Interesting facts about the mountains. Interesting facts about mountains How volcanic mountains are formed
10 mysterious facts and discoveries.
10. Sarcophagus of Nandu, a structure adjacent to Mount Kailash. After some research, scientists have proven that this sarcophagus also has cavities inside. Where, according to the ancient legends of China, all the teachers of the world are in a state of samadhi (deep meditation): Jesus, Buddha, Krishna, Zarathustra, Confucius and other sages that were ever sent to the world. And they stay there in order to serve as a continuation of the gene pool of humanity in the event of the collapse of civilization.
9. From Mount Kailash to the Stonehenge monument (England) – 6666 km. Before north pole– 6666 km. From the mountain to the south pole two times 6666 km.
8. Many scientists consider this mountain to be an artificial formation, with some voids inside (at the level of the middle and at the foot), which was built by someone, for something and with a specific purpose.
7. The fact that Mount Kailash is a pyramid (which, like other pyramids, is clearly oriented to the cardinal points) is no longer an innovation. All scientists who have visited Kailash have no doubt about its pyramidal nature.
6. Mount Kailash is broken by two huge ridges - cracks, which, especially in the evening hours, with the help of the shadows from the rock ledges, form a huge image of a swastika.
5. Near the mountain there are two lakes: Manasarovar (living and clean water) and Rakshas Tal (in Tibetan, Lhanag Tso, "Lake of the Demon").
In Lake Manasarovar (fresh), which is located at an altitude of 4560 m above sea level, you can swim, drink water, it is considered sacred, and it is calm at any time of the year in any weather.
Rakshasa ( salt Lake), 4515m above sea level. Counts dead lake water that you can’t not only drink, but also touch, and there is a storm on this lake at any time of the year and in any weather.
Moreover, these two lakes are located nearby, separated by a thin isthmus.
4.And also the mountain changes the target settings for those who come close to it, and sets the setting, go back. She has not yet allowed a single climber to reach her peak, those who tried to “throw off” the mountain.
3. Near Kailash, people age faster (12 hours in about 2 weeks), this is evidenced by the growth of hair and nails.
Mountains are not eternal, they are “born” and “age”, gradually turning into hills. But how are mountains formed, how do these majestic accumulations of stone giants appear?
As scientists have found out, mountains are formed, or were formed millions of years ago, in four different ways and, according to the method of formation, are folded, vaulted, solid or volcanic.
How fold mountains form
Fold mountains were formed as a result of pressure and compression of the earth's surface during tectonic movement of the earth's crust. They look like giant folds of rock layers. An example of fold mountains are the Alps.
How vaulted mountains are formed
Vaulted mountains are rocks that were raised above the surface of the Earth by molten lava as it moved outward from the bowels of the earth. Such mountains are characterized by the shape of the arch, which is why they are called that.
How are solid mountains formed?
Solid mountains were formed when entire sections of the earth's surface rose or fell during tectonic movement. Continuous mountain ranges (for example, the Sierra Nevada) are the result of faults or, conversely, failures in the earth's crust.
How are volcanic mountains formed?
Volcanic mountains are extinct or (for example, Vesuvius or Fuji). They consist of lava ejected from ash from volcanic eruptions and have a conical shape.
These are the main ways mountains are formed, but many mountains are the result of their combination during tectonic movement of layers of the earth's crust.
The surface of the planet is diverse in its relief forms. Some areas are dominated by plains, while others are hilly. And on the third there are mountains. A mountain is a hill that rises 500 meters or more above the surrounding area. The height of the largest mountains on the planet exceeds 8 thousand meters, and Everest is recognized as the highest at 8848 meters. The only mountain on the surrounding plain is the exception rather than the rule. In the overwhelming majority of cases, mountains form chains, and these chains are formed in by no means random places.
The mountains have tectonic origin, they are formed due to movements of the earth's crust. When one lithospheric plate goes under another, the first one rises, its edge goes up, forming another mountain system.
Origin of mountains and their evolution
So, mountains are formed in seismically active areas, at the junctions of lithospheric plates. Where the plates move apart, other formations, rift plains, appear. In the same areas where plates creep on top of one another, mountain folds are formed. The formation of mountains is not an instantaneous process. Since the plates move at a speed of no more than a few centimeters per year, mountains grow just as slowly. It takes millions of years to form a ridge.
Interesting fact: In mountainous areas, seismic phenomena are observed - earthquakes, volcanic activity. This is a completely natural fact.
With active movements of the earth's crust, mountains grow to enormous heights. An example would be Tibet, Himalayan mountains– they arose during the movement of the Hindustan Peninsula towards the Eurasian Plate. These mountain ranges remain the highest on the planet to this day; mountain building processes here do not stop, as movement continues. But there are old mountains, for example, the Ural Mountains. They don't grow anymore. These mountains are gradually decreasing in size, becoming more and more flat and low due to erosion. Wind, exposure to water, temperature changes, and other factors cause their gradual destruction, which also occurs gradually.
The seismic activity necessary to form mountains does not occur everywhere. Thus, there are practically no mountains on the African continent, and seismic activity is detected only in its northern part. It is believed that this is the oldest continent. But there are mountains at the bottom of the oceans. Plates of the earth's crust are continental and oceanic. Oceanic ones have a much smaller thickness, but the same processes occur during their movement. Under the cover of the oceans rises the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and many other mountain formations, up to several thousand meters high. They are formed exactly according to the same algorithm.
Periods of mountain life
At the stage of their formation, the mountains are only growing. Growth can occur at different rates, it all depends on the characteristics of tectonic processes. If the mountain is a volcano, growth can be rapid - due to the ejected materials. Simultaneously with the earthly forces causing the growth of these formations, the opposite ones are working - first of all, erosion, causing destruction. One fine moment, all modern mountains will become sand, washed by water, blown by the wind, but this will not happen very soon. By that time, new mountains will appear on the planet.
As long as the rate of growth of a mountain exceeds the rate of its destruction, it increases. Many modern mountains are growing, it’s just barely noticeable. But as soon as the forces of the Earth cease to stimulate growth, the mountain begins to gradually decrease in size under the influence of erosion. There are many collapsing, dying mountains on the planet, these are not only the Ural Mountains, but also the Old Appalachians in America, and many others.
Why do mountains have a layered structure?
It is not difficult to see the cut of the mountain. Many of them have traces of collapses, which reveal a peculiar cut, which always turns out to be layered. From it one can judge what was in this area even before the mountain began to form. Thus, in the Alps, at an altitude of about 3 kilometers, shells are found, materials that accumulate only on the seabed. After examination by scientists, it turned out that there was once a seabed here, the Mediterranean Sea splashed in these territories in the past, and then they began to rise in folds upward due to the advance of the African continent. After all, the plate on which it lies is moving towards the Eurasian one. Rock layers provide evidence of what happened in these areas in the past, perhaps back when they were plains. Therefore, they are actively studied, and bones of ancient animals and other remarkable fossil objects are often found in them.
Class: 2
Goals and objectives.
Educational:
- introduce the characteristic features and nature of mountains, explain the reasons for their occurrence;
- teach how to find mountains on maps.
Educational:
- develop skills in working with maps and reference literature;
- develop skills and abilities of independent and group work.
Educators:
- contribute to the enrichment and development of students’ subjective ideas about nature.
Basic knowledge, abilities, skills.
- globe, map, symbols for them;
- parts of the world, continents;
- characteristic features of mountains, plains;
- main natural areas;
- about the change natural areas on the surface of the Earth.
- use laws and rules to make sense of their experiences;
- use the book to answer questions that arise;
- learn to read and use a map;
- master basic map reading techniques (definition of land and water, height, landforms, symbols);
- show continents on the map;
- identify plains and mountains on the map;
- show main geographical features on a physical map in different parts of the world.
Equipment.
For students:
- textbook-notebook “Our planet Earth”, part 1;
- individual worksheets;
- textbook on geography “Our world. Mountains".
For the teacher:
- textbook – notebook “Our Planet Earth”, part 1;
- textbook on geography “Our world. Mountains";
- physical map of the hemispheres;
- tables “Plains”, “Mountains”;
- reproductions of paintings by M.Yu. Lermontov to his works about mountains.
During the classes
Teacher's activities. UUD ( in the table)
I. Organizational moment
Hello guys.
II. Updating basic knowledge. Motivation
What did we study in the last lesson? (The nature of the Earth, its surface)
What shape of the Earth's surface are you already familiar with? (Plains)
What can you tell us about the plains? (When answering, use the “Plains” table)
Do you think there are other surface shapes?
Justify your opinion.
“I saw piles of dark rocks,
When the stream separated them...
I saw mountain ranges
Bizarre, like dreams...
In the distance I saw through the fog
In the snow, burning like a diamond,
The gray, unshakable Caucasus.”
M.Yu. Lermontov
(Demonstration of reproductions of sketches by M.Yu. Lermontov)
What did the great Russian poet M.Yu. write about so enthusiastically? Lermontov? (About the mountains)
But he also made illustrations for his works.
(Demonstration of reproductions)
What struck him and led him to such admiration?
What will we talk about in class today?
What can we call our lesson?
I propose to take a line from V. Vysotsky’s song “Only mountains can be better than mountains...”
(Write the topic on the board)
III. Formulation of the problem. Goal setting
What would you like to learn about in class today?
What questions would you like answered on this topic?
IV. Discovery of new knowledge
What are they called mountains?
What shape do mountains have?
How are mountains formed?
What do you think about it?
(Working with illustrations, explanatory dictionary)
Have the proposals been confirmed?
Prove using the textbook text.
Conclusion.
Mountains are elevations on the earth's surface, most often associated with the activity of the underground forces of the Earth.
What forces take part in creating the appearance of the planet?
What is weathering called?
Weathering is the destructive activity of water, wind and other natural forces.
Summarize your knowledge.
Let's make a diagram:
Look carefully at the “Mountains” table.
What conclusion can be drawn?
In what form can it be written?
Why are they called that?
How do mountains “age”? Try to explain.
- pp. 12-13 – volcanoes;
- pp. 14-15 - plate collision;
- pp. 18-19 – erosion.
Using the knowledge you have gained, find young and old mountains in the pictures. Justify your choice.
(Compare the Caucasus and Ural mountains)
Physical education minute
First I will be a plain,
I'll press myself to my knees.
Then I will turn into a mountain,
I can immediately reach the sky.
(They squat down, hug their knees with their hands. Stand on their toes, stretch their arms up)
V. Inclusion in the knowledge system
Workshop on independent application and use of acquired knowledge.
Read the assignment on the sheets carefully:
Using “ Physical card hemispheres” connect the names of the rivers with the names of the mountains in which their sources are located .
What knowledge do you think is necessary to complete this task? Do we have all the knowledge necessary to complete the task?
Show each geographic pair on a map.
(Work with a map at the board. Check using a sample)
m. South America-> Andes city -> r. Amazon
m. North America -> Cordillera city -> r. Missouri
Europe -> Alps -> r. Danube
m. Eurasia
Asia -> Himalayas -> r. Ganges
Physical education minute: eye exercises “Butterfly”, “Owl”.
Inclusion in the knowledge system and repetition.
Think about what the nature of the mountains will be like?
Explain how you understand what altitudinal zonation is.
Let's check ourselves. Find the definition in a dictionary.
Altitudinal zones are ecosystems that replace each other as you climb the mountains.
Why does nature change the higher we climb into the mountains?
Working with the textbook on geography “Our World. Mountains”, Volgograd cooperative “Book”. 1995
Page 22 – weather and climate in the mountains depend on altitude,
Page 24 – 25 – flora (using the example of the vegetation of the Himalayas),
Page 26 - 27 – fauna (using the example of the animal world of the Himalayas).
VI. Homework
Optionally.
Plants and animals of the mountains. (Drawings, applique, etc.)
- “People and Mountains”
Think about whether people can live in the mountains. What will they be able to do?
Do mountains need protection? Prove your assumptions.
If so, what can you suggest to protect them?
VII. Lesson summary. Reflection
What goals did you set for yourself at the beginning of the lesson?
How did you obtain knowledge?
What new did you learn?
(Mountains are characterized by a number of properties: elevated surface, pointed shape, etc. Mountains arise as a result of the action of underground forces and are destroyed by weathering. Volcanic eruptions and earthquakes can occur in the mountains)
What was interesting about the lesson?
What was the main thing in the lesson?
What happened? What else needs work?
What else would you like to know?
The nature of the Earth is majestic and unique. Mysterious depths of the seas and oceans. The submissive muttering of lowland rivers and the indignant roar of mountain rivers. Endless plains beckoning into the distance. Mighty, awe-inspiring mountains... All this is powerful, but at the same time fragile, and therefore requires care and careful treatment.
Thank you for your work in class and for your activity.
Goodbye! Wish you luck!
Literature
- Educational system “School 2100”. Common sense pedagogy. Collection of materials / Scientifically edited by A.A. Leontyev. - M.: “Ballas”, Publishing House RAO, 2003.
- Educational system “School 2100”. Our planet Earth. 2nd grade. Methodological recommendations for teachers on the course of the surrounding world “The World and Man”. A.A. Vakhrushev, O.V. Bursky, A.S. Rautian. – M.: “Balass”, 2002.
- Educational system “School 2100”. The world. Textbook-notebook for 2nd grade “Our Planet Earth”. In 4 parts. Part 2. / Team of authors under the leadership of A.A. Vakhrusheva. – M.: “Balass”, 2004
- Educational system “School 2100”. The world. Textbook-notebook for 2nd grade “Our Planet Earth”. In 4 parts. Part 4. / Team of authors under the leadership of A.A. Vakhrusheva. – M.: “Balass”, 2004
- Mountains. Tutorial on geography for schoolchildren: Translation from English, revised and expanded. / Edited by T. Ronina. – Volgograd: cooperative “Book”, “International Center for Education Weiland - Volgograd”, 1995.
Structure of the Earth. (10-12 min)
1. -Let's check the versions of the formation of the Earth.
Everyone knows that the Earth is a ball. The secret of mountain formation must be sought within the Earth.
The internal structure of the Earth resembles a chicken egg (show).
The core is the yolk.
The mantle is white.
Bark is a shell.
The teacher suggests creating a model of the Earth from plasticine, and during the work he comments, naming the main layers.
Core - represents red-hot molten metals at t=5000 °C.
The mantle (in fairy tales the cape of kings) is a molten mass, constantly flowing; heating up from the core, it rises, then falls down. It's like stone porridge is being cooked.
The earth's crust is a thin upper hard layer (comparable in thickness to a postage stamp stuck on a ball). The actual thickness is 100 km. (Cut the Earth model, repeat layers).
Whose picture is more correct?
2. Formation of mountains (2-3 min).
The crust consists of individual plates that float like ice floes during ice drift, only very slowly, at a speed of 1-2 cm per year. Let us depict the movement of plates, for example, Euro-Asian and Indo-European.
An outdoor game “Plate Movement”, during which the reasons for the formation of mountains are revealed.
3.
Earthquake, volcanic eruption (2-3 min).
As a result of the movement of plates, mountains are formed. But all movements are accompanied by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and other disasters. The spectacle is stunning in beauty, but incredibly terrible in its destructive powers.
How fast is the lava speed of a volcano? Outdoor game “Escape from the volcano” (according to the principle of running a race).
It is unlikely that you will be able to escape from the volcano, because the average speed of lava is 50 km/h, and during the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in Pompeii, the lava flowed at a speed of 150 km/h.
The largest cataclysms in human history.
-
About what large and devastating earthquakes do you know about modern times?
On March 11, 2011, a strong earthquake occurred in Japan. The resulting tsunami wave, several tens of meters high, partially destroyed the Fukushima-1 nuclear plant and damaged the cooling system. The accident caused radioactive contamination of the area and the discharge of radioactive water into Pacific Ocean. The earthquake claimed the lives of almost 16 thousand people.
And in 79 AD. The eruption of Mount Vesuvius wiped out several cities from the face of the Earth, including blooming city Pompeii.
Working with textbook illustrations (p. 119)
What's happening in the picture?
What mood does it evoke?
What surprised you?
And only in the 19th century the city was accidentally discovered and after excavations, it appears practically unharmed before our contemporaries.
4. Mountains: old and young (5-7 min.)
Mountains are a symbol of inviolability and eternity. But the mountains are also aging and being destroyed.
Which picture shows old mountains and which shows young ones?
By what signs did you guess?
Why do mountains age and collapse? Find the answer to this question in the textbook on p. 117.
How do water, wind, plants destroy mountains?
Therefore, younger mountains are steep, with sharp peaks, while older ones are smooth, with gentle slopes.
Have we achieved any goal of the lesson? What goal remains to be achieved?
