Lenin Mountains (around the high-rise). Main building of Moscow State University Leninskie Gory d 1 page

Leninskie Gory is a microdistrict in Moscow, part of the Ramenki district. The microdistrict is limited by Michurinsky and Lomonosovsky Avenues, Vernadsky Avenue and Kosygina Street. Also on the territory of the microdistrict are the streets of Academician Khokhlova, Academician Samarsky, Lebedev, Mendeleevskaya, University Avenue and University Square. On the territory of the Lenin Mountains there are buildings of Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov, some other buildings and the Botanical Garden of Moscow State University. Nearby there are the metro stations "University" and " Sparrow Hills».

Unlike the park and metro station, the microdistrict was not renamed “Sparrow Hills”. For example, the official address of the main building of Moscow University looks like this: 119991, Moscow, Lenin's mountains, Moscow State University, 1. Almost all other buildings in the microdistrict have addresses like “Leninskie Gory, building 1, building N.” Exceptions include the buildings of the traffic police (University Prospekt, building 13), the Institute of Mechanics (Michurinsky Prospekt, building 1) and several other auxiliary buildings.

How to get to Vorobyovy Gory: st. University metro station.

Sparrow Hills (from 1924 to 1991 – Lenin Hills) is the name of the area located in the southwestern part of Moscow, opposite Luzhniki. Like all the mountains of Moscow, Vorobyovy Gory does not correspond to this status - it is simply a high bank of the Moscow River, part of the Teplostanskaya Upland, washed away by the river current. Vorobyovy Gory is considered one of the seven hills on which Moscow was built. The mountains stretch from the mouth of the Setun River to the St. Andrew's Bridge. Their southern border adjoins Neskuchny Garden. We can say that Vorobyovy Gory is located in the center of Moscow, 5.5 km from the Kremlin and 13 km from the Moscow Ring Road.

The name of the area comes from the village of Vorobyovo, which existed here in ancient times. It is known that at the end of the 15th century, the daughter of the Grand Duke of Lithuania and the wife of the Grand Duke of Moscow Vasily I, Princess Sophia acquired his village, which was called Vorobyovo, from an Orthodox priest nicknamed Vorobey. It is impossible to say for sure, but there is a possibility that this is one of the oldest settlements on the territory of present-day Moscow. This village turned into the summer residence of the Grand Duke, and then the Tsar.

For many years, the Vorobyov years served as a viewing platform for the conquerors - from here the Crimean Khan Kazy-Girey and the Polish hetman Khotkevich looked at Moscow. From the mid-17th to the 18th century, St. Andrew's Monastery existed at the northern foot of the Sparrow Hills, and in the second half of the 19th century, this corner of Moscow gained popularity as a summer cottage area.

When the Sparrow Hills were renamed the Lenin Hills, oddly enough, it is impossible to answer for sure, despite the fact that this happened relatively recently. Three dates are named: 1924, 1935 and 1936, as the time of the probable renaming of the Sparrow Hills. According to some historians, they were renamed in the year of V.I.’s death. Lenin in his memory, according to others, the renaming was the result of the implementation of a project to create a large physical culture center named after. Lenin. Until the 90s of the 20th century, the mountains remained Lenin’s, and only in 1999 they were officially returned historical name, and at the same time the metro station was renamed.

In 1949-1953, a complex of buildings of Moscow State University was built on Vorobyovy Gory. The famous university skyscraper was built on the initiative of I.V. Stalin and with the participation of architects B.M. Iofana, L.V. Rudneva, S. E. Chernysheva, P. V. Abrosimova, A. F. Khryakov and V. N. Nasonova. In 1953, when the building was completed, it was the tallest in Moscow - its height together with the spire reaches 240 meters.

The university observation deck, located opposite the main high-rise building of Moscow State University, has long been a popular vacation spot for both Muscovites and guests of the capital. The site is located about 80 meters above the level of the Moscow River, and from here a breathtaking panorama of Moscow opens.

Next to the observation deck is the Church of the Life-Giving Trinity on Sparrow Hills, which miraculously survived the years of anti-religious struggle. This church is mentioned by L.N. Tolstoy in the novel "War and Peace". It is unknown when the first church was built on Vorodievy Gory. We only know about the Trinity Church built in 1644, and the current church was built in 1811 in a classicist manner. It is known that M.I. prayed here. Kutuzov before the council in Fili. This ancient church is still active.

In 1953, a ski jump was built on Vorobyovy Gory, as well as a ski slope with lighting and a chair lift. Motorsports or mountain biking competitions are often held in this park. The Luzhnetsky metro bridge, on which the Vorobyovy Gory (Lenin Hills) station is located, was built in 1958. It connected Komsomolsky Prospekt with the buildings of Moscow State University, and an escalator was installed near the metro exit with access to Kosygina Street, from where one could go up to the observation deck.

In 1987, the then Lenin Mountains were declared a natural monument, and in 1988 the Vorobyovy Gory State Nature Reserve was created. Nowadays, the reserve is engaged in projects whose goal is the protection of natural and historical heritage Moscow. As part of the projects, environmental tourism routes have been developed, excursions are conducted along them, work is also underway on environmental education among schoolchildren, and scientific research is being conducted.

The green spaces of the Sparrow Hills stretch in the form of a narrow curved strip (0.5 - 3.5 km wide) along the right bank of the Moskva River. In the southwest, the forest park borders Vorobyovskoye Highway, and above it there is a highway laid between Vernadsky Avenue and Komsomolsky Avenue. The riverbed is enclosed in concrete banks, various sports facilities have been built along the embankments, asphalt roads and pedestrian paths have been laid. Part of the park is occupied by a natural forest with very old trees and small swamps, and in some areas there are flower beds and alleys along which shrubs and trees have been planted.

No construction was ever carried out on Vorobyovy Gory, and the land was not used for needs Agriculture, because In this place there is a large difference in the relief level, and in addition, intense landslide processes take place here.

The steep bank above the Moscow River has long been known as Vorobyovy Gory. After the death of the organizer of the Great October Revolution, the mountains were named Leninsky, and in the wake of renaming in the 1990s, the historical name returned. But on modern maps In Moscow, both names bizarrely coexist - the Vorobyovy Gory nature reserve and the Lenin Hills microdistrict, which includes several dozen university buildings. All buildings of the complex have the address “Leninskie Gory, building 1” and differ in the number of the building, only the sectors of the Main building of Moscow State University are designated not by numbers, but by letters.

In 1949-1953, an entire city was built on the Lenin Hills, in which thousands of people study, work and live.

Moscow State University. 1956: https://pastvu.com/p/29057

The main building of Moscow State University (Leninskie Gory, building 1, building 1): Rector's Office, Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics, Faculty of Geology, Faculty of Geography, Museum of Geography and other educational and social institutions.

According to the Mospromstroy website, “work on the construction of the box-shaped foundation of the main building of Moscow State University began in May 1949. During construction, a method was used that ensured the stability of the building on the moving soils of the Moscow River. The ground part of the building was assembled from a steel frame, and to increase the rigidity and protection of the structure, individual parts of the frame were reinforced with concrete.

The volume of materials required for construction was impressive. The length of the access roads was 11 kilometers, and the trains carrying cargo from all over the country could not be counted. In just four months, over 6,000 tons of steel reinforcement and 45,000 cubic meters of concrete were laid.

If you look at the spire with the naked eye, it appears to be covered in gold. In fact, this effect is created due to the original idea of ​​the designers. The spire is lined with glass, which is painted golden yellow, and its reverse side is metalized with aluminum.” According to the original project, instead of a spire, it was planned to install a giant monument to Lomonosov on top of the building.

Pit for the main building. 1948: https://pastvu.com/p/442175

Concreting the bottom slab of the foundation. 1948: https://pastvu.com/p/442177

The construction of the high-rise was surrounded by urban legends. While Soviet newspapers wrote about the mechanization of processes and the work of Komsomol volunteers, townspeople told fascinating stories from the lives of construction prisoners: how prisoners dissatisfied with the regime were walled up alive in the walls, and the most dexterous worker managed to fly away from a high-rise building on a hang glider built from improvised plywood. Why was such a massive structure built near the unstable slope of the Sparrow Hills, from which the first failed version of the Cathedral of Christ the Savior and the unbuilt monument to Prince Vladimir could have crawled into the Moscow River? Of course, the engineers foresaw everything and pumped liquid nitrogen under the foundation of the gas plant to freeze the water-saturated soil. The system is still maintained in working order by powerful underground refrigerators. Several more myths are associated with the building materials for the Main Building; pink marble from the Berlin Reichstag and jasper columns that survived the demolition of the Cathedral of Christ the Savior were allegedly used in the interior decoration. Why weren’t the giant vacant lots along Michurinsky Avenue built up for several decades? There must certainly be some kind of secret here, for example, the objects of a secret metro line that connects strategic structures, including the Main Building of Moscow State University.

GZ from Lomonosovsky Prospekt. 1954-1956: https://pastvu.com/p/399626

GZ from the University Square

GZ. Main entrance. 1960: https://pastvu.com/p/40701 Over time, the Club entrance on the opposite side of the building became more visited.

GZ. A room in a student dormitory. 1953-1955: https://pastvu.com/p/31751

“When residents were moved into a newly built university building, along with the keys to the room, they were given 31 pieces of furniture, including an oak secretary, two chairs, a table, a down pillow and a rug. The apartments in the professorial buildings were very good by the standards of those years - with a kitchen, bedroom, office, dining room and living room. And they also rented out fully equipped,” says the website www.newsmsk.com

The interiors of the high-rise floors are decorated modestly, but everyone who increased the glory of Russian science is remembered here: the names of scientists are immortalized in the names of the classrooms. In the Main building there are both gigantic auditoriums for hundreds of students, and small ones, designed for two dozen students.

The high-rise spire is reflected in the windows of the new buildings on Lomonosovsky Prospekt. Not so long ago this place was a wasteland.

Lomonosovsky prospect. 1994: https://pastvu.com/p/69146 Now on the opposite side of the avenue stands the Fundamental Library, and this photo reminds us of where the University-Matveevskoye railway line ran. Do you see a freight train passing? Townspeople remember the clothing market that was there until 2003, and then construction of the library building began.

One of the buildings is named Shuvalovsky in honor of Count Ivan Shuvalov, one of the founders of the Imperial Moscow University.

Two identical buildings were built by 1953 for the faculties of physics and chemistry.

Physics building (Leninskie Gory, building 1, building 2). Faculty of Physics 1953: https://pastvu.com/p/18228

The teaching of physics at the Imperial Moscow University began in 1755, the year of the establishment of Moscow University. The Department of Physics was one of four departments of the Faculty of Philosophy. “Happiest is the one who reveres physics, which, more than all other sciences, serves to increase the benefit of society and to strengthen piety” (from the materials of the first public debate on philosophy at Moscow University, 1756).

In 1933, after repeated structural reorganizations, the faculty system was restored at Moscow University. As a result, the Faculty of Physics was formed. Physicists from Moscow University took a direct part in the development of the Soviet atomic project. This work was led by Academician Igor Kurchatov (since 1944, professor of the Department of the Atomic Nucleus of the Faculty of Physics). Under his leadership, the first cyclotron was built in Moscow (1944), the first atomic reactor in Europe (1946), and the first Soviet atomic bomb(1949), the world's first nuclear power plant (1954) and the largest installation for research into controlled thermonuclear reactions (1958) were built.

From 1958 to 1975, scientists from the Faculty of Physics received 24 diplomas for scientific discoveries officially registered in the USSR, out of 250 registered in all natural sciences. Of the 11 Russian Nobel Prize laureates in physics, seven worked or studied at the physics department.

Today, the Faculty of Physics of Moscow State University is the leading educational and research center in Russia in the field of physics and astronomy. It consists of 40 departments, united into six departments: experimental and theoretical physics, solid state physics, radiophysics and electronics, nuclear physics, geophysics, astronomy.

Chemical building (Leninskie Gory, building 1, building 3)

Faculty of Chemistry. Construction. 1950: https://pastvu.com/p/428749

Still from the movie "Officers". 1970: https://pastvu.com/p/69422 The Faculty of Chemistry played the role of a military academy.

In the “Project on the Establishment of Moscow University”, at the suggestion of M.V. Lomonosov, the Department of Chemistry was introduced into the Faculty of Medicine. It was at this faculty that the teaching of chemistry, including “metallurgical chemistry and assay art,” began in 1758. Soon a specialized chemical laboratory was organized at the university. In 1804, in accordance with the new university charter, the department of chemistry became part of one of the four new structural divisions of the university - the department of physical and mathematical sciences, within which the teaching of chemistry acquired independent significance.

After the October Revolution, in 1921, a chemical department was established as part of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics, which existed at Moscow University for eight years. In 1929, on the basis of the chemical department, the Faculty of Chemistry was established as an independent department of the university. In 1953, with the move to a new building, the structure of the faculty changed, four departments were created (physical chemistry; organic chemistry; inorganic and analytical chemistry; special). New complex buildings built on the Lenin Hills, created all the conditions for the activities of the Faculty of Chemistry, opening up wide opportunities for the intensification of educational and scientific processes, the development of new areas of research. And today the faculty continues to expand due to the emergence of new laboratories, departments, and innovation centers.

During the construction of the chemistry department building, hollow reinforced concrete beams were used as load-bearing structures, into which ventilation pipes, water supply, and electrical wiring for numerous laboratories were laid. Entering the building of the Faculty of Chemistry, you immediately realize that you are not at the wrong address, the hoods seem to be working, but the smell is specific. In addition to dozens of laboratories and classrooms, the building has three large auditoriums: Large, North and South.

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This microdistrict, bounded by Lomonosovsky, Michurinsky prospects, st. Kosygin and Vernadsky Avenue, part of Ramenka.

This article will briefly present historical information about this remarkable corner of the Russian capital, the Sparrow Hills.

Location

Sparrow Hills (in 1924-1991 - Lenin Hills) are located in the southwestern part of Moscow, opposite the Luzhniki sports complex. Like all Moscow mountains, these do not correspond to this status, because they are simply a hilly part of the bank of the Moscow River (part of the Teplostanskaya Hill), washed away by the current. The Vorobyovy Mountains are one of the seven hills on which the city of Moscow was built. They stretch from the mouth of the river. The southern border of the hills touches Setun all the way to the Neskuchny Garden.

The Vorobyovy Mountains are located almost in the center of the capital of Russia, about 5.5 kilometers from the Kremlin, and 13 from the Moscow Ring Road.

Infrastructure, attractions

Here are Lebedeva, Mendeleevskaya, Akademiki Samarskogo and Khokhlova streets, University Square and University Avenue.

On the territory of the region (Lenin Mountains) there are buildings of the famous Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov, the Botanical Garden of Moscow State University and many other historically significant buildings. The Moscow metro stations “University” and “Vorobyovy Gory” are located nearby.

The observation deck, rising opposite the Moscow State University skyscraper (the main building), has long been a popular vacation spot for many Moscow residents and guests of the capital. Its height is approximately 80 meters above the river level. Moscow, which allows you to see a breathtaking panorama of the city.

Not far from observation deck On the Sparrow Mountains there is the Church of the Life-Giving Trinity. It miraculously survived the years of struggle against the Nazis. It is unknown when it was erected. But L. N. Tolstoy mentions it in his world-famous novel “War and Peace.”

Story

The history of the origin of this area (Lenin Mountains) goes back to ancient times. Its name comes from the ancient village of Vorobyovo. It is known that Princess Sophia (daughter of the Grand Duke of Lithuania and wife of Prince Vasily I of Moscow) at the end of the 15th century acquired from an Orthodox priest (his nickname Sparrow) a village called Vorobyovo. According to inaccurate data, there is a possibility that this village is the oldest settlement that once existed on the territory of modern Moscow. It turned into the (summer) residence of the Grand Duke, and subsequently the Tsar.

Numerous tourists have been visiting Leninskie for a long time. The view from this place is magnificent. Vorobyovy Gory is a kind of viewing platform for some of the city’s conquerors. From this place he looked at (the Crimean Khan) and Khotkevich (the Polish hetman). In the 17th-18th centuries, at the foot of the Vorobyovy Mountains (northern part) there was a monastery called Andreevsky, and the second half of the 19th century is significant in that this corner gained popularity as a summer cottage area.

It is not known exactly when Vorobyovy Gory was renamed Leninsky Gory. There are 3 dates: 1924, 1935 and 1936. Many historians claim that this happened in memory of V.I. Lenin, in the year of his death. Some argue that the renaming is a result of the construction of a large physical education center in this area. Lenin.

In 1999, the old historical name was officially returned to the mountains. At the same time, the Moscow metro station was also renamed.

Today, the microdistrict, unlike the metro station and the park, has not been renamed Vorobyovy Gory. For example, the address of the main building of the main Moscow University is officially written as follows: Moscow, 119991, Leninskie Gory, Moscow State University, building 1.

Conclusion

The Lenin Mountains were declared in 1987 natural monument. In 1988, the Sparrow Hills State Nature Reserve was created on this site. And today the reserve is engaged in projects whose goal is to protect the heritage (historical and natural) of the city of Moscow. As part of these projects, various environmental tourism routes have been developed, along which excursions are conducted, environmental education is conducted among schoolchildren, and research is conducted.

It should be noted that no construction was ever carried out on the Sparrow Hills and the land was not used for agricultural needs. This is due to the fact that in these places there are large differences in relief, and quite active landslide processes occur.

Today it is difficult to imagine Moscow without the majestic silhouette of the Main building of Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov. The largest of the capital's high-rise buildings has been rising on Vorobyovy Gory since 1953. It was this year that the four-year construction of the University Ensemble, designed by architects L. Rudnev, S. Chernyshev, P. Abrosimov and A. Khryakov, was completed. The chief engineer of the project was V.N. Nasonov.

The complex includes 30 main and 20 auxiliary buildings, an observatory, Botanical Garden, forest park, sports town. The area of ​​the complex occupies about 167 hectares.

The main building of Moscow State University or GZ (as students and teachers call it) faces the center of Moscow with a wide front. A clear silhouette is visible from the farthest distances. The main building, topped with a spire with a star, rises with giant ledges to a height of 235.7 m. The highest part of the building rises to 36 floors.
During the construction of MSU, a fundamentally new load-bearing system was developed. The developer of the system was the outstanding scientific designer N.V. Nikitin (creator of the Ostankino TV tower). The MSU building stands on a box-shaped foundation, as if “floating” in the ground and ensuring uniform settlement of the building. Original steel frame parts were also developed. The MSU building at that time was the most tall building in Europe.

The 18- and 9-story wings of the dormitories radiate from the Main Building, forming courtyards. Students and graduate students live in the dormitories, and apartments for university teachers are located in the corner towers.
In the central part of the main volume there are two faculties, an assembly hall with 1300 seats, a scientific library, and a museum. The building has high-speed elevators for 20 people. The remaining faculties occupy buildings located near the Main building. Built simultaneously with the central building, they form a single ensemble of the scientific campus.

The towers have giant dials of a clock, barometer and thermometer, which stand out in contrast against the light cladding of the building. For the first time, factory-made cladding panels were used to decorate the building.
On the south side of the building there is a front yard with fountains and flower beds. Here in 1953year a monument to M.V. was erected. Lomonosov by the sculptor N. Tomsky.

Honored Soviet artists and sculptors took part in the decoration of the University Ensemble: N.V. Tomsky, S.T. Konenkov, M.K. Anikushin, E.V. Vuchetich, P.D. Korin, I.M. Toidze and others. The building of Moscow State University on Vorobyovy Gory was and remains a symbol not only of Moscow University, but of all Russian education.