, sitting in his seat with his back to the excursionists, looks out the front window of the bus and talks about what the excursionists are already seeing or are about to see.

Keeping time during the excursion. IN methodological development The exact time allocated for the disclosure of each subtopic is indicated in minutes. Everything is provided here: a demonstration of objects, a story from a guide, movement along the route to the next one, and movement of the group around the observed objects. The ability to meet the allotted time does not come to the guide right away. This requires a lot of practice, including conducting an excursion with a watch in hand: at home, at a specific object. It is necessary to ensure compliance with time when carrying out a logical transition, covering a single subtopic and main issues. It helps the guide to time the time spent on individual parts of the excursion. Based on this timing, taking into account the listener’s comments, the guide makes appropriate adjustments to his story. Everything unnecessary is removed from the excursion, which leads to time overrun. Often, for reasons beyond the control of the guide, a tour is significantly reduced in time. This is due to the group getting ready for a long time, breakfast not being served to tourists on time, the bus being late, etc. As a result, the excursion starts late. The guide has only one option - to reduce the time allotted to cover the topic. This should be done by preserving all that is important in the content of the excursion and removing the unimportant. To do this, you need to prepare in advance for a possible reduction in excursion material.

Technique for telling a story while the bus is moving. The story while driving on the bus should be conducted by the guide through a microphone. If the equipment does not function well or there is no microphone at all, it is useless for the guide to narrate while driving. The engine noise and shaking of the bus limit audibility, so explanations will only be heard by tourists sitting nearby. In this case, the guide gives information about the nearest section of the route before the start of the movement, and during the movement only reports the names of objects or areas. When there are important objects or settlements it is necessary to stop the bus, turn off the engine and only then give an explanation. This must be agreed upon with the driver in advance.

Answers to questions from tourists. In excursion practice, a certain classification of issues has developed. They are divided into four groups: questions from the guide, answered by excursionists; questions posed during the story, answered by the guide; rhetorical questions that are posed to activate the attention of tourists; questions asked by excursion participants on the topic. The first three groups of questions are related to the methodology of conducting excursions, and only the fourth group of questions is related to the technique of conducting excursions. Their content is different - sometimes they are connected with objects, sometimes with the lives of famous figures, and often with events that are not related to the topic of the excursion. The main rule for working with such questions is that you should not interrupt the story and give an immediate answer to them; you also do not need to answer questions at the end of each of the subtopics. This scatters attention and distracts the audience from perceiving the content of the topic being revealed, since not everyone in the group is concerned about these particular issues. Therefore, the guide should answer questions not during the tour, but after it ends. The content of the answers should not be of a debatable nature, that is, cause tourists to want to argue or continue the topic raised in the question.

Making an introduction to the topic, the guide informs his listeners about this order of answers to questions.

Pauses in the excursion. The guide should not talk continuously. There should be short breaks between individual parts of the story, the story and excursion information along the way, the logical transition and the story about the object and the events associated with it.

Pauses serve the following purposes:

The first is semantic, when people use the break time to think about what they heard from the guide and saw with their own eyes. To consolidate factual material in memory, formulate your conclusions and remember what you see. It is important that excursionists have time at each object free from showing and telling for independent inspection, preparing for the perception of what will be shown and told at the next stop;
- the second is to give short-term rest to excursionists. It does not carry any semantic load. This is especially important for those who are not yet accustomed to such an active form of cultural and educational work as an excursion.

Pauses in country excursions are combined with rest, which, in accordance with the existing procedure, is provided to the guide: 15 minutes. after each hour of work (for a guide, an hour of conducting a tour is 45 minutes). This rest can be summed up and used by the guide at the end of the excursion. There may also be pauses during excursions - free time used for purchasing souvenirs, printed materials, quenching thirst, as well as for sanitary stops on long excursions.

Technique for using the "tour guide's briefcase". The contents of the “guide’s portfolio”, its meaning and role in the use of methodological techniques of demonstration are related to the methodology of preparing and conducting the excursion. Each exhibit - photograph, drawing, reproduction of a painting, portrait, drawing, copy of a document - has its own serial number. This determines the sequence of demonstration of this exhibit to tourists.

The exhibit can be shown by the guide from his workplace, handed over to the tourists in rows for more detailed acquaintance.

Sometimes, in accordance with the methodological development, the guide organizes the playback of tape and video recordings. It is important to check in advance the serviceability of the equipment, the availability of the necessary recordings, and ensure audibility for all participants in the excursion. The guide must be able to use this equipment.

During excursions, elements of ritual (a ceremony developed by folk customs) are used. Sightseers at burial sites and memorials honor the memory of the dead with a minute of silence, are present at the changing of the guard of honor, participate in processions and rallies, and listen to mourning melodies. The guide needs to know the procedure for laying flowers, the passage of tourists at the locations of mass graves and obelisks, participation in the guard of honor, a minute of silence, the rules of conduct at the Eternal Flame and at the burial sites of heroes of the Civil War, the Great Patriotic War (1941-1945) and others. wars. Before the start of the excursion, the guide informs you about everything, emphasizing the importance of observing the ritual when visiting historical places.

conclusions

The importance of issues related to the technique of conducting excursions is difficult to overestimate. Neither a fascinating story about objects, nor methodological techniques for displaying monuments will give the necessary effect if all aspects of its implementation are not seriously thought out, if conditions for observing objects are not created.

Control questions

1. The concept of “techniques for conducting excursions”.
2. Contents of the column “Organizational instructions”.
3. Organizing the work of the guide with the group.
4. Skillful use of excursion techniques.
5. Skills in using excursion techniques.
6. The pace of movement of the group, its significance.
7. Using a microphone. Work in the absence of a microphone.
8. Establishing the necessary order in the group.
9. Use of free time during the excursion.
10. Answers to questions from tourists.
11. Techniques for using visual aids.

Introduction……………………………………………………………..3

1. Subject and ideas of the excursion methodology.

1.1 Subject and types of excursion methods……5

1.2. Methodology for preparing excursions………………...8

2. Classification of methodological techniques.

2.1 Classification of methodological techniques………….14

2.2 Methodological techniques for display……………….…...17

2.3 Methodological techniques of the story………………….25

3. Special methodological techniques.

3.1.Technique for demonstrating a visual aid………35

3.2 Mastery of methodological techniques by the guide………………………………………………………..39

4. Techniques for conducting excursions.

4.1 Technique for conducting excursions………………………42

Conclusion……………………………………………………………..51

Bibliography……………..……………….…52

Introduction.

Methodology in the broad sense of the word is a set of ways to expediently carry out this or that work, solve a problem, achieve a goal, and in a narrower sense it is a set of specific methodological techniques for conducting lectures, conversations, excursions on a certain topic and for a certain group.

The methodology is divided into general and specific.

An excursion is a methodically thought-out display of places of interest, historical and cultural monuments, a display based on an analysis of the objects in front of the sightseers, as well as the events associated with them.

The guide is not indifferent to what the tourist sees, how he will understand and perceive what he saw and heard.

The guide, with his explanations, leads tourists to the necessary conclusions, and the effectiveness of the excursion depends on this.

It follows from this that the essence of an excursion can be defined as follows: a visual process of cognition of the surrounding world, a process built on pre-selected objects located in natural conditions or located in the halls of museums, exhibitions, workshops of a sculptor, artist, etc.

The excursion technique is a private technique, since it is associated with the process of disseminating knowledge based on one form of work. The excursion methodology is a set of requirements and rules for the excursion, as well as the sum of methodological techniques for preparing and conducting excursions different types, on different topics and for different groups of people.

The excursion work methodology answers the following questions:

1. Why is the excursion prepared and conducted (goal, objectives)?

2. What issues are covered during the excursion (what is its content devoted to)?

3. How to conduct a tour (methodological techniques)?

The excursion methodology consists of several independent, interconnected parts:

Methods for developing a new topic for this bureau;

Methods for the guide to develop a topic that is new to him, but has already been developed in this bureau;

Methods of preparing a guide for conducting the next excursion;

Methods of conducting an excursion;

Methods after excursion work.

1. Subject and types of excursion techniques.

1.1 Subject and types of excursion techniques.

The method of conducting an excursion is a set of techniques used in conducting an excursion, which are designed to find a way to more easily and effectively achieve the purpose of the excursion, to help tourists more easily and more firmly grasp the content of the excursion.

Methodological techniques for conducting excursions are divided into general, personal and individual. General techniques are the basis for conducting any excursion, regardless of its topic, the composition of the excursion group. Personal, in the end, are those techniques that are used in excursions of a certain type (industrial, museum, natural history, transport, walking), or in excursions conducted for a specific purpose. people are used to expressing themselves to the excursion audience (kids, youth, adults). It is no secret that personal methods, focusing on the main requirements of the excursion methodology, develop and specify more effective methods for conducting excursions of this type. Everyone knows that in the end, individual techniques are, as we always say, unique methods of observing a single object or telling a story about it, for example, showing a building standing on the shore of a reservoir, which on a fine summer day is finally reflected on its surface. And there is no need to even say that such techniques are usually intellectual property The first guide is not, finally, used by everyone who conducts similar excursions. Indeed, isolated techniques also include those whose implementation is limited to a certain time of year or day.

The excursion methodology is considered in several aspects: as the basis for the professional skills of guides; as a mechanism that improves the “feed” of material; as a process of streamlining the activities of a guide. The technique helps tourists see, remember and understand much more than in a lecture covering the same topic. This happens because the lecturer’s methodology is largely based on various kinds of messages and descriptions, the lecture story is conducted in isolation from the objects of description. The excursion methodology consists of several independent, interconnected parts: - methods for developing a topic new for a given bureau; - methods for the guide to develop a topic that is new to him, but already developed in this bureau; - methods for preparing the guide for the next excursion; - methods of conducting an excursion; - methods of post-excursion work.

Aspects of the excursion methodology: the basis of the professional skills of the guide, the mechanism for presenting material, the process of streamlining the activities of the guide during the preparation and conduct of the excursion.

The excursion technique is associated with such concepts as story and show. To the question about the relationship between showing and telling on an excursion, the methodology gives a clear answer: from showing to telling. You should start with a show, with visual or other (tactile, olfactory) impressions, and then introduce a story. The technique takes into account the ability of an object to attract attention and uses various means of enhancing the attention of tourists.

Another objective of the methodology is to suggest the most effective use of methodological techniques for conducting an excursion. The excursion methodology takes into account the issues of emotional impact on tourists.

The subject of excursion methodology is the purposeful study, systematization, formulation, explanation and practical application of means and methods of education and training, as well as methodological techniques with the help of which employees of excursion institutions carry out their activities. The excursion methodology summarizes the experience of conducting excursions, develops and offers methodological techniques that have proven themselves in practice and ensure the highest efficiency in the disclosure and perception of the topic.

1.2 Methodology for preparing excursions.

The development of the excursion is carried out by a creative group consisting of 3-10 people, depending on the complexity of the topic. Each of the participants works on one of the sections or one of subtopics excursions. The head of the creative team combines and edits the prepared material.

Preparation is divided into two stages:

Preliminary - selection and study of factual materials (i.e. the process of initial accumulation of knowledge on a given topic), carried out by a creative group, selection of objects on which the excursion will be based;

Direct - drawing up an excursion route, processing factual material.

In addition, work is being done on the structure of the methodological development: introduction, main part, conclusion; a control text is compiled, the methodological conduct of the excursion is analyzed (determining the most appropriate methodological techniques of showing and telling specifically for this or that part of the excursion), a “guide’s portfolio” is formed, and an individual text is prepared. The methodological development is a condensed plan, a document that determines how to conduct a given excursion, in what sequence to organize the display of monuments, what methodology is advisable to use for an effective excursion. Here the guide should find advice on the sequence in which to show and tell, what materials from the “guide’s portfolio” and when it is best to demonstrate. Methodological development is compiled for each topic of the excursion.

Methodological development is a mandatory document, without which an excursion on this topic cannot be carried out.

Mandatory document is also an individual text that gives the guide the right to conduct a tour on this topic. A properly compiled methodological development helps the guide to more fully reveal the topic.

An excursion, as we have already found out, is both a way of relaxation and a method of learning new information. In connection with this two-sidedness, special methodological techniques are being developed for conducting the excursion. The main emphasis of the excursion is on the show, on introducing tourists to objects that are new to them, and on brief comments on the show.

When conducting an excursion, the following general methodological techniques are used: the main display technique, the preliminary inspection technique, the mental reconstruction technique of the excursion object, the mental reconstruction technique of the historical background, the comparison technique, the abstraction technique, the discussion technique, the report technique, the complicity technique, the personification technique, the problem situation technique , method of retreat, method of activating attention, use of visual aids from the “tour guide’s portfolio”, display and description of an object as the bus moves, panoramic display, brief description of the object shown, brief information about a unique historical or natural site, detailed description features of the object, explanations and comments during the excursion, inclusion of vivid quotes in the story, taking pauses, answering questions from tourists.

When developing an excursion, the guide must take into account that:

o the maximum number of objects that adult tourists can perceive is 30, children - no more than 15; o the maximum time for a continuous excursion story is 15 minutes for adults and 10 minutes for children;

o the maximum display time of one excursion object is 4 minutes;

o For every hour of the guide's story, a 10-minute pause is possible.

Methodological techniques, their use and features depend on: the form of the excursion, the content and theme of the excursion, the composition of the group, the venue, and the method of transportation.

1. The choice of methodological techniques depending on the form of the excursion. The form of the excursion (educational excursion, excursion-conversation, excursion-game, excursion-walk, excursion-performance, etc.) significantly influences the possibility and need to use certain methodological techniques.

On the most common educational excursion (previously they were called educational excursions), almost all techniques are used; their use and alternation depend on other decisive factors.

In an excursion-conversation (most often this form is used for conducting an individual excursion), the optimal techniques will be the main demonstration, comparisons, abstraction, brief comments, and answering questions from tourists.

In an excursion-game, most often carried out for primary schoolchildren, vivid comparisons, activation of imagination, panoramic display, and inclusion of additional display objects (films, computer videos, archaeological finds) will help keep children’s attention.

During an excursion-walk, to keep children’s attention, the guide tries to influence not only visual and auditory sensations, but also tactile ones. For example, excursionists are given the task of collecting a small herbarium, finding a fossil on their own, etc.

2. The choice of methodological techniques depending on the composition of the group. As you know, the most inquisitive groups are middle-aged schoolchildren and adults. Student participants have low attention span.

In children's groups, it is advisable to use the techniques of the main display, brief comments, techniques of comparison and mental reconstruction; At the same time, it is undesirable to pause frequently and for a long time, which weakens concentration.

In adult groups, in addition to the main display and a more detailed story, the techniques of abstraction, historical reconstruction, participation, reportage, and personification are used. In individual adult groups, it is optimal to use the technique of conversation and comments during the show.

An experienced guide always “feels” his group and, depending on its mood, intellectual preparation and other factors, applies certain methodological techniques.

3. The choice of methodological techniques depending on the location of the excursion. An excursion in the city does not require any special methodological techniques, while a country excursion is carried out according to its own laws. In this case, it is best to use the techniques of comparison, reporting, problem situations, and panoramic display.

In museum excursions using exhibits, the best ones are a combination of showing and telling techniques, the technique of mentally creating a historical background, the technique of personification and the technique of explanation.

When conducting a thematic excursion in the museum under open air The optimal methods will be the main display, comments on objects, brief explanations, methods of abstraction, reporting, and the method of providing brief information about the uniqueness of a particular exhibit.

4. The choice of methodological techniques depending on the method of movement. It is clear that a bus tour without getting off the bus will be very different from a regular walking tour or museum excursion.

Regarding the conduct of a bus excursion with stops at certain places, clear rules have been developed regulating boarding the bus, showing and telling along the way, and getting off the bus. The best techniques when driving on a bus: the technique of showing with comments, the technique of comparisons, the technique of abstraction, the technique of using visual aids from the “guide’s portfolio”, the technique of comments and techniques of activating attention.

When walking, the guide should not speak while moving from one object to another. Walking tours use the techniques of preliminary inspection, detailed display and commentary, the technique of comparison, the technique of abstraction, the technique of participation, and the technique of personification.

5. The choice of methodological techniques depending on the content of the excursion and its topic. In sightseeing city tours it is possible to use all existing methodological techniques. Some features are inherent in the techniques used in thematic excursions. So, in historical excursion You can use almost all techniques, but the best techniques will be the mental reconstruction of the historical background, the technique of the main display and the technique of comparison. At botanical excursion, for example by natural park, it is advisable to use the main display technique, the comments technique, and the comparison technique. When conducting an ecological excursion, the technique of a problem situation, the technique of the main display, the technique of complicity, and the technique of reporting will bring success. A religious excursion will be more effective using the techniques of the main display and brief comments on it; it is possible to use the technique of complicity and mental reconstruction of the historical background. It should be borne in mind that it is not very ethical to conduct a story directly in the temple, but it is better to limit yourself to small explanations and most provide information to excursionists on the bus in advance or after visiting the temple.

A field trip is, first of all, a method of reporting, a method of participation, a method of main display, a method of problem situation, a method of discussion. In a literary excursion, it is worth using the technique of the main display and comments, the technique of personification, the technique of quotations, and the technique of digression. When conducting a theatrical excursion, one cannot do without the method of mental reconstruction of the historical background, the method of abstraction, the method of reporting, the method of complicity.

Features of displaying objects along the bus route without stopping or exiting the bus. Such a display is typical for an excursion group departing from their place of residence (for example, from a hotel outside the city) to the old part of the city to visit the local museum. The excursion route does not involve stops, and the guide tells the story while driving. The display of objects along the route must be prepared in advance. The guide may first give brief description object, and then show it (the story either precedes the show or smoothly “flows around” it). The guide's comments should be structured in such a way as to orient tourists in advance to appearance the object of interest and its location.

• 1. “Peter I stayed in our city during one of the Azov campaigns. Now, on the right as the bus moves, you can see the temple that the Russian Tsar visited during his short stay in our city.”
• 2. “The Volga is the pride of our country, and we are especially proud that the sources of this great river are in our region. Ahead as the bus moves, you can see the main bed of the Volga, and the bridge we are passing over is one of 5 bridges in our city. It was built according to the design of a famous St. Petersburg architect.”
• 3. “In a few minutes we will approach the landing site of the world’s first cosmonaut Yu.A. Gagarin. At the moment we are driving along an alley of poplars planted for the 10th anniversary of the first space flight.”

Panoramic display. The opportunity to show the city, the beauty of the surrounding nature or any architectural complex With high point is the highlight of the excursion. A panoramic display can serve as a bright start to an excursion, be its culmination or finishing touch. In any case, a panoramic view allows you to create a more complete impression of everything you saw and heard. It is advisable to provide excursionists with the opportunity to ask questions after the panoramic display (no more than 5 minutes).

The most beautiful panoramas open from the observation deck in the mountains to the picturesque foothills; city panoramas also have a strong emotional impact. On excursions around Moscow, excursion groups are often brought to the Sparrow Hills, from which a beautiful panorama of the capital opens; most of Moscow is clearly visible and from observation deck Ostankino Tower. In those cities where there are no elevated natural places, bell towers, preserved fortresses, high-rise buildings, etc. can be used for a panoramic display. Thus, in St. Petersburg, guests of the city are often shown a panorama of the city from the height of the observation deck of St. Isaac's Cathedral.

• 1. Panoramic display before the start of the tour ( panoramic platform located on one of the low mountains surrounding the city): “In front of you is a Volga city, surrounded on three sides by mountains. You can see the old part of the city on the Volga coast, where ancient buildings and temples have been preserved. Most big temple with a high bell tower - this is Cathedral of our city, it was built 100 years ago by a local architect. From here you can see several small city parks and green alleys along many streets. The city was developed in such a way that all central streets intersect with each other exclusively at right angles. The central part of the city resembles a chessboard viewed from above. To the right of the cathedral you can see old bridge through the Volga. It is 3.5 km long and is one of the largest bridges in Europe. In the plains between the mountains there are new residential areas, but our goal is the old part of the city and the Volga embankment. Let's get on the bus and continue our journey."
• 2. Panoramic display as the culminating moment: “You and I got acquainted with the history of the city, its main architectural and historical attractions. And now you have the opportunity to see the city from a bird's eye view. Do you see the temple on the left? This is the cathedral that you visited. To the right of it is a bridge across the Volga, along which we took a sightseeing trip. If all our guests have admired the panorama of the city, we can move on. We are going to visit an open-air ethnographic museum.”
• 3. Panoramic display as the final stage of the excursion: “In front of you is a city through which we have already completed our journey. Now from above you can once again see all the memorable places about which you have learned a lot. If you have any questions, I will be happy to answer them."

In any of the three described cases, the panoramic display will remain in the memory of the excursionists for a long time and will leave the best memories of the excursion.

Museum excursion. When conducting a museum excursion, most basic methodological techniques are used, but taking into account limited space.

The guide meets the group that comes to the museum at a place specially designated for this, in each museum. The guide immediately introduces himself, loudly announces the topic of the excursion and leads the group to the beginning of the story. If there is already another excursion in the hall where the group has entered, the guide should either speak more quietly or go to the next hall, if the topic of the excursion allows.

In the introductory part of any museum excursion, you should provide the group with brief (no more than 2-3 minutes) information about the history of the creation of the museum, and remind you of the rules of conduct in rooms where there are many glass display cases and fragile objects. After this, the guide begins the main part of the tour, standing half-turned towards the display case or the first exhibit. You should not focus the attention of a large group on small exhibits, since most tourists will not see anything, but there will be a risk of breaking the display case. Transitions from one display case to another or from one hall to another should be accompanied by logical transitions in the story. In the final part of the excursion, the results are summed up and information is provided about the remaining halls of the museum where tourists can visit. After this, the guide answers questions from the excursion participants and says goodbye to them.

An important condition for a well-conducted excursion in the museum is strict adherence to time.

Additional methodological techniques. Every experienced guide always has in stock several proprietary methodological techniques that help turn the excursion into both a quality learning process and a pleasant time spent.

• 1. Including a short meeting in the excursion with a specialist, nair and mer during an archaeological excursion - with an archaeologist, during a paleontological excursion - with a paleontologist, during an art excursion - with an artist or musician, etc. Communication with specialists activates and deepens the interest aroused by the topic of the excursion, helps to better understand the issues under consideration and, of course, has a strong emotional impact on excursionists.
• 2. Watching movies or computer clips on the topic of the excursion. Innovative moments add a special flavor to the excursion and enhance the visual impact on the excursion participants. Such additions are suitable during a long trip on a bus equipped with the necessary equipment.
• 3. Introduction of the search and research part on the topic of the excursion. Active actions help excursionists improve the process of learning new information and feel like real researchers. During archaeological, paleontological, geological, botanical, environmental excursions, you can provide excursionists with the opportunity to find any artifacts or objects of research on the surface of the earth:

o lifting material on archaeological sites(fragments of dishes, fragments of iron objects washed from the soil by rainwater);

about fossils at paleontological outcrops (mollusk shells, ancient sponges);

o minerals at the sites of geological monuments (precious stones, gems);

o herbarium objects (leaves, flowers).

Material collected on the surface of the earth can be taken with you if it does not harm the monument.

4. Including mini-quizzes in the excursion process. Conducting a mini-quiz is positively perceived even in adult groups. For example, a guide may invite group members to remember the length of the Volga, paintings by a famous artist, in addition to those seen in the museum, name writers whose books are dedicated to events on the Don, etc. You can invite excursionists to determine which architectural style the building belongs to, what is the approximate height of the memorial stele, the length of the bridge, etc.

Questions may be presented along with answer options, for example:

“What do you think is the principle by which the name of a Russian city was most often given:

about the name of its founder;

o by the name of the ancient tribes that lived in this place earlier;

oh by the name of the river on which the city is founded?”

Of course, the guide must not only convincingly prove the correctness of the answer, but also give examples. IN in this case the correct answer is the third, and examples include cities such as Moscow, Samara, Tsaritsyn, Tomsk, Tver, etc.

• 5. Incorporating conversational elements into the tour. The guide, who has become acquainted with the group, during the excursion can include elements of conversation that activate the group’s attention and make the psychological environment comfortable. For example, knowing that the group arrived in northern city from Krasnodar region, you can ask whether the guests are freezing while walking along the snow-covered embankment, or ask the guests what particularly surprised them among the objects they examined, whether there are similar ones in their city, etc. The guide's reciprocal interest in the guests will cause greater satisfaction with the excursion and will leave a good impression of the city and its inhabitants.
• 6. Inclusion of theatrical elements into the excursion- participation in a folk festival, carnival, historical reconstruction festival. Elements of theatricalization have been included in tourism for quite a long time and, as it were, turn participants of educational excursions into direct participants in events. Theatricalization has a beneficial effect both on the perception of the information provided during the excursion, and on the formation of a general impression of the trip. For example, during some archaeological excursions, guests attend a theatrical show organized by a historical fencing club. The excursion scenario includes the “kidnapping” of one or more excursion participants, releasing them from captivity with the help of Russian soldiers, watching a stunt fight, taking photographs with show participants in colorful costumes, archery, tasting pilaf prepared according to medieval recipes, etc. d. Such theatrical performances are successfully held in Saratov region; in Yaroslavl, guests are invited to put on simple robes and try their hand at being barge haulers on the Volga; at the Yekaterinburg Museum of Local History, guests are certainly greeted by a beauty dressed as the Mistress of the Copper Mountain. Such theatrical elements (even in a shortened version) cannot leave tourists indifferent and are a wonderful addition to a thematic excursion around ancient history the edges.

Photo: Official portal of the Mayor and Government of Moscow

How to see among skyscrapers and cars ancient city? Where is the utopian house located? Who comes up with city tours and who goes on them? How to plan a route correctly and make a person listen carefully? The leading guide of the City Tour Bureau of the Museum of Moscow, Larisa Skrypnik, told the site about the pros and cons of being a guide, about the mysteries of Moscow and the best excursionists.

— It seems that everything about Moscow has already been told, all the city’s labyrinths and nooks and crannies have been traversed, and suddenly a new route, a new excursion appears - how is this possible?

— The Moscow Museum, where I work, celebrates its 120th anniversary this year. And all these years, the museum staff has been studying the city, its history, monitoring all the changes that are taking place in the metropolis. Our collection contains thousands of documents, books, photographs that are still being researched. This alone already gives many reasons for a new look at even the most trivial excursions.

There is, of course, a mandatory block of excursions. Typically this is sightseeing tour in Moscow, in Red Square, in historical center, which are intended specifically for the first acquaintance with the city - for those who want to learn about the city in which they live. There are quite a few of them - as experience shows, Muscovites often don’t know the city well. It seems to a person: I’m here, I’ll have time to do everything - and he passes by interesting places without paying attention to them. But when interest is shown, a person, as a rule, becomes our regular client. That is, someone who came once begins to come constantly. It is very joyful to see how, year after year, the popularity of pedestrian and bus excursions is growing: more and more citizens want to know as much as possible about the capital.

But there is another block of routes - those that we come up with ourselves. These are always unusual walks on which we show the city with new side. They can be thematic, dedicated to certain dates or events. So, we are constantly developing new routes through unexplored Moscow. We really want to show our favorite city from different sides; I want the participants of the walks to fall in love with Moscow just like us. And such excursions are usually in great demand.

— Can you tell us more about such routes?

- Was interesting story during the celebration of the anniversary of Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol. We were approached with a request to come up with a walking tour of Gogol’s places. Moreover, they asked to show not only the monuments to the writer, which are located at a distance of 400 meters from each other, not only the temple of Simeon the Stylite, of which Gogol was a parishioner, but something else unusual. This is a challenge in a sense, I really love such things. It was necessary to do a walking tour and tell a lot, a lot about Gogol. As a result, with great interest for myself, I discovered more than 20 places associated with Nikolai Vasilyevich on Arbat. Not in Moscow as a whole, but only on Arbat. Exclusive excursions are born, for example, from such an offer - to help someone with a topic.

Or, for example, an excursion dedicated to 1612 in Moscow. She was not particularly in demand; no one ever asked to take her to these places. But when the request finally appeared, it turned out that this was indeed a very interesting excursion. Of course, excursions are also born because you yourself really like something. I love architecture, and of course I came up with a walking tour of Art Nouveau. Routes may appear after you have read an interesting book. Now there are a lot of memoirs coming out, all sorts of works by pre-revolutionary Moscow scholars, which we did not know before. You read - and suddenly you see the area completely different, not the way you imagined it, and you get the idea to take a tour of this place and show Moscow from some, perhaps unexpected side.

- How does this happen? How is the excursion prepared?

— First, the search for material begins: reading specialized literature, diaries, going to libraries and, of course, studying the very area you are going to talk about. Sometimes, when you walk the streets, enter alleys, courtyards, you discover absolutely incredible treasures that people have never seen. For example, Nikitsky Boulevard is such a front street. But once, when I was preparing a tour there, I saw a metal gate with a door, behind which it was written that there was a shoe repair shop or some kind of hardware there. In general, the door is completely unpresentable-looking. But when I entered this gateway, I realized that this was a whole city with labyrinths. Who would have thought that this could happen? People are always very interested in this. It’s as if you are immersed in the past, and you can imagine how you would feel if you lived in this house and your windows looked out onto this courtyard….

— You said that you have developed a tour of Art Nouveau, but this is not exactly Moscow style, what are you showing?

- Because it's hiking, then it runs between Ostozhenka, Prechistenka and in the side streets. This is both Isakov Kekushevsky’s apartment building and the architect Kekushev’s own house. This is the apartment house of the peasant Loskov. We had such wonderful peasants who could invite the best architects and build houses in the northern modern style. There are really not enough of them in Moscow; this style is mainly widespread in St. Petersburg.

— It seems to me that the most difficult thing in your work is to make people listen; not all guides and not always succeed in this.

— You just need to know and understand: people cannot endlessly listen to a set of some facts, even if they are quite interesting, they still need some kind of release. But it’s important not to just giggle about something, but to have it tied to the topic. And by the way, on excursions sometimes the participants themselves help to find such relaxing moments. I once had a wonderful girl about seven years old on a tour of Arbat and Arbat lanes. On Arbat, every building has a story, and you want to tell about everything. I started talking about the house with knights opposite Tetra Vakhtangov and said that, unfortunately, not all the knights had survived, and this girl told me: “But I can tell where this knight went.” I ask: where? She says: “The fact is that he fell in love with this princess,” and there is a “Princess Turandot” fountain near the Vakhtangov Theater, “he fell in love, went downstairs, bought her jewelry, but she did not accept the gift. So the knight got upset and left.” This is so lovely! Now I always tell this, such a vivid perception by a child of Moscow and its history.

— How long does it take to prepare the excursion?

- It depends on the topic. There are those on which a huge amount of literature has been written, and here you just need to select what interests you. There are topics that require serious preparation, maybe even requests, meetings with some people who have information on a particular area. The residents themselves tell interesting things. It's always a lot of work.

Selecting material is one of the most exciting moments, and here it is important to control yourself. You search, read, and it’s so captivating that by three o’clock in the morning you can find yourself somewhere on the other side of Moscow. Because when you are preparing material, one fact clings to another: but the name slipped through, and why not clarify... This is very difficult, but it is even more difficult to choose something when you have collected a huge amount of material and understand that it is impossible to tell everything , — it’s always a shame to remove some information.

Then comes another very important point: you must connect all the objects... It’s clear that if the excursion is thematic, for example our “Moscow Embassy”, then everything is more or less clear. And if this is a tour along the street and there are absolutely dissimilar buildings, absolutely different stories, but you have to somehow connect them with each other, you have to get a story.

I had a wonderful excursion, I led her along Volkhonka, and one of the excursionists, as an intelligent person, warned me in advance that she needed to pick up her child from kindergarten, so in 50 minutes she would leave quietly in English. And I’m leading a tour and I understand that 50 minutes have already passed, an hour has passed, and the woman is still with us. And I tell her: “Please excuse me, but it seems you need to pick up your child from kindergarten.” She says: “You understand, I can’t leave. You finish telling the story and the next thing is so catchy that we will now see further that I just can’t leave.” This was the right excursion, since it happened like this.

There are also purely technical, special aspects that also need to be taken into account: how to stand correctly so that everyone can hear you, so that you can react to the expression of your face, eyes, so that you can see tourists and at the same time do not interfere with their vision of objects; how to stand to show the object as much as possible; how to stand up so that you can talk about several objects without leaving your place. When you prepare an excursion, it costs Extra time. For example, I’m walking down the street and, to the surprise of passers-by, I begin to run from one place to another, cross the street, come back, in order to understand where it’s better for me to put the group. And here you need to show your imagination.

There are many other nuances. For example, you need to take into account the location of pedestrian crossings: where are they located, is it convenient for you to cross from this side to the opposite side, so as not to return to this crossing through another crossing, to somehow go further along the route, because people are not interested in the same thing place to go back and forth. In general, this is actually a very big job.

— Let's try to name the pros and cons of your profession.

— I was asked this question on excursions... But it turns out that the disadvantages turn into advantages. Of course, this is a job that requires a lot of physical activity, because you need to move a lot both in the preparation process and during the excursion. And they sometimes last two or three hours, and sometimes six or seven.

The weather is not of our choosing, and our Moscow weather is not pleasant, let’s say, for most of the year. Next is that you are always working, because you must be on the topic of modern Moscow, know everything new that appears, new books about Moscow, new information, new objects. There is so much material that you will never be able to master it completely, but you always strive for it. As a result, you constantly train your memory, your mind, you are always on the move and constantly in the fresh air.

And people are different, and you make a lot of effort to keep attention. When this works out, I feel a tremendous moral uplift because I give my energy to people, and they give theirs in return. After an excursion I always feel emotionally charged. Everything is interconnected here, and if you like it, then you enjoy it more.

The city excursion bureau has currently developed more than 80 topics dedicated to the history and modernity of Moscow and its famous citizens.

Create a new interesting excursion- it’s not an easy matter. The planned event should be divided into two equal stages - preparation and conduct of the excursion.

To develop new excursion route you need to decide on the purpose of the excursion, the type (in terms of content - sightseeing, thematic; according to the method of transportation - walking, bus) and objects of display. The text of the excursion, its duration and richness of facts will depend on this. This should not be done by one person, but by a creative group, which should include from three to seven people.

First steps to planning an excursion

When the objects are selected, we begin to collect information on each of them and draw up the most convenient route for transitions (transfers, etc.). Now, from a large amount of information on objects, you need to compose a tour text for each of them and a card of the object. Such a card is an indispensable part of a guide’s portfolio; it contains brief information about the object and possibly a photograph of it.

After excursion texts for objects have been written, it is easier to create an interesting and concise excursion text and connect the parts with competent transitions.

After preparing the materials, a methodological development of the excursion is done - this is a document describing the excursion and its main parameters. The manual includes a topic, a map of the route, its length, type of excursion, safety rules, purpose, tasks and time. It also includes a table - a plan for the excursion:

• route;
• display object;
• stop;
• time in minutes;
• listing of main issues, names of subtopics;
• organizational guidelines;
• methodological instructions (logical transitions).

After this, the manual must be certified by management; it serves as confirmation of the quality of the excursion.

Tour guide's briefcase

Before conducting a tour, you need to collect a “guide briefcase”. This is the professional name for a set of visual aids to simplify the excursion. These can be reproductions of paintings, photographs of people who are related to this topic, maps depicting enterprises or military operations, geographic Maps, geological samples, product samples, tape recordings and other materials that help inform the excursion.

Material requirements

The criteria for selecting visual material are low: preservation, unusualness, expressiveness, need for display and educational value. These are the main qualities of these criteria. It is very important to have good materials on objects that have not survived to this day or have been greatly modified. This will make the material easier to understand. It is worth considering that reproductions, maps and photographs must be on a cardboard base, the image must be clear with a size of at least 18*24, preferably 24*30 cm.

Now that all the material is ready, let's figure out how to conduct a tour correctly. Typically, each guide has his own technique for conducting an excursion, based on personal experience and observations. But the methodology for conducting an excursion is a whole system of requirements and tasks, methods of telling and showing. All this is necessary to achieve maximum digestibility of the material. A well-developed methodology is a kind of list of rules for a guide when conducting a specific excursion. But it is worth paying attention to the fact that the methods of conducting the excursion should differ slightly depending on the age characteristics of the group and the interest of the excursionists.

For school-age children, it is better not to overload the text with facts; it will be more interesting for them to see visual material and hear interesting legend or history. It is also worth preparing for questions; children receive a lot of them. It is important to be able to hold the attention of schoolchildren. To do this, you need to ask questions: “Do you know?”; “Have you heard about...?”; “Do you like...?” etc. In this case, the guide begins a dialogue with the excursionists, and this way you can hold your attention for quite a long time.

Older generation tourists, as a rule, behave quietly and calmly, and it is quite difficult to understand whether they are interested in the story or not. In the event that these are not professors and scientists, it is advisable not to overload the text of the excursion with a large number of dates and numbers. Always allow time for photographing, just five to seven minutes will be enough.

Guide techniques

There are generally accepted methods for conducting excursions, they include techniques of telling and showing. Display techniques allow tourists to pay attention to the most important details, evaluate the general appearance of the object and its combination with the environment. Narrative techniques, in turn, help to recreate a more accurate picture of events in the imagination of tourists. Key words: “Imagine...”, “It’s been... a year...”, etc.

Safety regulations

But in addition to interesting material and a pleasant guide, the event must be safe.

Safety when conducting excursions, especially walking ones, is very important. Basic rules of safety and behavior on the route can be read in the methodological development of the excursion. But the guide is obliged to notify the group about safety precautions immediately before the excursion. Tell us about all the nuances of the route. The most banal phrases about not sticking your head out the window of a bus and jumping out while it’s moving must be heard. Since the guide takes responsibility for the group during the excursion, it is his task to talk about safety rules.

What should tourists be warned about?

Particular attention should be paid to road intersections and transitions (rope bridges, caves, tunnels, etc.). If the excursion is conducted outdoors, you should be warned about fire safety rules. It is also necessary to talk about the fact that you should not try mushrooms, touch various insects and animals with your hands, drink water from open reservoirs and walk barefoot.

It is worth taking care of the household items of the local population and the surrounding nature at the excursion site. In addition, excursions should be allowed to persons who have undergone preliminary instruction and medical examination, as well as people who do not have health-related contraindications.