Population migrations and their causes. External migration: Russian realities

Concept and factors external migration

Sushkova Irina Vladimirovna,

postgraduate student at Moscow Pedagogical State University.

External migration of the population is the territorial movement of people associated with crossing external borders for the purpose of changing their permanent place of residence or temporary stay in the territory for study or work, regardless of the influence of what factors it occurs.

In countries where external migrations of the population are becoming widespread, they can have a significant impact on the total population. Thus, in the history of the USA, Canada, and Australia there were certain periods when mechanical population growth exceeded natural growth. In Israel, the migration influx provides up to 2/3 of the total increase in the number of residents. The opposite example is Ireland, which experienced three waves of mass emigration. The cause of the first of them was the “potato famine” of the 40s. XIX century As a result, only in 1840-1900. The population of this country decreased from 8.2 to 4.5 million people.

It is inaccurate to reduce migration processes only to migration work force. Although during periods of stable social development, the main type and driving force for territorial movement is the state of labor markets in different regions. However, there are quite long periods of so-called forced migration caused by the influence of push factors, which include military conflicts, political decisions, and global economic reform.

The population or groups of people participating in the resettlement process have the same socio-economic and demographic characteristics as the permanent population. However, the gender and age structure of the population participating in migration processes, the structure by level of education and many other characteristics differ sharply from those possessed by the permanent population. Therefore, when migration becomes large-scale, it has a significant impact on all reproductive, as well as social and political processes.

Migration is a process that changes the “pattern” of settlement in individual countries, on continents and even throughout the world. It has a great influence on the demographic situation, both in the area of ​​exit and in the area of ​​entry. Migration leads to shifts in age structure population, in birth and death rates. Migrants, on the one hand, bring their demographic behavior to the places of settlement, and on the other hand, they perceive, to a certain extent, the demographic attitudes of the population of the areas of settlement. In general, migration is a factor that can help create a more equal demographic situation in different regions.

If in the 20-30s. XX century international migrations were mainly economic in nature, then massive population movements in the 40s. were associated with military actions, with changes in state borders and various political reasons. Migration of this type took place in Central Europe, on the Hindustan Peninsula, in the Middle East, and in some areas of East Asia. The bulk of these relocations were completed by 1950 or shortly thereafter. Since the 50s a period began when economic reasons again began to predominate in migrations (except for Asia and Africa).

V.V. Pokshishevsky proposed to distinguish between two types of migrations. Firstly, these were migrant migrations heading to those countries where there were undeveloped territories. Great Britain provided the largest number of such migrants (over 20 million), followed by Germany, Italy, Spain, France, Scandinavian countries, Ireland, Poland, and Russia. And they settled in the USA, Canada, Brazil, Argentina, Australia, South Africa. Secondly, these are migrations associated with the contractual contracting of labor. Nowadays international migration the labor force caused by overpopulation in dozens of underdeveloped countries and regions has assumed significant proportions. In the early 90s. in Western countries alone there were at least 25 million migrant workers, half of them from developing countries. Other large centers have emerged in the USA, the Gulf countries, and South Africa.

Economic reasons also underlie such a migration phenomenon as “brain drain”. It began after the Second World War, when several thousand specialists in the field of physics, rocket science, etc. were exported from Germany to the United States. The culmination of the “brain drain” came in the 60-70s. - mainly in the USA, but also in France, Great Britain, Canada. Along with the continued outflow of scientists from Europe, their outflow from developing countries has increased. Already by the beginning of the 80s. more than half a million scientists, engineers, doctors, and other specialists from Asia, Africa and Latin America; approximately half of them “settled” in the United States (Fig. 1).

Along with economic ones, external migrations are often caused by political reasons. Examples of this kind are the emigration of almost half a million citizens, mainly “intellectuals” (Albert Einstein, Lion Feuchtwanger, Enrico Fermi, etc.) from fascist Germany and Italy, from Francoist Spain. Political emigration on a large scale also took place in pre-revolutionary Russia and the USSR, in Cuba, Vietnam, Cambodia, and many other countries.

After the defeat of Nazi Germany, almost 10 million Germans were resettled from countries of Eastern Europe in Germany, East Germany and West Berlin. The collapse of the colonial system in the 50-70s. led to the outflow of the white population from the former colonies to the metropolis.

Rice. 1. International migrations in the world [translated by the author from 5].

Despite the extreme diversity of approaches to classification and the classifications of migration factors themselves, all experts are unanimous in the fact that advantages in living conditions in the region of arrival compared to the region of departure encourage relocation.

The concept of “living conditions” unites the entire human environment – ​​natural and social. Factors mean only part of the conditions that affect the migration process. All these factors can be divided into two large groups:

· pull factors that encourage the population to move to those regions where the quality of life, due to a set of natural and economic conditions, will be higher than in the region of previous residence;

· push factors that develop in regions of permanent residence, the impact of which makes further residence in this region.

As a rule, both groups of factors operate simultaneously, but those assigned to the first group are decisive. And then, when the factors of the second group become decisive, migration takes on the character of forced migration.

To determine methodological approaches to the development of migration policy, the most relevant is the one developed by L.L. Rybakovsky’s theory of the three-stage migration process, which allows us to understand the essence of population migration. According to this theory, the migration process consists of three stages:

The initial or preparatory stage, representing the process of formation of territorial mobility of the population;

The main stage, or the actual resettlement of the population;

The final or final stage, which acts as the adaptation of migrants to a new place.

Of all the demographic statistics, the least developed statistics are those on external migration, which are scarcer and less accurate compared to internal migration. Data obtained from border control is the most commonly used method of obtaining information.

On the other hand, statistical information characterizing migration movements is incomplete, since they deal with registered relocation to a permanent place of residence. Another challenge lies in the state of migration research. There is very little special literature on the theory of factors and consequences of migration. Therefore, not only the theoretical foundations of modern migration policy are missing, but also such a policy itself.

Literature

1. Brook I. World population: Ethnodemographic reference book. - M.: Nauka, 1986. - 828 p.

2. Kudryachenko A.I. The German question 1945 - 1990 - Kyiv: Acad. Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, Institute of Philosophy, 1991. - 140 p.

3. Iontsev V.A. International population migration: theory and history of study. – M.: Dialog-MSU, 1999. - 19 p.

4.Economics of Population: Textbook / Ed. V. A. Iontseva. – M: Infra-M.: Economics, 2007. – 361 p.

5.http://www.demoscope.ru .

6.http://www.ekonomgeo.ru .

7.

INTRODUCTION 3
1. EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL MIGRATION OF POPULATION. ARE COMMON
PROVISIONS. 4
2. MIGRATION IN RUSSIA 10
3. STATE MIGRATION POLICY IN RUSSIA 21
CONCLUSION 25
REFERENCES 26

INTRODUCTION
Population migration (from the Latin migratio - relocation) is understood as the movement of people (migrants) across the borders of certain territories with a change of place of residence forever or for a more or less long time.
Scientists consider migration movement as “the totality of all territorial movements of the population, which ultimately determine the nature of settlement, density, seasonal and pendulum mobility of the population.”
According to demographers, migration as a social phenomenon has three parameters:
- an individual’s change in the coordinates of his stay (i.e., movement) (mobility factor);
- the individual’s intention to improve his material and (or) social situation (needs factor);
- the individual’s desire to settle down in a new place and consider it his “second homeland” (stability factor).
The main reasons causing migration are:
- political (as a result of a change in the form of government, political revolutions);
- socio-economic (movements in search of work, | “brain drain” - departure of people of intellectual labor);
- natural (movement of people due to natural disasters);
- environmental (radiation contamination as a result of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant led to significant migration processes);
- religious (persecution of Protestants by Catholics and resettlement of the latter to the USA, Australia, Canada);
- national (flight of citizens due to national persecution).
In this paper we will look at external and internal migration.
1. EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL MIGRATION OF POPULATION. GENERAL PROVISIONS.

External migration is divided into emigration - the departure of citizens from their country to another country for permanent residence or a long-term period, and immigration - the entry of citizens into another country for permanent residence or a long-term period.
External work migration. It means the voluntary movement on a legal basis of people permanently residing in the territory of the state abroad, as well as foreign citizens and stateless persons permanently residing outside the state, on its territory for the purpose of carrying out paid labor activities; subjects of external labor migration (migrant workers) are persons who have been, are engaged or will be engaged in paid activities in a state of which they are not citizens.
Internal migration is the movement of population across the territory of the country. Internal migration can be voluntary, forced or forced.
Migration can be returnable or irrevocable, as well as legal and illegal.
Return migration is resettlement for a fairly long but limited period.
Irrevocable - relocation with a final change of permanent residence.
Legal migration is entry, resettlement and stay in the territory of a country, carried out in accordance with the norms existing in its legislation.
Illegal migration - entry into the territory of a particular state, stay on this territory, as well as departure from it of foreign citizens and stateless persons in violation of the legislation of a given country regulating the procedure for entry, stay, transit passage and departure of foreigners citizens, their arbitrary change of their legal status during their stay on the territory of the state.
Combination possible various types migration, for example, both external and pendulum, when migrants are frontillers, i.e. people who live in one country and work in another and daily cross the state border on the way from home to work (there are many such migrants in Western European countries ).
Or simultaneously external and return migrants - repatriates, i.e. people (or their descendants) who once moved from their country and are now returning to their homeland.
In Russia, the subjects of external migration are:
a) emigrants, including:
- Russian citizens moving for various reasons to other countries for permanent or temporary residence;
- persons from among those recognized as refugees in accordance with the established procedure or who previously arrived in the territory Russian Federation and those who have received temporary asylum, leaving the territory of Russia for a place of residence in other states;
- citizens former USSR those living on the territory of the Russian Federation, but not being citizens of the Russian Federation, leaving its territory;
b) transit emigrants - citizens of the former USSR who are not citizens of Russia, permanently residing in states - former republics of the USSR and who arrived in Russia for the purpose of traveling to third countries;
c) immigrants, including:
- foreign citizens and stateless persons, citizens of the former USSR, permanently residing outside the Russian Federation, moving to Russia for permanent or temporary residence;
- foreign citizens and stateless persons arriving in Russia;
d) transit immigrants - foreign citizens and stateless persons arriving in Russia for the purpose of further travel to third countries.
The subjects of forced and illegal migration are:
a) citizens of the former USSR who have not acquired citizenship of another state that was previously part of the USSR;
b) citizens of states - former republics of the USSR, including citizens of the Russian Federation;
c) foreign citizens;
d) stateless persons (stateless persons);
e) persons who have double citizenship(bipatrids).
Subjects of internal migration are citizens of the Russian Federation and persons who are in Russia legally, as well as persons who do not have legal grounds for staying in the territory of the Russian Federation and who move around it.
Subjects of illegal migration are:
a) uncontrolled emigrants - citizens of the Russian Federation traveling through the territories of states - former republics of the USSR to other foreign states;
b) illegal emigrants - citizens of the Russian Federation illegally crossing the State Border of the Russian Federation;
c) illegal immigrants, which include:
- foreign citizens and stateless persons entering the Russian Federation with invalid documents or without documents;
- foreign citizens and stateless persons whose declared purpose of entry does not correspond to their intentions;
- foreign citizens and stateless persons arriving in Russia illegally, including through states - former republics of the USSR [5, p. 39].
When considering international population migration, it is advisable to distinguish six groups of migrants:
1) emigrants who, for family or other reasons, leave for permanent residence in another country (with the retention of citizenship, if desired, regardless of the country of entry);
2) migrant workers;
3) illegal immigrants;
4) refugees;
5) students, trainees, researchers and teachers;
6) other - tourism, recreation, etc.
Under the influence of the internationalization of world economic relations, the system of “transit” migration is also significantly developing, which satisfies the needs for specific professions and qualifications that periodically arise in the national labor markets of developed countries. It is based on the movement through the channels of transnational corporations of highly qualified labor for a period of one to three years. When highlighting the priority of an economic nature, it is important to keep in mind the other side of international population migrations - demographic, which significantly influences the dynamics of the total population, age-sex and other structure of the population of a particular country. In the 80s The share of external migration in total population growth, for example, in countries such as the USA, Canada, France, Australia, tended to increase, exceeding an average of 25%. In the USA, according to American experts, immigrants accounted for 50% of the annual population growth.
Another pattern of modern international population migration is a significant and constant increase in its scale. Multimillion-dollar interstate migration is becoming a typical phenomenon of the socio-economic life of modern society, increasingly turning from a factor into a constant of modern production.
An extremely difficult task is to forecast migration, especially in the context of a constantly changing socio-economic situation. The direct dependence of migration on economic, political, and social factors suggests that the migration forecast should be based on a scenario for the possible development of these factors in the future. Analyzing migration processes, it is easy to notice that a specific scenario for the socio-economic development of many countries has not yet been created, on the basis of which more or less reliable long-term estimates of migration can be developed.
However, due to a number of factors, it is still possible to predict a further increase in international migration, although the points of departure and destination may change.
According to classical theory, immigration occurs in the simultaneous presence of push-supply and pull-demand factors, as well as networks for linking the supply of migrants with the demand for them from employers and families in receiving countries. Economic globalization and integration are fueling all parts of this equation. On the demand side, enterprises - in particular, transnational corporations, but not only they - are striving to gain access to the global labor market to hire workers. This applies to both skilled and unskilled labor. On the supply side, if rising expectations for economic progress are not met quickly enough, migration will entice workers who can earn much more in richer countries. In general, people who are most inclined to migrate have some funds that they can invest in the implementation of their plan.
Internal mass migrations of the population were caused primarily by urbanization. The migration of the rural population to cities has captured hundreds of millions of people on the planet. The scale of this type of migration is so great that it was called the “great migration of peoples of the 20th century.” Rural residents of developing countries are flocking to cities in search of a better life, leading to explosive growth largest cities. In developed countries, this process ended at about 80% urbanization. Today there is some outflow to the countryside. The process of deurbanization has begun in a number of developed countries.
In countries around the world with low and very uneven population densities, this type of migration has become widespread, such as the development of new areas, primarily due to internal migration. Thus, the settlement of the territories of the USA, Canada, Brazil, China, and some other states began from the eastern coastal regions, and the internal and western territories were developed later. Australia was also settled by Europeans, only the settlement proceeded from the southeast to the north and west. Russia also belongs to this type of country, in which settlement went from west to east and external migration was of less importance.
The growth of illegal immigration is explained by many factors, among which the main one is that migrant workers working illegally represent the cheapest labor force for entrepreneurs of small firms, which is an incentive to hire such workers.

2. MIGRATION IN RUSSIA
Throughout its entire historical development, Russia has been characterized by perhaps the most active migration processes in the world.
Most often, scientists who have studied migration processes in Russia identify three main stages in the historical and geographical development of interregional migrations over more than 300 years: the first stage - until the 60s. XIX century; the second - the second half of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century; the third is Soviet. Currently, we are also looking at the fourth period - the post-Soviet period, including the 90s. XX century and the beginning of the 21st century. [9, p. 63]
The history of internal migration of the population of Russia at each historical stage had its own specific features, but in general was characterized by relative stability in directions. In the IX - XIII centuries. Slavic population Ancient Rus' gradually populated the territory in the basin Upper Volga, the population movement to the north and northeast increased [9, p. 65].
During the first stage, until the first half of the 19th century, migration was not large-scale, since the serf system restrained the free movement of peasants. During this period, there was colonization of the European North, mining settlement of the Urals, resettlement to “free lands”, “wild fields” - to Novorossia, the Southern Cis-Urals and the Lower Volga region. The settlement was carried out both by peasants fleeing from serfdom and by serfs forcibly resettled (by the government or landowners).
The second direction of development of new lands is the south. From the middle of the 16th century. after the annexation of the Kazan and Astrakhan khanates, Russia included the lands of the Volga region (access to the Caspian Sea), and later, the steppe regions of the North Caucasus.
The third direction of migration of the population of Russia was associated with the settlement of the Ural and Siberian lands, and the agricultural development of Siberia on a larger scale began in the 19th century.
The second stage was primarily associated with the consequences of the abolition in 1861 of serfdom in Russia, which created favorable conditions for the migration mobility of the former serf peasantry.
Significant migration mobility was noted during the First World War.
The third stage, including the years of Soviet power, was characterized by high interregional migration mobility of the population. First of all, this was due to the movement of productive forces to the eastern regions of the country (for their even distribution and for the purpose of more complete use of natural resources), which required the relocation of huge human contingents. The bulk of the settlers went to the Urals, Western and Eastern Siberia, and the Far East. The settlement of the North of the European part continued, associated with the industrial development of the Kola-Karelian and Timan-Pechora regions. The target orientation of resettlement is changing radically: the overwhelming majority of the flow is directed to industrial new buildings in cities, including to provide “assistance to national outskirts” in the development of industry. Along with large interregional flows, relocations from villages to cities caused by the industrialization of the country are becoming large. The scale of these flows is clearly characterized by the following indicator: over a 60-year period (from 1927 to 1988), more than 80 million rural residents moved to cities.
Significant population movements occurred during the Second World War and after its end: about 25 million residents of the European part of the country were evacuated to the Urals and Siberia. In the post-war period, formed from northern regions East Prussia Kaliningrad region and about 800 thousand people were resettled to South Sakhalin, which formerly belonged to Japan.
But along the entire path of Russia’s demographic development, forced migration, complete or partial deportation of peoples (from the Latin deportatio - “exile”, “exile”) was characteristic. The beginning was made in 1918-1920. as a result civil war exodus of the White Army from Crimea and to the Harbin region. There was also a partial subsequent repatriation with a continuation in the Gulag. In the 20s There was a mass deportation of the intelligentsia to the West. During the years of collectivization (late 20s - early 30s), hundreds of thousands of peasant “kulaks” and members of their families were deported to the eastern regions, and a little later (mid and late 30s) - repressed ¬bath townspeople (former privileged groups of the population, members political parties, “oppositionists”, etc.).
The deportation of the population continued during the Great Patriotic War. In 1941, the Germans were deported from the territory of the North Caucasus, in 1942 - the Greeks, in 1943 - the Karachais (more than 60 thousand), in 1944 - the Chechens and Ingush (about 400 thousand). In total, more than 600 thousand people were deported [9, p. 68].
Migration processes have intensified significantly in the post-Soviet period.
Internal migration of Russia in the 90s. was characterized by the movement of the population from the regions of the North, Siberia and the Far East to the European part of the country. This is due to such factors as the lack of permanent wages and benefits in the developed economic regions, the cessation of funding for a number of government programs and the associated curtailment of industrial and housing construction, as well as the growth of unemployment in these regions.
The population leaving the northern and eastern regions continues to concentrate in the Central and Central Black Earth parts of Russia, in the Volga region, in the North Caucasus, in certain regions of the Urals and the south of Western Siberia. Such spontaneous distribution does not always correspond to the geopolitical and economic interests of both the state as a whole and its individual regions.
In the 90s The traditional exchange of population between villages and cities in favor of the latter was restored and stabilized. In 1996, due to the move to the city, the number of rural residents decreased by 110 thousand people, and the move was carried out, as a rule, to the cities of the same regions. Nevertheless, the outflow of the rural population of Russia to the cities is completely covered and even covered by the migration influx from the states - former republics of the USSR. In the same year, 168 thousand immigrants from neighboring countries settled in rural areas. At the same time, arriving migrants have a beneficial effect not only on the formation of the rural population, but also on improving its demographic and professional qualification structure.
In the process of implementing socio-economic reforms in the agricultural sector, conditions are being created to curb the outflow of the rural population to cities and to attract migrants to the countryside.
The most significant migration increase was in Russia in the 90s; by the beginning of the 21st century. he began to decline. Let us note a certain stabilization of the outflow of population from the village to the city: in the early 70s. it annually exceeded 800 thousand people, and in 2001 it decreased to 87 thousand.
In 1997, in the structure of Russian migrants, those arriving from outside the country accounted for 18% (583.3 thousand people). This is significantly less than in 1990, when 913.2 thousand people arrived.
In 2001, the share of arrivals from outside Russia decreased to 8.3% of the total number of migrants.
The share of migrants who left Russia began to decrease noticeably: in 1997 it was 8.0%, in 2001 - 5.4% and in 2002 - 5.8%.
Internal migration flows in the last decade have been developing according to the pattern of concentration of the bulk of the population within the European part of the country; according to the census results, more than 60% of the population lives in the Central (26.2%), Volga (21.5%) and Southern (15.8%) ) federal districts, the smallest is the Far Eastern federal district- 4.6% Potential for repatriation of the Russian population from the former republics Soviet Union, which provided a massive migration influx in the first half of the 1990s, has now been exhausted.
According to the State Statistics Committee, gross migration (including Russians traveling abroad and foreigners entering Russia) for 1992-2007. exceeded 9.8 million people.
Let us consider the main indicators of international migration in Russia in the 90s. and at the beginning of the 21st century. .
At the first stage (1948-1970), due to the closed nature of the country and strict restrictions on traveling abroad, emigration was a little noticeable phenomenon in the life of society. According to available estimates, during this period the former USSR lost about 60 thousand people as a result of emigration. Traveling abroad was extremely difficult not only for military and economic reasons, but also mainly for political reasons, because the country in those years was considered to be the embodiment of the best model of social structure in history.
The second stage (1971-1980) is the period of the beginning of liberalization of emigration policy. As a result, departure from the country abroad for permanent residence, compared with the previous period, has increased noticeably - on average per year from 3 thousand to 35 thousand people. True, the relaxation in the procedures for traveling abroad affected only certain ethnic groups of the population, primarily Jews, Germans, Armenians and Greeks, whose migration was considered as leaving historical homeland or for family reunification.
In 1980, 780 thousand people left Russia, including 773.6 thousand to other republics of the USSR and 7 thousand to other countries (Israel - 4.1 thousand; Germany - 1.3 thousand .; Bulgaria - 0.5 thousand).
Despite the fact that the main motive for emigration during this period was repatriation or reunification with relatives, objectively people left, primarily as a result of increasing economic difficulties, a slowdown in the growth of the population's living standards, and increasing dissatisfaction with the political system in the country.
At the third stage (1981-1985), there was a sharp decline in the development of emigration. During this period, on average, only about 4 thousand people left Russia for non-CIS countries per year. Among the factors that “worked” to contain and almost completely stop emigration, an important place was occupied by a change in the course of the country’s leadership and the expansion of command-administrative, including prohibitive, management methods. In 1985, compared to 1980, emigration to Germany decreased by 3 times, to Israel by 6.5 times, and to the USA by half. But within the USSR, migration was still active. In 1985, 702 thousand people left Russia for other republics of the USSR, including 325 thousand to Ukraine; to Kazakhstan - 115.8 thousand.
The fourth stage (1986-1990) is a period of rapidly growing flow of short-term trips, as well as emigration abroad for permanent residence, associated with fundamental changes in the political and socio-economic system. The situation in external migration of the population changed noticeably in the late 80s, when during perestroika the procedure and order from the country abroad were significantly simplified. At the same time, not only the number of people leaving abroad for permanent residence, but also the number of pendulum and shuttle migrations has sharply increased.
The fifth stage (1991-1995) is a period of stabilization of emigration at a relatively high level (about 100 thousand people per year). Despite the obvious change in growth dynamics, emigration has retained its problematic character. Thus, the number of people who left Russia for permanent residence abroad during this period amounted to more than 0.5 million people, or more than 70% of the total number of people who left the country in 1981 - 1995.
In the second half of the 90s. There have been significant changes in the structure of the emigration flow: if in 1993 Germans made up 53.5% of emigrants, Russians - 24%, Jews - 15.8%, then in 2000 the share of Germans decreased to 36.2% of all Jews who left - up to 7.3%, and the share of Russians increased by 73%, reaching 41.5%.
In the 90s The geography of emigration of Russians was much wider than that of Jews and Germans. About 50% of them were sent to Germany, more than 20% to Israel, 12% to the USA. The emigration of Russians to the USA tended to decrease - if in 1994 18% of Russian emigrants (4.4 thousand people) went to the USA, then in 2000 - only 12% (3.1 thousand people ). At the same time, the share of Russians in the emigration flow from Russia to the United States was constantly increasing - by 1994 it was 42.4%, in 1998 - 63 9%, in 2000 - 65% [13, p. 62 ].
Thus, during the 90s. The 20th century saw significant shifts in emigration processes. If in the early 90s. emigration to foreign countries generally had a clearly expressed ethnic character, then in the second half of the 90s. emigration is gradually losing this specific feature.
An integral part of the problem of external labor migration is employment Russian citizens Abroad. As a rule, it occurs through three main legal channels: within the framework of international agreements, through intermediary organizations and independently. Russia has signed intergovernmental agreements on external labor migration with Germany, Finland, Switzerland, China, Poland, and Slovakia.
Over the period 1995-2007: the number of Russian citizens employed abroad increased almost 3 times. At the same time, despite the fairly rapid growth in labor exports from Russia, their number is less than the number of foreign citizens attracted to work in Russia by more than 6 times.
However, the real scale of Russian labor migration (both export and import of labor) significantly exceeds official data due to self-employment and illegal migration. The rapid growth in the scale of labor migration of highly qualified specialists in the context of globalization contributes to the formation and development of knowledge-intensive and high-tech sectors of the economy. In modern conditions, the specificity of this process lies in the fact that this flow practically has one vector, directed to developed countries or between these countries.
As for immigration processes, due to the current political, economic and social situation, Russia does not attract people living in foreign countries, especially in countries with developed market economies.
A small number of immigrants (12 thousand people) came from these countries. Thus, 1,832 people arrived from Germany, 1,620 from Israel, 455 from the USA, 226 from Greece. Among arriving immigrants, the share of people under working age is 8.4%, older people are 6.4%, and working age age - 85.2%.
From 1994 to 1999, 669.6 thousand legally arrived workers were brought to work in Russia from the CIS countries. Their main exporter is Ukraine (66.4% in 1999). 9% came from Moldova, from Armenia - 5.5, Tajikistan - 4.4, Uzbekistan - 3.6, Azerbaijan - 3, Kazakhstan - 1.8%. Less than one percent is the number of people who came to work from Kyrgyzstan (0.6), Turkmenistan (0.2). The number of workers from Belarus decreased from 8.2% to zero. (Citing these figures, scientists and migration service workers note that external labor migration may also be illegal, which is not reflected in official statistics.)
In 1994-1998 584.3 thousand labor migrants from foreign countries arrived in our country. In 1998, the share of citizens of Turkey was 14.7%, China - 9.6, countries of the former Yugoslavia - 5.8, North Korea - 3.9, Poland - 1.4, USA - 0.9, Slovakia - 0 ,5%. Of the total labor migrants 37.3% were persons aged 30-39 years; 27.6% - 40-49 years old, 23.5% - 18-29 years old, 8.4% - 50-55 years old, 3% - over 55 years old, 0.2% - 16-17 years old. Among the sectors of the economy in which they were employed, construction predominated - 51.5%; industry, wholesale and retail trade, catering, transport and communications, agriculture, general commercial activities to provide the market and real estate transactions accounted for from 6 .0 to 9.5%. In forestry, geology and subsoil exploration, geodesy and hydrometeorological service, education, culture and art, science and scientific services, their share ranged from 1.1 to 2.4%. Less than 1% was accounted for by housing and communal services, non-productive types of consumer services, healthcare, physical education and social security, as well as finance, credit, insurance, information and computing services, and management. Foreign citizens worked mainly in Moscow and the Moscow region, Yamalo-Nenets and Khanty-Mansiysk autonomous okrugs, Primorsky Krai, Belgorod and Rostov regions.
In the 90s The number of refugees has increased significantly. Since July 1, 1992, 1.6 million people have acquired the status of forced migrants and refugees. Part forced migrants was removed from the register; many of them, for various reasons, did not receive this status. At the beginning of 2001, their number was 808.3 thousand people: 291.4 thousand came from Kazakhstan; 102.1 - from Uzbekistan; 85.1 - from Tajikistan; 140 thousand people were forced migrants in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. In 1999, 530 people who received refugee status previously lived in Rwanda, Afghanistan, China, Macedonia, Iran, Sudan, Uganda, and the former Yugoslavia. The total number of forced migrants included 157.4 thousand people who lived on Russian territory and received this status.
In total, since the beginning of registration on January 1, 2003, there were 505.7 thousand forced migrants and refugees in Russia, including 492 thousand forced migrants and 13.8 thousand refugees.
The largest number of migrants and refugees was noted in Ingushetia - 29.3 thousand; North Ossetia-Alania - 31.4 thousand; Stavropol Territory - 18.7 thousand; Orenburg region - 23.7 thousand; Altai Territory - 22.2 thousand; Novosibirsk region - 23.4 thousand; Kemerovo region- 13.9 thousand; Samara region- 14.5 thousand; Krasnodar region- 15.5 thousand; Voronezh region- 15.4 thousand.
The main share of migrants moving to the Russian Federation from neighboring republics is formed by Russians - number which in 1989 in these republics amounted to 25.3 million people. According to official data, for the period 1989-2002. The net migration of the Russian population to Russia from the CIS and Baltic countries amounted to about 3.3 million people. The actual migration was much higher.
Over the years of reforms, our country has become one of the world's three leading immigration centers (after the USA and Germany). On average in 1992-2007. over the year, the USA “absorbed” 925 thousand people, Germany - 865 thousand. For Russia, the corresponding figure was at the level of 610 thousand. The main factors in the development of this trend are:
- geopolitical reorganization of the post-Soviet space, changes in national-political orientation in the states of the old and new abroad;
- the collapse of large industrial enterprises in the republics of the former USSR (especially in high-tech industries), which employed mainly the Russian-speaking population;
- a stronger economic position and a higher standard of living in Russia compared to the countries of the CIS, Asia, Africa, the Near and Middle East;
- development as a result of economic reforms in the Russian labor market of alternative forms of employment associated with the expansion of the private sector, individual labor activity, mixed forms of ownership with the participation of foreign capital.
The growth of immigration for the recipient country, as world practice shows, has both positive and negative consequences. For Russia, these positive consequences were:
- at the expense of foreign citizens, the labor shortage in labor-deficient sectors of the economy and regions of the country is largely resolved (oil and gas production in Western Siberia, maintenance and development of infrastructure, construction);
- the migration influx of population from abroad made it possible to more than half compensate for the “natural” population decline in Russia in 1992-2007.
The main goal of state migration policy is to regulate migration flows, overcome the negative consequences of spontaneously developing migration processes, and create conditions for the unhindered implementation of rights.

3. STATE MIGRATION POLICY IN RUSSIA

The main objectives of state migration policy are:
- protection of the rights and interests of migrants;
- development of the immigration control system;
- compliance with state interests in the development and implementation of migration programs and activities;
- regulation of migration flows, taking into account the socio-economic development and environmental situation in the regions, national compatibility, the specific psychology of migrants and climatic features places of settlement;
- creating conditions for the reception and accommodation of migrants, stimulating their active participation in the process of adaptation to the existing socio-economic situation. Based on the assigned tasks, the state migration policy should currently be carried out in accordance with the following principles:
- stimulation of rational territorial distribution of forced migrant flows;
- inadmissibility of discrimination against migrants on the basis of race, religion, citizenship, membership in a particular social group or political opinion;
- personal participation of forced migrants in the arrangement of their new place of residence, carried out with state support;
- regulation of the placement of refugees and forced migrants in areas that have the necessary conditions for this, in accordance with federal and regional migration programs;
- regulation of migration processes taking into account the strategic objectives of the development of regions and their geopolitical position, curbing the outflow of population from the northern and eastern regions of the country;
- regulation of the flows of forced migrants and refugees, creating conditions for their rational placement on the territory of the Russian Federation;
- implementation of economic and social measures aimed at increasing life expectancy and population growth in the regions of Russia.
The “Concept of demographic development of the Russian Federation for the period until 2015” highlights the priorities of demographic development in the field of migration, which include:
- attracting immigrants to Russia, primarily from the CIS and Baltic states;
- creating economic conditions to reduce emigration and preserve scientific, technical, intellectual and creative potential;
- carrying out a set of legal, organizational and financial measures aimed at the legalization and adaptation of immigrants in the Russian Federation;
- improvement of legislation relating to the protection of the rights of forced migrants and regulation of migration processes.
In May 2002, the Federal Law “On Citizenship of the Russian Federation” was adopted, and in July 2002, the Federal Law “On legal status foreign citizens in the Russian Federation." Extracts from these laws are given in the Appendix. In August 2004, the Government of the Russian Federation introduced new Rules for the use of migration cards.
By decree of the President of the Russian Federation in 2004, the Federal Migration Service(FMS), subordinate and controlled by the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. The structure of the central office of the FMS includes a director, deputies of 11 departments (for citizenship issues; for organizing visa registration work; legal support and international cooperation; control and office work; immigration control; external labor migration; organizational and analytical; financial, economic and resource support; crisis situations; passport work and population registration; information resources) and 3 centers - passport and visa information resources; citizens' appeals on passport and visa issues; issuing invitations to foreign citizens.
On September 22, 2004, the Government of the Russian Federation adopted the corresponding resolution “Some issues of the Federal Migration Service”. In Russia, at the end of 2004, liability for violation of migration rules was significantly tightened. The Federal Law “On Amendments to the Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses” was adopted. According to the new law, fines are imposed not only for violating the rules of stay in Russia for foreign citizens and stateless persons, but also for violating the rules of use foreign workers.
Let us note the main features of the migration situation at the border. According to ISEPN scientists, they are characterized by:
- a decrease in the registered migration growth of the population of Russia, a decrease in the compensating role of the migration influx in reducing the volume and intensity of irrevocable migration;
- steady migration outflow of the population from the northern and eastern regions of the country;
- the one-sided direction of migration flows in favor of Russia in migration exchanges with the former union republics;
- gradual replacement under the influence of labor markets and demographic imbalances of forced migration from the former Soviet republics to economic ones, their merging in the structure of the immigration flow to Russia;
- intensification of temporary labor migration from the CIS, South-East Asia and some other foreign countries to Russia;
- a decrease in emigration flows for permanent residence with a simultaneous increase in the number of Russian citizens working in non-CIS countries;
- expanding the scale of unregistered migration flows, various forms of illegal migration and criminal migration practices, such as human trafficking and the use of slave labor of migrants.
Among the reasons for the increasing role of the migration factor in the economic and social development of the Russian Federation both in the near future and in the long term are features of demographic development, characterized by low natural population growth, a reduction in demographic potential and an expected sharp decline working age population; the emerging trend towards economic growth, intensification of market processes, trade, and investment climate; uneven development Russian regions; the presence of large national diasporas within the Federation and Russian diasporas in other countries; the need for deeper integration of Russia into the world economic space, development of economic and socio-cultural ties with other countries.
Russia continues to remain a center of migration attraction in the former USSR. For the intercensal period 1989-2002. The migration increase in the country's population amounted to 5.6 million people [11, p.13].

CONCLUSION

Population migration has played and continues to play a very large and multifaceted role in the development of mankind. Being one of the forms of people’s adaptation to the changing living conditions of a community, migration significantly influences the geography, structure and dynamics of the world’s population - from individual settlements, regions to entire countries and continents. In the past, massive movements of people were known for a variety of reasons, both natural and socio-economic. It is known, for example, that the overwhelming majority of the population of America and Australia consists of descendants of immigrants.
Modern migrations are a complex social process. They are closely related to the level of development of productive forces and their location in different areas.
A high level of population mobility ensures a more complete use of labor, its redistribution between industrial centers and developed territories, promoting economic progress since the degree of population mobility usually reflects the overall level of development of the country.
At the same time, the results of migration are contradictory, since a massive influx of migrants can cause an increase in unemployment, put excessive pressure on social infrastructure, or, for example, contribute to the concentration of criminal elements.
The negative side of migration can also be significant depopulation and economic regression of areas of mass emigration of the population.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Federal Law of May 31, 2002 No. 62-FZ “On Citizenship of the Russian Federation” (as amended by Federal Law of November 11, 2003 No. 151-FZ).
2. Federal Law of July 25, 2002 No. 115-FZ “On the legal status of foreign citizens in the Russian Federation.”
3. Order of the Government of the Russian Federation of September 24, 2001 No. 1270-R. “On the concept of demographic development of the Russian Federation for the period until 2015” // SZ RF. 2001. No. 40. Art. 3873.
4. Alisov N.V., Khorev B.S. Economic and social geography of the world (general overview). M., 2006. P. 145.
5. Boldyreva S.K., Kolesov D.V. Migration. Essence and phenomenon. M. - Voronezh, 2004. P. 39.
6. Breeva E.B. Fundamentals of demography. M., 2004. P. 148.
7. Butov V.I. Demography: Tutorial. Ed. V. G. Ignatova. third ed., revised. and additional – M.: ICC “MarT”, 2008.
8. Ignatov V.G., Butov V.I. Regional studies: economics and management. M., Rostov n/D., 2004. P. 265.
9. Krasinets E., Tyuryukanova E., Shevtsova T. Migration of the population in the Russian Federation: development trends and problems of regulation // Power. 2004. No. 10. P. 63-69.
10. Oreshkin V.A. Russia and international migration of labor resources // ME and MO. 2004. No. 3. P. 75-79.
11. Main results of the 2002 All-Russian Population Census. M., 2003. P. 13.
12. Russian statistical yearbook 2007. M., 2008. P. 128.
13. Topilin A.V., Malakha I.A. Migration of highly qualified personnel // Population. 2008. No. 2. P. 62-65;

According to the definition, internal migration is the movement of the population within a country from one region to another. As a rule, this flow is caused by economic and social reasons. Internal relocation is the opposite of external relocation, when residents leave their country and settle abroad.

General trends

Urbanization is a key driver of internal migration around the world. The scale of the consequences of urban growth is so great that some researchers call this process nothing less than the “great migration of peoples of the 20th century.” In search of a better life, they quickly leave their native villages. This process also concerns Russia. Its tendencies will be discussed below. As for most developed countries, urbanization in them has stopped at around 80%. That is, four out of five citizens of Germany or the United States live in cities.

In countries where the population is small or unevenly dense, internal migration takes the form of settling new areas. Human history knows a lot of such examples. In Canada, the USA, Brazil and China, the population was initially concentrated in the eastern regions. When the resources of those places began to run out, people naturally went to explore the western provinces.

History of internal migration in Russia

In every historical era, internal migration in Russia has had its own specific features, while always remaining a stable process. In the IX-XII centuries. The Slavs settled in the Upper Volga basin. Migration was directed to the north and northeast. Until the second half of the 19th century, it was small in scale, as it was constrained by serfdom in the countryside.

Colonization affected the European north, as well as the Urals, where resettlement took on a “mining” character. From the Lower Volga region, Russians migrated south, to Novorossiya and the Caucasus. Large-scale economic development of Siberia began only in the middle of the 19th century. IN Soviet time the eastern direction became the main one. In a planned economy, people headed to remote areas where new cities or roads had to be built. In the 1930s forced Stalinist industrialization began. Together with collectivization, it pushed many millions of USSR citizens out of the countryside. Also, internal migration of the population was caused by forced deportations of entire peoples (Germans, Chechens, Ingush, etc.).

Modernity

IN modern Russia Internal migration manifests itself in several trends. First of all, it is visible in the division of the population into rural and urban. This ratio determines the degree of urbanization of the country. Today, 73% of Russian residents live in cities, and 27% live in villages. Exactly the same numbers were during the last one in the Soviet Union in 1989. At the same time, the number of villages increased by more than 2 thousand, but the number of rural settlements in which at least 6 thousand people live decreased by half. Such disappointing statistics indicate that by the end of the 90s. internal migration has left more than 20% of villages at risk of extinction. Today the indicators are more encouraging.

In Russia there are two types of urban areas - urban settlements and cities. How are they determined? According to the criteria, locality is recognized as urban if the proportion of residents employed in agriculture, does not exceed 15%. There is another barrier. The city must have at least 12 thousand inhabitants. If internal migration causes the population to decrease and the figure to fall below this level, the status of the settlement may be changed.

"Magnets" and outskirts

The Russian population is distributed extremely unevenly across the vast territory of the country. Most of it is concentrated in the Central, Volga and Southern Federal Districts (26%, 22% and 16% respectively). At the same time, very few people live on Far East(only 4%). But no matter how skewed the numbers may be, internal migration is a constant, ongoing process. Over the past year, 1.7 million people took part in movements across the country. This is 1.2% of the country's population.

The main “magnet” where internal migrations of the Russian Federation lead is Moscow and its satellite cities. An increase is also observed in St. Petersburg with Leningrad region. The two capitals are attractive as employment centers. Almost all other regions of the country are experiencing a migration decline (more people are leaving there than coming there).

Regional dynamics

The greatest is observed in Tatarstan, in the Southern - in the Krasnodar Territory. In the Urals, positive numbers are observed only in Sverdlovsk region. The population comes there from the Siberian and Far Eastern regions, where migration decline is observed everywhere. This process has been going on for several decades.

Internal migration is the main reason for population decline in which, in exchange with other regions for 2000-2008. lost 244 thousand inhabitants. The numbers leave no doubt. For example, in the Altai Territory alone, over the same period, the decline amounted to 64 thousand people. And only two regions in this district are characterized by a slight increase in migration - these are the Tomsk and Novosibirsk regions.

Far East

More than other residents for last years lost the Far East. Both external and internal migration work for this. But it was the movement of citizens to other regions of their native country that led to the loss of 187 thousand people over the past ten years. Most people leave from Yakutia, Chukotka and the Magadan region.

The statistics from the Far East are logical in a certain sense. This region is located at the opposite end of the country from the capital. Many of its residents leave for Moscow to realize themselves and forget about isolation. Living in the Far East, people spend enormous amounts of money on periodic trips or flights to the West. Sometimes round trip tickets can cost your entire salary. All this leads to an increase in internal migration. Countries with vast territories need affordable air like air. transport infrastructure. Its creation and timely modernization is the most important challenge for modern Russia.

Impact of Economics and Climate

The primary factors determining the nature of internal migration are economic factors. The Russian imbalance arose due to the uneven level of socio-economic development of the country's regions. As a result, there was a differentiation of territories in terms of quality and standard of living. In remote and border areas they are too low compared to the capitals, which means they are unattractive to the population.

The vast territory of Russia is also characterized by natural and climatic factors. If conventional Belgium is homogeneous in its temperature indicators, then in the case of the Russian Federation everything is much more complicated. A more livable and attractive climate draws people to the south and center of the country. Many northern cities arose in the Soviet era thanks to the system of orders and all kinds of shock construction projects. In a free market, people born in these regions tend to leave them.

Social and military factors

The third group of factors are social ones, which are expressed in historical and family ties. They are a common cause of the so-called. "return migration". Residents of the eastern and northern regions, leaving for Moscow, often return home, because they still have family, relatives and friends there.

Another group of factors is the military threat. Armed conflicts force people to leave their homes and settle in safe regions, away from the source of bloodshed. In Russia, a similar factor was of serious importance in the 1990s, when a fierce war continued for several years in the North Caucasus, and primarily in Chechnya.

Prospects

The development of internal migration is hampered by uneven housing prices and the poor development of the housing market in the regions. To solve this problem, government support and financing of problem areas, republics and territories is necessary. Regions need to increase the incomes of the working population, additional jobs, increase budget revenues, and reduce the need for budget financing.

Other measures will also be favorable. The revival of internal migration is facilitated by a reduction in the negative impact of industry on the environment, as well as an improvement in the demographic situation.

Every year, millions of people leave their homes to find a new place to live, study or work. Tens of thousands are seeking quality treatment or fleeing persecution or natural disasters. To define these types of migration movements, the term “external migration” is used. This phenomenon does not bypass Russia either.

Causes and types of international migration

Migration flows are divided into external (between countries and continents) and internal (within the country). The main reasons for external migration of the population are as follows:

• instability of the political situation in the state;
• unemployment;
• low standard of living;
• ecological problems;
• lack of opportunity to realize your professional or creative potential;
• military conflicts, etc.

In global migration processes, the main external factors of migration still have an economic background. Some people are fleeing unemployment, while others - scientists, artists, actors - are looking for a place where their work would be appreciated.

Depending on the reasons causing a person’s need to change their place of residence, we can distinguish different types external migration:

• emigration - departure of citizens from their home country to another state for permanent residence or a long-term stay;
• immigration - the entry of citizens into another country with the aim of settling there permanently or for a long time;
• - legal relocation outside one’s country for the purpose of working (according to the UN classification, migrant workers are persons arriving in another country to work for a period exceeding one year).

As long as the socio-political and socio-economic situation in our country remains difficult, Russians will look for work abroad. Experts believe that the number of people wishing to go to work could reach 5 million people annually.

Other types

When talking about the movement of people outside their home country, we can mention a functional feature. The purpose of such a move may be tourism, business travel, treatment, or cultural study. In addition to them, there are other groups of people traveling to another country:

• students;
• teachers;
• refugees;

But the main feature of external migration of the population is territorial. Its consequence is a change in the geography of human settlement.

Consequences of migration

Since the solution to organizational, legal, economic and other issues has not yet been established, external labor migration causes negative consequences. In particular, the departure abroad of representatives of scarce professions leads to an imbalance in the domestic labor market, and illegal labor migration reaches enormous proportions.

Many organizations that send Russians to work abroad do not have permission to provide this service, which is why our compatriots working abroad cannot count on social protection.

The Russian government could help improve the social status of migrant workers and their households if the national interests of states exporting and importing labor resources are satisfied.

In this regard, legal regulation of external labor migration is necessary:

• protection of the rights of migrants from Russia;
• easing the situation on the domestic labor market due to the employment of our compatriots abroad;
• protecting the national labor market from the chaotic flow of foreign migrants;
• an influx of currency earned by migrant workers into domestic banks.

To regulate these aspects, the authorities of the Russian Federation introduced a quota system for foreign labor. A serious step is licensing the activities of companies involved in the international exchange of labor resources.

Discussing the problems of internal and external migration, Vyacheslav Postavnin, president of the 21st Century Migration Foundation, noted that in our country it is more acute than in the USA or Western Europe. He emphasized that currently the migration service is still using outdated, ineffective methods of controlling migrants.

Centers of attraction for migrants

Some geographic regions have become places of mass attraction of workers from other states. These regions are usually called centers of gravity. All over the world there are several main centers of labor force attraction, among which traditional and non-traditional ones stand out.

Traditional centers are:

In the early 1970s, non-traditional - new - centers of attraction for labor began to emerge. This phenomenon is associated with high growth rates of the local economy, the development of national industry, and an increase in foreign capital. These include states in the Asia-Pacific region, the Middle East, Latin America, and Africa. This group also includes Russia.