The history of the development of transport in Italy. Characteristics of transport in Italy (modern)

The urban transport system in Italy is extremely well developed. Traveling in Italy buses, Taxi, eat subway, as well as water transport characteristic of Italy, which is represented gondolas and river taxi. The latter are very popular with tourists who are happy to ride in a river taxi and, of course, in a gondola. The first can accommodate four people and, like a regular taxi, counts the footage. Parking lots are everywhere in the city. The price for a gondola is about 80 thousand lira for a 50-minute ride during the day and 110 thousand at night.

In Italy, whose borders are more than 90% washed by the seas and in which most of territories are coastal areas, in the internal transportation of passengers and especially cargo, it is also important marine coastal fleet. Among the sectors of Italian transport, the navy is of great interest, which is the largest international carrier and is important for the development of Italian foreign trade. Through seaports passes 90% of goods entering Italy for imports and 55-60% for exports. The Italian merchant fleet performs the most important economic functions. This is the main reason why the vast majority of it is under the control of the state.

Also extremely popular in Italy cars. Out of 293 thousand km. about half of the highways are in Northern Italy. 1/4 of all European highways (about 6 thousand km) are concentrated in Italy, including the world's oldest Milan-Varese highway, built in 1924. The main transport artery of the country is the Highway of the Sun, which runs through all of Italy, from Turin through Milan, Florence, Rome, Naples to Reggio di Calabria. Five international highways pass through the territory of Italy: London-Paris-Rome-Palermo, London-Lausanne-Milan-Brin-disi, Rome-Berlin-Oslo-Stjordan, Rome-Vienna-Warsaw, Amsterdam-Basel-Genoa. The Italian car park has over 20 million cars, including about 18 million passenger cars.

Railway transport could not stand the fight with such a powerful competitor and for a long time was in a state of crisis. Only in last years, the state, which owns 82% of the railways, began to invest in their enhanced development. Some lines have been modernized, the Rome-Florence (“Direttissima”) high-speed railway has been built, on which trains can reach speeds of up to 200-260 km per hour, this route is part of the future high-speed highway connecting Milan with Florence, Rome, Naples. The total length of railways is 19.8 thousand km (including sidings), of which 10.2 thousand km are electrified.

two branches metro eat in Rome. Line A, 18 km long, links the city center from Ottaviano near the Vatican to the eastern outskirts of the city, passing through Cinecitta (Anagnia). Line B runs north to the outskirts of the city (Rebbibia) and to the EUR, a modern industrial complex in the south. The lines intersect at Termini. You can buy a special ticket, it is called "big", with it you can ride both the bus and the metro during the day on any line.

Milan Metro considered the best in Italy. MM consists of two branches (1 and 2) and serves the city and the outskirts. Tourists usually take the 1 southbound near Stazione Centrale via Piazza del Maria della Grazie. Tickets are sold from vending machines at each station and are valid for 1 hour. 10 minutes. A one-day ticket allows you to use all types of transport.

Italy is one of the most economically prosperous countries in Europe. And this can be seen not only in the level of well-being of its inhabitants, but also in the quality of transport links within the country, which is a necessary factor for the development of business and tourism.

Network highways well developed in Italy and evenly distributed throughout the country, although there is some predominance of roads in the north of Italy compared to the south. However, this does not affect the quality in any way. road transport. Due to the dense road network, 80% of freight traffic and 90% passenger traffic carried out by cars.

If speak about external transportation, then maritime transport prevails here. There are more than a thousand ships in Italy and they perfectly cope with the largest cargoes and long distances.

Great demand for rail transportation. A dense network of railways connects large and small cities in Italy. Like automobiles, many railways were laid right on the slopes of the mountains. This explains the large number of bridges and tunnels that are on any road in all parts of the country. Today, the Italian authorities pay special attention to railway transport, modernizing it and investing heavily in the repair of existing trains. Not only the technical equipment of railways is undergoing changes and improvements, but their total number is also increasing. This already today makes it possible to quickly and easily get to any city in Italy.

Sea transport also plays a large role in the country's external and internal transportation. This is due to the considerable length of the coastline, general position Italy on sea ​​route, as well as the presence of the islands that make up the country. 144 ports - so many of them are on the coast of Italy. The largest is the port of Genoa, which is known throughout the world. This port is the "sea gate" for the ships of the North-West of Italy and Switzerland. Trieste is the second port in terms of cargo turnover after Genoa. He sends ships to the countries of the Middle East, East Asia and Africa. Thanks to the development in recent years of the petrochemical and oil refining industry in Italy, the turnover of two more major ports of the country, Taranto and Augusta, has also increased significantly. The largest passenger port in Italy is Naples, which is the center of communications with Sardinia, Sicily and other islands.

Due to lack major rivers in Italy river transport is underdeveloped here. This cannot be said about civil aviation. There are many daily flights from Italy to the most different countries peace. The largest airports in the country are Rome's Leonardo da Vinci, Milan's Linate and Malpensa.

It is very important for Italy that all trade routes constantly function and be in the best condition, since the country's foreign economic relations largely depend on this. What does Italy import? First of all, products of machine-building industries, agricultural goods, shoes, clothing, industrial equipment and raw materials for various industries. Italy has the most active foreign trade with Germany and France. The hotel business of this country serves more than 50 million tourists from all over the world per year, the entire infrastructure of Italy is ready to work for guests, so it ranks first in Western Europe according to the number of places in hotels.

In the domestic transportation of goods and passengers, the main role is played by road transport, in second place - by rail. In terms of railway electrification, the country occupies one of the first places in the world. A dense network of modern highways and railways links the cities of northern Italy. In the domestic transportation of goods and passengers, the main role is played by road transport, in second place by rail.

River transport in Italy is poorly developed due to the lack of large rivers. Developing fairly quickly civil Aviation Italy. Air lines support the connection of the largest cities in Italy with many cities in Europe, as well as other continents. Major airports countries - Leonardo da Vinci near Rome, Malpensa and Linate near Milan serve as important centers of the international airline network.

Due to the elongation of the country from north to south, its network of railways and roads developed mainly in the meridional direction. Latitudinal communications, with the exception of the Padana Plain, are not enough. Many roads and railways in Italy are laid on steep mountain slopes and therefore have many bridges, tunnels, etc., which increases the cost of their operation. In international road and rail transport, roads laid in the Alps play a particularly important role.

In Italy, the role of road transport is exceptionally great: it accounts for 3/4 of all land transport of goods. The total length of roads reaches almost 300 thousand km, with about half of them in Northern Italy, while in the South of the country the density of the road network is much less.

In 1924, the first freeway in the world (Milan - Varese) was built in Italy. Now, in terms of the length of motorways (5.9 thousand km), Italy ranks second after the FRG among the capitalist countries of Europe. The densest motorway network in the North. Of great importance is the main transport axis of the country - the freeway of the Sun, the best of the Italian roads, connecting Turin with Milan, Florence, Rome, Naples and going further to the extreme south, to the city of Reggio di Calabria. The fuel and energy crisis negatively affected the development of road transport in general and, in particular, road construction.

Railways are inferior in importance to roads. Rail transport in Italy is less developed than in other capitalist countries. However, in recent years, more capital has been invested in railway construction than in motor transport. In terms of technical equipment, some main lines, modernized at the end of the 60s, stand out sharply. As a result of this modernization, for example, on the line Rome - Florence, the train can reach speeds of up to 200 km / h. The length of Italian railways exceeds 20 thousand km. Maritime transport plays a very important role both in internal and external transportation of the country. This is due to Italy's position on the Mediterranean waterway, the long coastline, the presence of islands in the country. There are 144 ports on the coast of Italy.

90% of goods imported into the country and 60-65% of goods exported are transported by sea. A significant part of domestic transport is also carried out by sea. An important source of Italy's foreign exchange earnings is international freight. More than half of the total Italian tonnage navy accounts for oil tankers, which is associated with a powerful oil refining industry.

The cargo turnover of Italian ports is dominated by oil and other minerals. The largest Italian port, Genoa, with an annual cargo turnover of over 50 million tons, is one of the most important in the entire Mediterranean. Genoa serves as a gateway to the outside world for the entire industrial Northwest of Italy, as well as for Switzerland. It is one of the leading container ports mediterranean sea. The main rival and rival of Genoa in the Adriatic is Trieste, the second in Italy in terms of cargo turnover (42 million tons) and one of the most important oil ports in Europe. In addition, it is the main coffee transshipment point in Europe. Through Trieste, Northeast Italy is connected with other countries of the Mediterranean, the Near and Middle East, East Africa and East Asia. It also serves as the main port in the Mediterranean for the Danube countries, primarily for Austria. Trieste is predominantly a transit port, unlike Venice, which plays a direct role in the economy of Northeast Italy. The development of the Venetian port in recent years has been facilitated by an increase in Italian trade with Russian Federation countries of Asia and Africa.

Over the past decades, the cargo turnover of ports has increased significantly Southern Italy(Augusta and Taranto), which is primarily due to the rapid development of the oil refining and petrochemical industries.

Peninsular Italy is connected with its islands, as well as with some Yugoslav and Greek ports, by sea ferries. The ferry line connecting Sicily with the Apennine Peninsula is especially busy. Therefore, the question is raised about the construction of a tunnel or a bridge across the Strait of Messina.

River transport in Italy is poorly developed due to the lack of large rivers. The development of the oil refining and petrochemical industries stimulated the spread of pipeline transport in Italy. The total length of main oil and gas pipelines exceeds 8,000 km. The most dense network of pipelines in the North. Some of them are of international importance, such as the gas pipeline that supplies natural gas from Russia to Northern Italy.

Italy's civil aviation is developing quite rapidly. Air lines support the connection of the largest cities in Italy with many cities in Europe, as well as other continents. The largest airports in the country - Leonardo da Vinci near Rome, Malpensa and Linate near Milan, etc. serve as important centers of the international airline network.

In most major Italian cities, public transport is provided.– metro, tram and trolleybus lines (ATAC), as well as buses and suburban trains(COTRAL). Traffic routes are shown on special maps that can be purchased at press outlets, gas stations, railway stations and bus stations. To travel in municipal transport, you must purchase a ticket, which indicates the date and time of the start of the trip and the last transfer. You can use a tourist ticket, which gives you the right to unhindered movement in any form public transport during the day.

Enough popular mode of transport in Italy is a taxi. It can be simply stopped on the road or called by phone. Do not use the services of private carriers, as they significantly inflate prices. Licensed taxis are equipped with communications equipment and meters.

Water transport in Italy

In Italy you can enjoy water transport trips. For example, the airport can be reached by boats owned by Cooperativa San Marco, stopping at the Lido.

Bicycles, mopeds and scooters

In large city authorities promote cycling within the framework of the environmental protection program. In such cities, there are many bicycle rental points. Initially, they did not charge a fee for their use, but a little later it was introduced, but insignificant.

Besides, In Italy, riding mopeds or scooters is quite common.. They can also be rented. Organizations such as Scoot-a-Long, St. Peter's Moto or Happy Rent. When driving, be sure to wear a safety helmet.

Intercity transport in Italy

Travel from city to city in Italy most comfortable on company-owned trains Trenitalia. The train schedule is posted on the company's website. Please note that booking tickets on the website is not always convenient, as there is not always accurate information about availability.

It is best to use the ticket machines that are located on each railway station. When ordering a travel document, it is possible to choose a seat in the car.

The fastest and expensive trains are the "Red Arrow" (Frecciarossa) and the "Silver Arrow" (Frecciargento), whose travel time from to Florence is a little over an hour. If you travel along the same route on the trains of the Intercity company, then the travel time will be twice as long.

"Red Arrow" (Frecciarossa)

"Silver Arrow" (Frecciargento)

If there is a need for a trip with a transfer, then it is best to use the trains called " regionale". Such trains usually carry a large number of people, they do not have toilets, and the tickets do not indicate the car number and seat. The only advantage of "regionale" is the cost of travel in them. For example, in order to get to Napoli from Rome, you need to pay 10 euros for a ticket.

The most economical are night trips. For this, seated compartments for 6 people are provided.

If you need to get to Sicily or Sardinia, it is best to use the services of the local division of Alitalia - Air One. In this case, you will need to pay for a ticket about 50 euros in both directions.

Not very comfortable to ride to Italy for own car , because in all major cities there is a parking problem, highways are predominantly paid and fuel is quite expensive. Please note that in some Italian cities, in order to fight for the environment, the city authorities prohibit entering the city center by car without a special permit. However, in Sicily it makes sense to rent a car (cost about 300 euros for 7 days) for free movement on free mountain roads and stops on “wild” beaches.

To rent a car you need driver's license international sample, passport, which indicates the age (more than 25 years), and the required amount of money. Please note that drunk driving is punishable by significant fines or jail time.

Right-hand drive (left-hand drive).

Italy has a developed network of railways and roads. More than 90% of passengers and over 80% of cargo are transported by cars. Maritime transport dominates in external transportation.

In the domestic transportation of goods and passengers, the main role is played by road transport, in second place - by rail. In terms of railway electrification, the country occupies one of the first places in the world.

1/4 of all European highways (about 7 thousand km) are concentrated in Italy, including the world's oldest highway Milan - Varese, built in 1924.

The main transport artery of the country is the Highway of the Sun, which runs through all of Italy, from Turin through Milan, Florence, Rome, Naples to Reggio di Calabria.

Five international highways pass through the territory of Italy: London-Paris-Rome-Palermo, London-Lausanne-Milan-Bryn-Disi, Rome-Berlin-Oslo-Stjordan, Rome-Vienna-Warsaw, Amsterdam-Basel-Genoa.

About half of the roads are in northern Italy, in the south of the country the density of the road network is much less.

Last changes: 27.01.2013

Public transport

Italy has a well-developed bus and rail network of public transport. Getting to almost anywhere in the country is not difficult. There is also a subway: Milan, Rome, Naples, Catania, Turin, Genoa, Bari, Palermo.

The city bus is the main public transport in Italy. The entrance to the bus is carried out only through the back door with the inscription: "Salita", and the exit - through the front one with the inscription: "Us-cita". When you get on the bus, you must validate your ticket in a special - yellow or orange - puncher located at the entrance. The driver does not sell tickets, they must be bought in advance at automatic ticket offices, tobacco kiosks "Tabacceria" with a black and yellow sign and the letter "T". You can also buy tickets in the metro and some bars.

All forms of public transport (including railway within the city) the same tickets are valid. One trip within 75 minutes from the moment the ticket was validated allows any transfers to another mode of transport. In the metro, such a ticket can be used only once. There are also travel cards for the day, week, month, year.

A tourist ticket for one day (BIG) costs 3-5 EUR and entitles you to unlimited travel on any type of public transport. A ticket for a week (“Settimanale” or CIS) costs 12 EUR. You can buy it only at ATAC kiosks.

Last changes: 25.04.2010

Taxi

Catching a taxi in Italy on the street, as a rule, is not accepted. In cities, there are special parking lots in squares, at metro stations, train stations, etc. But the easiest way is to order a taxi by phone from a hotel, restaurant or bar; if you do not know the language, then ask the employee to call you a car, the word taxi is understood everywhere.

The fare is ~1 EUR/km plus the cost of a call is ~3 EUR. Trips are paid by the meter, but after 22 hours, on holidays and Sundays, as well as if you have luggage or travel to another city, an additional fee will be charged. Tips are welcome, usually the amount is rounded up to the nearest whole number of euros.

Every official taxi has a special sign in English that lists extra charges for luggage, night travel, Sundays and holidays, or airport transfers.

Keep in mind that in most cases taxi drivers do not know English and it is best to write the address you need on paper in advance.

Last changes: 04.06.2010

Metro

Metropolitan Rome is two branches. Line A, 18 km long, links the city center from Ottaviano near the Vatican to the eastern outskirts of the city, passing through Cinecitta (Anagnia). Line B runs north to the outskirts of the city (Rebbibia) and to the EUR, a modern industrial complex in the south. The lines intersect at Termini. You can buy a special ticket, it is called "big", with it you can ride both the bus and the metro during the day on any line.

Milan Metro considered the best in Italy. MM consists of two branches (1 and 2) and serves the city and the outskirts. Tourists usually take the 1 southbound near Stazione Centrale via Piazza del Maria della Grazie. Tickets are sold from vending machines at each station and are valid for 1 hour. 10 minutes. A one-day ticket allows you to use all types of transport.

Last changes: 04.06.2010

Air transport

All major cities in Italy are connected by air lines, both with all countries of the world and among themselves.

Air tickets are much more expensive than rail and bus, but when traveling long distances it is better to use an airplane.

Last changes: 04.06.2010

Railway transport

An extensive national railway network connects many cities of the country, in the north it is denser, in the south motor transport is more developed.

Trains are mostly modern and comfortable. Within the country and abroad, there are fast trains - "espresso" (espresso), super-high-speed - "rapid" (rapide), direct - "diretto" (di-retto), suburban - "regionale" (regio-nale) and local - "locale" (locale). The trains have both sleeping and seat place, and the cost of the first and second classes differs almost twice.

There are several types of trains: R - Regionale (regional, with a common cabin, making all stops), IC - Intercity (intercity, with a compartment for 4-6 passengers), ES - Eurostar (between cities, better service on a trip, a common cabin , more high price), EC - Eurocity (between the cities of Italy and Europe, compartments for 4-6 passengers), Espresso (express trains without stops).

There is a flexible system of discounts and benefits on the railway. Tourists looking for long stay in Italy and intending to travel around the country, it is worth purchasing an Italy Rail-card (Italy Rail-card) or an Italy Flexi-card (Italy Flexi-card) for 4, 8, 12 or 30 days. These cards are sold for railway stations or travel agencies.

Also keep in mind that the seat number on the ticket is affixed only when booking, and when buying a ticket at the box office (without booking), you need to be quite quick and take any free seat in the car. At the height of the tourist season, there are not enough seats, and passengers often stand in the aisles. Also, before boarding, do not forget to validate the ticket in a special composter on the platform, otherwise it will be considered invalid.

More detailed information For information on rail connections in Italy, please visit: www.trenitalia.com

Last changes: 27.01.2013

Water transport

In Italy, whose borders are more than 90% washed by the seas and in which most of the territory is coastal areas, the navy is also important in the internal transport of passengers and especially cargo.

90% of goods entering Italy for imports and 55-60% for exports pass through seaports. The largest Italian port of Genoa is one of the most important in the entire Mediterranean. Genoa serves as a gateway to the outside world for the entire Northwest of Italy, as well as for Switzerland. The main rival and rival of Genoa in the Adriatic is Trieste, the second in Italy in terms of cargo turnover and one of the most important oil ports in Europe. Through Trieste, Northeast Italy is connected with other countries of the Mediterranean, the Near and Middle East, East Africa and East Asia.

River transport in Italy is poorly developed (except for Venice, of course) due to the lack of large rivers and is represented mainly by gondolas and river taxis.

Last changes: 04.06.2010

Car rental

To rent a car, you need an international driver's license, a credit card (or in some cases a cash deposit), the driver must be at least 21 years old.

When booking a car, you can also overpay a little and take the full insurance service (full insurance, from 10 EUR per day), which includes payment for any scratches and bruises that drivers can get on the trip.

If the car was given to you with a full tank of gasoline, then you must also return it with a full tank. For an additional fee, you can agree on an individual place to return the car.

Last changes: 04.06.2010

Useful

Speed ​​limits in Italy are: city 50 km/h, state roads 90 km/h, superstrada 100 km/h, autostrada 130 km/h. As a rule, the speed limit on motorways is controlled by AUTOVELOX devices, which automatically take pictures of violators' cars.

It is worth noting that the fines for drunk driving are very high. The permissible level of alcohol in the blood is not more than 0.8 ppm (one glass of dry wine or a glass of beer). We do not advise you to neglect these rules, since in Italy even a prison sentence is possible.

The traffic police in Italy are principled and incorruptible. Even for a hint of a bribe to a traffic inspector, a motorist can pay with arrest. Arguing with the police is useless - "for discussion" the fine can be almost doubled.

Fines for traffic violations are quite high - you will have to pay about 50 euros for running a red light, from 25 to 70 euros for incorrect parking, and from 33 to 131 euros for speeding. Fines are usually paid on the spot.

If you are going to travel around Italy by car, then you should know that the roads in Italy are divided into three types: motorways (autostrade), superstrade (superstrade) and state roads (sta-tale).

Travel on major modern highways is paid. Freeways are marked with green signs with a white "A" followed by a number. At the entrance to the freeway you need to get a ticket, and pay for it at the exit. You can also pay for the fare using Viacard or Telepass cards, which are purchased at payment points or at service stations.

Autogrills are lined along the freeways, where cafes, gas stations, toilets, supermarkets, ATMs and much more are located.

In large cities, the streets of the historical center are closed to cars at certain hours, and the problem of parking is also very acute. Italian drivers often park in any free spot, not really worrying about the actions of the police. Tourists are not recommended to behave this way - and the rental cars themselves (especially with license plates from other regions) immediately attract the attention of the police, and the "familiar places" for such ersatz parking are usually unknown. It is forbidden to park in parking lots, limited by the yellow line. Parkings limited by the blue line - paid, white - free or paid through the meter (disco orario, time limit - 30, 60 or 90 minutes). Near hotels, as a rule, it is allowed to leave the car for a short time, however, each institution has its own rules - somewhere there is its own parking lot, and it is forbidden to park cars at the entrance, somewhere the courtyard or the nearest lane is used for this.

Gas stations in the city are usually open from 8.00 to 13.00 and from 14.30 to 19.30, however, on country roads, almost all gas stations are open around the clock. In large cities, there are mini-gas stations, which are 1-2 machines installed literally on a patch. There are no attendants at such stations, all actions are performed by the driver, payment is made by credit card.