Recreational tourism as a type of tourism. Concept of tourism
Alekseeva Victoria Igorevna
Proceedings of the international scientific conference
"Problems of modern economy" (Chelyabinsk, December 2011)
Chelyabinsk: Two Komsomol members, 2011. - 190 p. - P.176.
Concept recreational tourism
Tourism is one of the largest and most dynamic sectors of the economy, an important part of the foreign economic activity of many developed and developing countries peace. The high pace of its development and large volumes of foreign exchange earnings actively influence various sectors of the economy, which contributes to the formation of the tourism industry. According to data, the tourism sector accounts for about 6% of the world's gross national product, 7% of global investment, every 10th workplace, 11% of global consumer spending, 5% of all tax revenues. By 2020, the number of international tourist trips will increase to 1.6 billion, that is, almost 3 times, and income will be about 2 trillion. dollars per year.
The Osaka Millennium Declaration, adopted at the Conference of Tourism Leaders (September 2001), noted that the economic impact of the tourism industry, as well as its impact on the social and natural environment, necessitates deepening research into the state and prospects for tourism development, taking into account the principles sustainable development, which allow balancing and comprehensively solving the problems of survival of local communities, as well as tasks related to the protection natural resources and cultural objects. Sustainable tourism helps resolve contradictions that are caused, on the one hand, by the needs to protect the natural environment, and on the other hand by the need to ensure the development of the economy of local peoples. These goals are best met by this type of tourism (ecotourism). The importance of tourism as a factor in achieving sustainable development was confirmed at the World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg (South Africa, September 2002). At the same time, “sustainable development” is understood as “maintained and improved satisfaction of the needs of the population without negative impacts on the natural environment.” At the First World Summit on nature tourism(Quebec, 2002), it was characterized as “responsible travel to natural sites while preserving the natural environment and improving the well-being of local people.”
The forecast for the development of tourist destinations made by the WTO and presented in the “Tourism 2020 Vision” study identifies the most promising directions and types of tourism of the 21st century. One of the most popular types of tourism by 2020 will be recreational tourism.
Recreational tourism is an innovative direction of the tourism business in Russia. The relevance of this problem is determined by Firstly, an extensive and unique in many criteria base for the implementation of tourism development programs in our country. Secondly, the region proposed for use as a recreational tourism zone has, as a rule, a poorly developed socio-economic structure of its own. This determines the importance and prospects of a special analysis of the processes that arise when objects of the tourism service sector are included in this structure. We are talking, first of all, about establishing quantitative estimates of the conditions of ecological balance and developing economic and mathematical models that take into account the socio-economic structure of the region when including processes that ensure the development of tourism in recreational areas.
Literature
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Recreational tourism
Recreational tourism is the movement of people in their free time for the purpose of recreation, which is necessary to restore a person’s physical and mental strength. For many countries of the world, this type of tourism is the most common and widespread. To develop this type of tourism, recreational resources are needed. Recreational resources constitute the most important part of the region’s natural potential. In addition, their role in the formation and development of modern tourism in the region is constantly increasing, especially from an ecological and geographical point of view.
The assessment of recreational resources is made on the basis of a factor-by-factor assessment of each of the components: relief, water bodies and soil and vegetation cover, bioclimate, hydromineral and unique natural medicinal resources, historical and cultural potential, etc.), considered from the point of view of its use by a specific type of tourism.
Recreational tourism can be divided into several types:
Tourist and recreational type
Educational-tourist type
Types, forms and system-forming factors
It is necessary to consider recreational tourism from other points of view.
From the point of view of tourism typology, types of recreational tourism varied: automobile, motorcycle, bicycle, water, mountain, ski, pedestrian, sailing, horseback riding, alpine skiing and others, not limited by sports classification and other regulatory documents.
Forms of recreational tourism is also diverse: amateur tourism and planned travel, winter and summer, domestic and international, mass and elite, long-distance and near, school and student, etc. Forms of tourism not related to physical activity are not considered by us within the framework of recreational tourism tourism due to the lack of system-forming signs of physical recreation.
Tourism with active means of transportation is becoming an increasingly widespread need of society in the conditions of the scientific and technological revolution, a need not only social, but also biological and psychological. Satisfying this need makes it possible to eliminate or weaken the unfavorable consequences of urbanization of life, in particular: neuro-emotional overload, hypokinesia and excessive poor nutrition, to achieve an increase in the working capacity of the population and a reduction in the level of “diseases of the century.” Based on a number of works, we can highlight:
system-forming factors of recreational tourism: change of environment, ensuring sufficient muscle activity, stimulation of natural immunity - the body's immunity to pathogenic influences.
A change of environment with a person’s “exit” from everyday, monotonous and therefore already tiresome living conditions, ensuring a switch of the neuro-emotional sphere to new objects of the external environment, distracting him from the tiring and sometimes negative impacts of everyday life. Tourist trips and travels, which transport a city dweller to a new landscape and climatic environment, are associated with direct contact with nature. Close communication with her, cultivating the ability to see and enjoy the beauties of nature during hikes, and developing a “kinship” relationship with her have invaluable psychological significance, ennobling and elevating a person spiritually. Instilling in tourists a sense of collectivism, curiosity, patriotism, a thirst for overcoming obstacles and other valuable moral and volitional qualities that play a decisive role in the prevention of neuropsychiatric diseases and disorders is also extremely important in this regard. An improvement in neuropsychic indicators is observed in 98 out of 100 people who regularly took part in hikes. The most characteristic features of this type of recreational activity are the development of optimism, poise, endurance, self-confidence, and smoothing out the symptoms of increased excitability and fatigue of the nervous system. Moderate working capacity according to proofreading tests increases (by 12-18%), the latent period of motor reaction is reduced. The increased tone of the neuropsychic sphere after the Sunday hike persists, reaching a maximum on the 2nd day, until the middle of the work week.
Ensuring sufficient muscle activity, eliminating the adverse effects of “muscle hunger” with training of the main functional systems that ensure the body’s performance: cardiovascular, respiratory and musculoskeletal systems (along with the nervous system). Pedestrian, water and especially mountain and ski tourism represent one of the effective means of developing endurance of the cardiovascular system, eliminating vascular dystonia by “extinguishing vegetative reactions” (I. V. Muravov, 1982). An improvement in functional hemodynamic parameters was observed in 98 out of 100 people involved in hiking. A very characteristic manifestation of the impact of hiking is the normalization of the reaction to functional tests, in particular with physical activity (Ruffier’s test, Martinet’s test, etc.).
After another weekend hike, metabolic rates improve: high cholesterol levels in the blood decrease by 8-12%, and weight in case of obesity decreases by 0.3-0.6 kg. Tourism, especially mountain tourism, is one of the effective means of developing functional reserves of external respiration. Indications of vital capacity of the lungs, intra-bronchial conductivity (exhalation force) and maximum pulmonary ventilation after 6-8 mountain climbs during a vacation increase by 8-17%, often exceeding the “proper values”. Hand strength increases. Indicators of physical endurance increase.
Stimulation of the body's natural immunity to pathogenic bacteria. Long-term, moderate-intensity muscle load ensures an increase in the level of not only metabolic processes and the activity of the endocrine system, but also tissue immunity. Myogenic biostimulants formed during physical activity (Filatov V.P., 1954) promote the resorption of foci of subsiding inflammation and stimulate regenerative processes in the tissues of the body.
Stimulation of the neuropsychic sphere, endocrine and immunobiological systems of the body can explain the absence of “colds” in the vast majority of hikers, even with significant cooling.
The largest segment of international tourism is travel for the purpose of recreation and recreation, accounting for 60% of the global volume of international tourism.
Recreational tourism: tourism with the main purpose of recreation, treatment and other health purposes. Concept recreation(recovery) covers all types of recreation, including sanatorium and resort treatment.
By the end of the twentieth century, the concept of “recreation” acquired new shades, and the goals became more diverse. Tourists themselves, especially those who travel regularly and often, are more adventurous when it comes to their holidays, trying to get maximum pleasure and diversify their leisure time with active pursuits. Travel planners are also looking to innovate to differentiate their offering and stand out from the competition.
The most beautiful places are chosen for recreational travel. There are many places on earth where nature itself appears to tourists as a work of art. Be it mighty Niagara Falls V North America, Lake Baikal in Siberia or the picturesque fjords in Norway. Each of these places evokes an inexhaustible desire of people to see this miracle with their own eyes.
Caring for nature and preserving it for future generations occupies a central place in the policies of states seeking to develop the tourism sector of the economy. In Canada, for example, much attention is paid to the creation of national parks. Some of them are associated with historical events or the lives of prominent historical and public figures, others serve solely the purpose of preserving nature and creating “quiet corners” where current and future generations can take a break from the noise of the city and enjoy nature in its original form.
Guests of national parks have specially designed routes, which you can follow with a guide or take an independent walk using a tourist guide. Tourists come to national parks to see dense forests, picturesque lakes, mountain streams and glaciers, watch the life of birds and wild animals in their natural environment, admire the beauty of wild flowers, and breathe in the healing forest air.
In recreational tourism, one of the main health-improving methods is climatotherapy. The beneficial effects of climatotherapy on the body are determined by such factors as the location of the area above sea level, the degree of distance from the sea, atmospheric pressure, air temperature, air circulation and humidity, precipitation, intensity of solar radiation, etc. Main directions of climatotherapy: heliotherapy, aerotherapy and thalassotherapy.
Thalassotherapy resorts usually use heated water if natural sea water is not warm enough. But if you plan a trip to a usual holiday destination on sea coast, it is necessary to keep in mind the difference in temperature between air and water. Water warms up more slowly than land, so in the spring, when average temperature air reaches 20 degrees Celsius, the water in the sea is still cold - no higher than 15 degrees, and swimming in the sea is unsafe for health. In autumn, on the contrary, the air rather cools, and sea water continues to retain summer heat. In Tunisia, for example, the water in March is much colder than in October.
Number of rainy and sunny days is also of great importance when choosing the time of year to visit a particular area, and when visiting countries with a tropical climate, it is necessary to highlight the most and least favorable periods. Thailand, for example, is usually hot and humid, with the driest and most favorable time to visit being from November to February. In March it becomes unbearably hot, and from June to October there are monsoon rains.
Widely used in recreational tourism landscape therapy- a method of spa treatment that uses the beneficial effects on the body of a person’s stay in an area with beautiful landscape. This helps to normalize the functions of the nervous system, cheerful mood, improve sleep and appetite.
In recreational tourism, natural and climatic resources are actively used. Consistently successful balneological resorts where various methods of exposure to healing properties are used mineral springs on the human body. Offered mud therapy- applications of therapeutic mud of various origins. Are used thermal waters- groundwater with a temperature of 20 degrees and above. They got their name from the village of Terme, located in Sicily, where they were first used for medicinal purposes. Implemented everywhere hydrotherapy- hydrotherapy (hydromassage, circular shower, bathing, cascade bathing, etc.). Under construction water parks. Since ancient times, people have noted the beneficial effects of the aquatic environment on human health. Now water parks have begun to be created everywhere in large tourist centers (the USA, France, Japan, Spain, Turkey, Italy, Finland and other countries have famous water parks that attract thousands of tourists).
In St. Petersburg, for example, for the 300th anniversary of the city, it is planned to create a huge water park that will be visited by 8,600 tourists per day. This will be a universal recreation and entertainment center - an indoor water park offering swimming in pools with currents and ocean waves, diving from trampolines, water slides, hydromassage baths, etc. In Moscow, a similar center has already been opened and is popular with the population.
Under the beneficial influence of the surrounding nature, as a result of the process of communication and direct contact with natural benefits, healing occurs in the human body itself, and its emotional and mental state improves. Inspection of monuments of human culture enriches the human intellect; familiarity with the customs and traditions of other peoples contributes to the interpenetration of cultures and the development of mutual understanding between nations.
Recreational tourism offers a wide variety of sports activities and entertainment to fill leisure time, and for some reasons it includes such types of tourism as excursion, water, mountaineering, adventure, hunting, fishing, entertainment, sports, exotic, environmental, etc.
Sightseeing tourism is one of the most popular types of educational tourism. It is carried out with the aim of getting acquainted with tourist attractions (monuments of history, architecture, art, etc.). In our country, before perestroika, educational tours formed the basis of Soviet outbound tourism. Trips, as a rule, were made in tourist groups with comprehensive services, accompanied by a guide-translator and according to a planned program, which indicated all the attractions that were to be visited during the trip abroad.
By the beginning of the third millennium, excursion tourism had undergone changes. Regular group excursion tours are considered a kind of calling card of a serious tour operator. But currently in Russian outbound tourism offer and implement guaranteed trips to excursion tours Only a few companies can. Traveling abroad is increasingly taking on the characteristics of an individual rather than a group travel, excursions in full are no longer planned in advance; tourists decide on the spot where to go and what to see.
Excursion routes, as a rule, cover several cities and provide an opportunity to get acquainted with the most outstanding monuments of a particular country. One can already call classic tours in Germany, including visits to Cologne - Bonn - Dusseldorf - Frankfurt am Main - Nuremberg - Munich, or tours in Italy Rome - Venice - Florence.
Specialized tourism. Unlike ordinary holidaymakers, travelers in this category have a specific purpose and their stay usually focuses on that purpose, be it participating in a sporting event, watching birds or animals, participating in horseback riding trails, visiting a number of sites associated with a particular historical event or personality, etc. The organization of this type of tourism requires a highly qualified tour operator. Typically, such groups are accompanied by a specialist on the issue of interest to tourists, who has in-depth knowledge of the subject and can provide explanations during the trip.
In specialized tourism, there is also a segment united by the desire to stay in unusual accommodation, such as, for example, a health farm, or a peasant house. Research conducted on this segment showed a higher level of education, a higher level of personal income, and a high social status of participants (managers, unique specialists and high-class professionals).
Educational tourism. Traveling for the purpose of training and advanced training is relatively new in international tourism. The most popular trips are those aimed at learning a language, especially to the UK and other English-speaking countries.
Sports tourism. The main objective of these tours is to provide tourists with opportunities to engage in their chosen sport. Sports tours are divided into two types: active and passive. In the first case, the basis is playing some kind of sport, in the second - an interest in sports, for example, attending competitions.
Adventure tourism is a unique type of recreation and ensures not only that tourists stay in an attractive place, but also engage in an unusual type of activity. Adventure tourism is divided into several types:
1. Hiking expeditions;
2. Safari tours (hunting, fishing, butterfly catching, etc.)
3. Marine and river travel(yachting).
A specific feature Such tourism is to obtain various licenses (hunting, fishing, import of trophies), as well as ensuring security, which requires highly qualified instructors. This type tourism has a fairly high cost, and it can be classified as an elite vacation.
Exotic tourism. This type of tourism is associated with travel to exotic countries, to islands in the Pacific and Atlantic oceans, or with travel on an unusual vehicle or to an exotic location. IN last years tours appeared that were striking in their unusualness. The most incredible and expensive tour so far is a flight into space. After the flight of the first tourist Denis Tito on the Russian spaceship Traveling into space no longer seems like a distant dream. At present, a list of those wishing to make a short space journey on the Russian Buran spacecraft has already been formed, and are ready to pay for it exotic trip 100 thousand dollars.
An example of exotic tourism is a trip to the Arctic on comfortable icebreakers with a sauna, swimming pool, and conference rooms. The icebreaker is equipped with boats and helicopters for excursions. There are many people who want to meet underwater world and travel on a submarine. In Germany, a former prison cell is popular among tourists who love exotic things, where you can feel like a prisoner.
Ecological tourism, or as it is usually called for short ecotourism, has attracted close attention in recent years. For residents of Europe and America, traveling through protected natural areas has become one of the most common types of recreation. The main difference between this type of tourism is that the focus of travel is the natural environment and tourists strive not to damage natural complexes, promote environmental protection and improve the well-being of the local population. Ecotourism is designed to create economic incentives for environmental conservation. This is a wide range of trips - from small educational tours for schoolchildren to regular tourist programs in national parks and nature reserves. The income received from this type of tourism can be partially used for environmental protection measures.
Social tourism- These are travels subsidized from funds allocated by the state for social needs. Purpose social tourism is not to make a profit, but to support people with low incomes to realize their right to rest.
Recreational tourism is the movement of people in their free time for the purpose of recreation, which is necessary to restore a person’s physical and mental strength. For many countries of the world, this type of tourism is the most common and widespread. To develop this type of tourism, recreational resources are needed. Recreational resources constitute the most important part of the region’s natural potential. In addition, their role in the formation and development of modern tourism in the region is constantly increasing, especially from an ecological and geographical point of view.
The assessment of recreational resources is made on the basis of a factor-by-factor assessment of each of the components: relief, water bodies and soil and vegetation cover, bioclimate, hydromineral and unique natural medicinal resources, historical and cultural potential, etc.), considered from the point of view of its use by a specific type of tourism.
Recreational tourism can be divided into several types:
Tourist and recreational type
Educational-tourist type
Each type requires its own type of recreational resources. Recreational resources are understood as a complex managed and partially self-managed system, consisting of a number of interconnected subsystems, namely: vacationing people, natural and cultural territorial complexes, technical systems, service personnel and management bodies. Natural characteristics include the area and capacity of the recreational area, climate comfort, the presence of water bodies, primarily of a balneological nature, aesthetic features of the landscape, etc. The optimal combination of these characteristics creates the necessary basis for the development of recreational tourism.
For the first type, these are climatic factors, which, in combination with sources of mineral waters and therapeutic mud create favorable conditions for the formation of a resort complex. For the second, in addition to the above, there is historical and cultural potential. Geographically, several main recreational zones can be distinguished in the Russian Federation. Forest-steppe, forest, mountain and coastal zones have opportunities for organizing both mass recreation and tourism, as well as medical and rehabilitation resort holidays almost all year round. Let's take a closer look at the coastal mountain zone. The coastal zone mainly includes the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus from Anapa to Sochi, and the mountainous Caucasian Mineral Waters. Medical and biological assessment of climate and weather conditions at seaside resorts is based on determining the possibilities of various types of rehabilitation and recreational activities in these conditions. The main types of climatic and recreational activities at seaside resorts are aerotherapy (breathing sea air, air baths), thalassotherapy (sea bathing), heliotherapy (general solar irradiation and special types), kinesitherapy. The latter includes walks along the seashore, sports games on the shore, active swimming, rowing and other activities. water sports. Combinations of these types of recreational activities are common. Thus, when staying on the beach, aero-helio-thalasso-kinesic influences are usually combined. Walking along the shore is aero-kinesic or aero-helio-kinesic effects, etc. Despite the noted diversity and complexity of recreation, two main types can be distinguished, depending differently on climatic and weather conditions.
Recreational activities of the first type can be called passive. These include sun and air baths at rest. They are usually carried out in beach conditions. People are naked. This type of recreation makes strict demands on the weather.
The second type is active recreation: walks, sports games, etc. What distinguishes active recreation from passive recreation, firstly, is that physical activity causes increased heat production. Secondly, during active recreation people are usually clothed. And although in this case light clothing with a thermal protection level of 0.5-1.0 clo is usually used, in combination with increased heat production this makes lower air temperatures comfortable than for passive recreation. Weather requirements are less stringent compared to passive recreation. Let's look at each zone separately.
