Manor park Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo. Manor park Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo Heirs of E.P.

The Pokrovskoye-Glebovo-Streshnevo estate is located on the site of the Podjolka wasteland, which was first mentioned in scribe books in 1585. At that time, it was owned by Elizar Ivanovich Blagovo, a prominent figure in the second half of the 16th century. The wasteland most likely owes its name to the spruce forests that predominated in this area. At the beginning of the 17th century, A.F. became the owner of the wasteland. Palitsyn, who sided with False Dmitry II, but then went over to the side of the legitimate authorities. In 1622, he sold the wasteland to clerk Mikhail Feofilatievich Danilov, who built a village here. In 1629, a stone “newly arrived church of the Intercession of the Blessed Virgin Mary, and in the chapels of the Miracle of the Archangel Michael and Alexei the Wonderworker,” was erected in the village. From this time the history of the village of Pokrovskoye begins. According to the census book of 1646, there are 8 peasant households listed in it (according to other sources, at first the Church of the Intercession was wooden, the stone church was built later, in 1646). After the death of clerk Danilov, F.K. owned the estate for a short time. Elizarov. In 1664, he sold Pokrovskoe-Podjelki to Rodion Matveevich Streshnev. At this time, there are already 220 households in the village. The Streshnevs owned the estate for 250 years. This family was not noble until 1626, when Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov married Evdokia Lukyanovna Streshneva. There were 10 children from this marriage, including the future Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich.

Since then, the family has advanced and taken a prominent place in the court hierarchy. One of the owners of Pokrovsky, Elizaveta Petrovna Streshneva, married Fyodor Ivanovich Glebov and in 1803 obtained permission for her family to be called by a double surname: Streshnev-Glebov. After this, the village of Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo received another name - Pokrovskoye-Glebovo. At the beginning of the 19th century, in the vicinity of Pokrovsky, “houses for summer housing with all their accessories” were rented out. Dachas in Pokrovskoye were always considered fashionable and were very expensive. In 1807, N.M. Karamzin lived here, who worked on the “History of the Russian State.” In 1856, Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo was visited by L.N. Tolstoy, who visited Lyubov Bers there.

Subsequently, he married one of her daughters, Sofya Andreevna. The Church of the Intercession is the oldest building in the area. Built at the beginning of the 17th century, it was rebuilt many times, reflecting in its appearance the dominant architectural trends of different times. In the middle of the 18th century, it was given magnificent Baroque features and a refectory was added. And since 1822 the temple stood, rebuilt in the Empire style. In 1896 it acquired eclectic forms. The bell tower was built in the 1770s. The church fence with the main entrance and corner towers was built at the end of the 18th century. After the 1917 revolution, a museum was organized in the estate. In the 1930s, the museum and church were closed, and the church bell tower was partially destroyed. Divine services in the Church of the Intercession were resumed in 1994.

Object of cultural heritage of federal significance.

I start to tense up and look at him in disbelief. And he continues: “There’s a cool house there, there are Atlanteans inside and you can walk around everywhere and take pictures. Entrance is only 100 rubles.” I thought a museum was offering me something, but then it turns out that it’s a watchman and he needs a hangover, and it’s not a boring museum at all, but an awesome abandoned estate.

The place is called the Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo estate, located next to the Volokolamsk highway in the park of the same name in the north-west of Moscow.

This is a former noble estate near Moscow, adjacent to which is a large green park. It consists of a manor house in the classicist style and a temple from the 17th century; there are also buildings in the pseudo-Russian style. It is a cultural heritage site. According to the watchman, the estate will be restored in 2019, but this is not certain ((

The estate belonged to the Streshnev family. This is a Russian noble family that rose to prominence after the marriage in 1626 of Evdokia Streshneva to Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov. Many of the queen's relatives were granted boyar status. There were 10 children from this marriage, including the future Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. But the family ceased to exist in the 19th century; at the moment there are no descendants.

2. This arch overlooks the Volokolamsk highway. There is also a guard here who will happily escort you inside.

3. The only danger is a bunch of dogs barking and ready to pounce. But the watchman said that they don’t bite, it’s hard to believe, so it’s better to take a stick.

4. The house consists of three floors with 200 rooms.

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7. It was once beautiful here.

8. The photo walk and inspection of all the rooms will take 1-2 hours.

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11. This is what the roof looks like.

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14. Despite the fact that somewhere there are no floors, you can walk everywhere calmly.

15. Found two Atlanteans.

16. First floor.

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When you drive along the Volokolamsk highway towards the region, you always pay attention to the unusual complex of buildings on the right in front of the water utility. It seems that behind the red brick wall there is a beautiful noble estate. True, the view from the highway does not resemble the usual appearance of an old Russian estate, rather some kind of Russian-Gothic style. This is Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo - a former noble estate near Moscow with a park. The estate includes a manor house in the classicist style, a 17th-century patrimonial church and buildings in the pseudo-Russian style.

1. The Church of the Intercession of the Blessed Virgin Mary was built in 1629. The Pokrovskoye estate was later named after the name of the church. It belonged to the noble Streshnev family, who were relatives of the Romanov dynasty. Evdokia Streshneva was the wife of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov, the mother of Alexei Mikhailovich Quiet. From that time on, the estate began to be called Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo.

View of the wall and church from the Volokolamsk highway

2. The latest information about the state of the estate reported that the Higher School of Economics abandoned the noble estate in the Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo park. Let me remind you that at the end of 2012 the estate was transferred to the balance sheet of the Higher School of Economics. Restoration work to restore the architectural monument never began, the building was destroyed, and access to visitors was prohibited. Perhaps now, after the estate has been confiscated to the state treasury, restoration work will begin, after which the noble estate will be opened to the public.

3. So we decided to see what condition the estate is in now.

4. There are not many monuments of federal significance left in Moscow, and their number is steadily decreasing. For now, the fate of the Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo estates is also sad. The monument is under state protection, but the condition of the estate is getting worse every year.

5. Only the gate to the temple was open...

6. The church is protected by the state as an architectural monument and is an integral part of the Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo estate complex. It was built at the beginning of the 17th century by clerk M.F. Danilov. In 1750, the owner of the estate P.I. Streshnev organized the reconstruction of the church, as a result of which it acquired the features of the Baroque style. However, the planned configuration of the building remains the same. About ten years later, a three-tier bell tower was completed. After this, the church practically did not change its appearance until the end of the 19th century, only in 1894 the church was expanded.

View of the temple from the southern limit

7. A distinctive feature of the temple was the absence of an altar projection on the eastern facade.

8. Mosaic frescoes of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker (left) and Holy Apostles Peter and Paul (right) were made by masters from Belarus in 2006.

Mosaic fresco of the Blessed Virgin Mary on the western façade

9. Despite repeated reconstructions, the Church of the Intercession of the Blessed Virgin Mary is of significant historical and architectural value as one of the few examples of a patrimonial church in Moscow and its immediate surroundings from the first third of the 17th century, with an unconventional compositional design.

10. Everything on the temple grounds is ready for Easter.

11. The manor house can only be viewed through the main gate or from the park. Access to the territory is guarded by an intractable guard, and in addition, some preparatory work has begun there. I had to be content with an external inspection.

12. At the beginning of the 19th century, the estate received a new name: Glebovo-Streshnevo, or Pokrovskoye-Glebovo. This is due to the double surname of the new owner of the estate, Elizaveta Streshneva-Glebova. The last owner of the estate was Evgenia Fedorovna Shakhovskaya-Glebova-Streshneva. She decided to turn the family estate into some kind of medieval castle. In 1880, according to the project of the architects A.I. invited by her. Rezanov and K.V. Tersky, an original ensemble of lordly services was built here, planned in the form of a horseshoe. Outbuildings were added to the end sides of the manor house, some of them in the form of stylized castle turrets, and a superstructure was made over the old house in the form of a jagged wooden tower, painted to look like brick.

13. So it turns out that the manor house changed its appearance significantly over time, depending on the taste and preferences of the owners.

Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo estate. 1766 Facade of the main house. Photo from the book: N.Ya. Tikhomirov/ Architecture of estates near Moscow, M.-State. Ed. literature on construction and architecture.

The facade of the house on a postcard from the 1920s. Photo http://oiru.archeologia.ru/history25.htm

15. But if we mentally discard the later extensions and superstructures, we will see the still preserved features of an ordinary two-story “manor” house near Moscow, the end of the 18th - beginning of the 19th century.

Photo from the Internet

16. In 1889 -1890, according to the design of architects F.N. Kolbe and A.P. Popov, a powerful stone fence with red brick towers in the pseudo-Russian style was erected around the estate.

17. In the post-revolutionary period, the estate, together with the dachas, became state property and was turned into a Central Committee sanatorium, and then became the property of a rest home for textile workers. In 1925, a museum was organized on the territory of the estate, which was soon ravaged and completely destroyed. In 1933, a rest home for military pilots was set up in the estate; during wartime there was a hospital here, and since 1970 there has been a civil aviation research institute.

18. In the 80s, when the estate belonged to Aeroflot, restoration work began and the estate was returned to its original appearance of the early 19th century. The corner tower of the fence and the arched part of the wall with the front gate were restored. In the spring of 1992, a fire occurred in the palace, destroying the attic floor and seriously damaging the state rooms of the second floor. The restoration of the palace began, already in the mid-90s the volume of the main house was restored and interior finishing work began, but was interrupted. Since then, the palace has been virtually abandoned. In 2003, the Aeroflot company sold the palace into private hands; in 2012, according to the court, it was returned to the state and transferred to the operational management of the Higher School of Economics.

19. We managed to photograph the park façade of the house in more or less detail.

20. This facade has a shallow straight balcony with columns (loggia) and decorations on the walls and windows.

33. And now the estate is again in the hands of the state...

34. Behind the gates of the ancient estate is a city landscape of the 21st century.

35. The rather large Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo park deserves, of course, a longer walk.

36. At the Volokolamsk highway overpass above the railway tracks there is a platform and the Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo station. In 1901, the Moscow-Vindava (now Riga) railway was built, and a railway platform was opened in front of the estate.

37. In 1908, the architect Brzhozovsky, the author of the Moscow-Vindava Railway project, built a station building with a wooden passenger pavilion, made in the Northern Art Nouveau style. The stone station building was preserved on the slope from Krasnogorskiye Proyezd, and the wooden pavilion burned down in 1984.

38. This is what these buildings looked like at the very beginning. Will there be a Renaissance?

The building of the Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo station. Beginning of the 20th century. Photo

Sad news about the fate of the long-suffering Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo estate recently became known. According to information disseminated by activists of the Arkhnadzor movement, the ancient greenhouses of the late 18th and early 19th centuries were engulfed in fire, as a result of which a significant part of the building, which is a cultural heritage site of federal significance, was damaged.

Among the possible versions of what happened, users of social networks highlight fires that could have been lit on the territory of the facility by vandals or persons without a fixed abode, and deliberate destruction - the territory of the estate and park is a “tidbit” for developers, as some Muscovites believe. The official version of what happened has not yet been announced.
Let us remind you that the Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo estate has been in virtual desolation for several decades. In the early 90s of the last century, restoration work began here, which was interrupted at the beginning of the 2000s. Then the owner of the estate changed several times, as a result of which, in 2016, the estate became the property of the Moscow Government. Representatives of the competent authorities regularly raised the issue of restoration of the estate by a respectable investor. However, the incident may make a negative contribution to the search for a new owner.

In March of this year I photographed the interiors of the main house and views of the greenhouse. I invite you to take a look at the last abandoned estate in Moscow.

The central part of the main house with a wooden front floor with a mezzanine was built at the end of the 18th - beginning of the 19th century, before 1805. The inventory of the interiors dates back to 1805.

2. The central part of the northwestern facade of the manor house.

Photo before 1910. The main house of the Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo estate is located on the side of the park.

3. Main house. Second floor plan.

In the central volume there is a main staircase, redone during the reconstruction of the house, but retaining a bypass gallery with two pairs of columns and a lampshade. On the other side of the living room, in a dark passage room, there should have been a staircase to the mezzanine (probably to the first floor), but no traces of it were found. Adjacent to the entrance is the front bedroom with a large window at the northern end of the house. She was dismembered by the front columns. At the top of the back wall of the bedroom there are two round windows: one of them illuminates the passage, and the other opens into the room adjacent to it. According to the literature, the bedroom had gray wallpaper with a floral border.

4. The main staircase in the main house of the Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo estate.

Huge, almost square triple windows on the sides of the terrace and loggia emphasize the country character of the house. At the same time, the enlarged scale of these parts of the facade enhances the monumental design of the central volume. It is contrasted by the completely neutral, ordinary facades of the side parts of the house. They were perceived as a transition to an equally laconic, but finer-divided architecture of two-story outbuildings.

The internal layout of the main floor with an enfilade along the park facade is somewhat more traditional, but here too the main role is played by the center, where the two most significant rooms are located on the main axis. Thanks to the double reinforcement of the façade, the line of enfilade openings running in the side rooms along the windows, as is customary in classicism, opens onto its transverse axis in the central White Hall. Such an intersection of the main axes of the house could give rise to an overly monumental centric design of the hall, but its space is determined by the elongated octagon of the colonnade carrying a solemn entablature.

7. The main staircase is decorated with newts.

The remaining rooms on the front floor were repeatedly changed in purpose and design. In the 1920s, in the southwestern corner of the house, a thin, undoubtedly original, picturesque ceiling of the large dining room was still preserved, and next to the living room and loggia there was a later bedroom, completely covered with tulle and lace. Wooden internal stairs occupied three corners of the house, excluding only the dining room. On the lower floor, symmetrically to the main staircase, there was another living room with a pair of columns in the back.

9. Ground floor of the main house.

10. Triton.

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The inlaid parquet has been preserved in fragments. Corner stoves were converted into fireplaces during the reconstruction of the house. The semicircular niches under the windows facing the terrace are very unusual.

15. Blue living room in a manor house.

16. Lamplight in the Blue Living Room.

17.Fireplace in the Blue Living Room.

Through an opening in the back opposite the windows, the hall is connected to the second axial room of the living room, which opens onto the loggia of the front facade. It is slightly lower than the hall. An elegant Corinthian columnar rotunda with a high arch above the entablature is inscribed into the square of its plan. It was also decorated with finely ornamented inlaid parquet floors and semicircular window sill niches. In the later period, the stoves were also converted into fireplaces, and the walls were painted dark blue with borders and silhouettes stylizing ancient Greek black-figure vase painting.

19. Column capital in the Blue Living Room.

24. Fireplace in the White Hall.

25. White hall with access to the terrace.

27. Fireplace in the White Hall.

28. View of the park.

29. Park facade.

Photo before 1910. The main house of the Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo estate. Northwestern facade.

Rezanov's project involved a complete reconstruction and even reorientation of the house. He placed the main entrance at the southern end. A brick fence, turning away from the highway line, adjoined the walls of the house on either side of the entrance. The entrance with a magnificent portal looked like a turret protruding in front of a semicircular volume and topped with a crown (the Streshnev family trait was the desire to perpetuate the memory of their relationship with the royal house).

There are a lot of inscriptions on the walls, most likely a quest was held here.

Little people.

Inscriptions, poems, quotes.

It's better not to leave the room.

When I was in the house, the security guard was waiting for the film crew. They probably filmed something like this

Let's get some air.

Photo before 1910. Side view of the northwestern facade of the house in the Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo estate.

And we will go through the park to the greenhouse.

The last surviving sculpture in the manor park.

This is an old postcard with a photograph of Eremin from the 30s of the last century. I have one like this in my collection.

Photo before 1930. Statues in the park of the Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo estate.

The greenhouse is the only building of the old manor besides the main house that has been preserved since the 18th - early 19th centuries. At the beginning of the 20th century, the building was converted into a restaurant, and as a result it was greatly distorted. And later it was almost destroyed.

In our time, the original appearance of the Orangery has been recreated. The composition of the building is an enlarged center and symmetrically elongated wings of the greenhouse. This architectural solution is typical for ceremonial park greenhouses of the 18th - early 19th centuries. A striking example of such a composition is the greenhouses in the Kuskovo and Kuzminki estates. The facade of the building is oriented to the south.

The rounded domed ledge of the central volume - the winter garden - was surrounded by a wooden Tuscan colonnade, recreated in stone.

48. Inside the greenhouse.

49. Greenhouse. The central rotunda room.

I took these photos in March 2017; in August there was a fire again, only the central part survived. The Ministry of Emergency Situations in the media designated it as a Soviet construction, but we know that this is a cultural heritage site of federal significance - the greenhouse of the late 18th-early 19th century of the Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo estate.

What will happen to the last abandoned Moscow estate?

In the 14th century, on the site of modern Pokrovsky-Streshnev, the village of Podyolki was located, the name of which indicates the nature of the forest area surrounding it. Podyolki and neighboring Korobovo (future Tushino), Ivankovo, Bratsevo, Spas and Petrovo were part of the estate granted in 1332 by Ivan Kalita to the boyar Rodion Nestorovich for joining the Moscow department of the Novgorod part of Volok Lamsky (Volokolamsk). Subsequently, the Skhodnensky plots granted by the prince passed into the possession first of the son of Rodion Nestorovich - Ivan Rodionovich Kvashnya (Kvashnya is a nickname given for the looseness of the body) - and then of the grandson - Vasily Ivanovich Kvashnin, nicknamed Tushya for his impressive volumes, the ancestor of the boyar family of Tushins.

The Tushins were unable to keep the family estate in their hands, and by 1584-1585 it was sold off. The village of Podjolki, deserted and abandoned by that time, was acquired by clerk Elizar Ivanovich Blagovo, a prominent embassy figure who carried out important diplomatic assignments for the Moscow sovereigns.

In 1573, in Novgorod, Blagovo participated in the wedding ceremony of the Livonian King Magnus and Princess Marya Vladimirovna, the niece of Ivan the Terrible. In 1580, he was sent with peace proposals as part of an ambassadorial mission to the camp of Stefan Batory, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania. Name E.I. Blagovo is mentioned among the participants in the reception of the ambassador of Queen Elizabeth of England, Jerome Bowes, in Moscow in 1583.

After the construction of the wooden Church of the Intercession of the Blessed Virgin Mary at the turn of the 16th-17th centuries (presumably in 1600; the exact date of construction is unknown), the Podjolka wasteland began to be called the village of Pokrovsky. The new owner of the village is the boyar's son Andrei Fedorovich Palitsyn. A.F. Palitsyn began his service with the devious Yakov Mikhailovich Godunov, and after his death he joined the associates of False Dmitry II. In the spring of 1608, the “Tushinsky thief,” as False Dmitry II would be called, began a campaign against Moscow and set up his camp on the banks of the Khimki River, directly opposite Podyoloki. Already in 1609, Palitsyn, like most of the supporters of False Dmitry, abandoned the impostor and swore allegiance to the Polish king Sigismund III. And in 1611 he was already listed among the military men of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery who defended Moscow from the Poles. Such rushing from one warring side to another, serving “both ours and yours” is a completely ordinary picture for the Time of Troubles. It also seems logical to assume that during the Time of Troubles in Pokrovskoye a wooden church was burned and the village itself was devastated.

Finally entrenched on the side of the Moscow militia, and then - Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov, chosen for the kingdom, A.F. Palitsyn advanced in service, reached the rank of governor and was repeatedly sent to command different cities: Pereslavl, Uglich, Murom, Mangazeya. Palitsyn's employment and long absence did not allow him to engage in farming, and during his voivodeship in Murom, in 1622, he sold the empty village of Pokrovskoye to clerk Mikhail Feofilatievich Danilov.

M.F. Danilov is an example of a successful official of his time. He began his career in the Time of Troubles and consistently went through all the steps of the career ladder, sometimes carrying out very important assignments. And it should be noted that, unlike numerous “flyers”, which included the previous owner of Pokrovsky, he never went over to the side of the enemy. He had the opportunity to serve in the Local, Discharge, Detective and Siberian orders.

The successful service allowed Danilov not only to acquire land plots on the Khimki River, but also to resume economic activities on them. In place of the wasteland, he puts up a courtyard with business people. The parish books of the Patriarchal Treasury Prikaz for 1629 note the appearance in the village of “the newly arrived Church of the Intercession of the Holy Virgin, and within the limits of the Miracle of the Archangel Michael, and Alexei the Wonderworker, in the patrimony of the clerk Mikhail Danilov in the village of Pokrovskoye-Podjolki.” The census book for 1646 mentions “...behind the Duma clerk, Mikhail Danilov’s son Feofilatiev, the village of Pokrovskoye, Pod’elki, also, and in it the Church of the Intercession of the Blessed Virgin Mary is stone, and in the church in the courtyard there is priest Simeon, and a cell of mallow maker, and 8 peasant households, people in There are 26 of them." During Pokrovsky's ownership, Danilov increased the land adjacent to the village from the original 29.5 acres to 300 - almost 10 times!

After Danilov’s death, his widow in 1651 sold Pokrovskoye to the okolnik Fyodor Kuzmich Elizarov, who in 1664 ceded the village to the owner of neighboring Ivankovo, Rodion Matveevich Streshnev. From this time begins the almost 250-year era of ownership of Pokrovsky by the Streshnevs.

Estate under the first Streshnevs

The small-scale Streshnev family, originating from a native of Poland, was considered unnoble until 1626, when Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich married Evdokia Lukyanovna Streshneva. The widowed, childless king was looking for a new wife, for which a bridal show was organized, at which he did not like any of the 60 selected beauties, but he liked the confidante (friend for interview) of one of the participants, Evdokia Streshneva. She conquered the king with her beauty, courtesy and meekness of disposition. And although the tsar’s parents did not approve of his choice, Mikhail remained adamant and married a girl who was noble not by blood, but by essence. So Evdokia Streshneva became the queen, and subsequently, having given birth to children to her husband, the first king of the Romanov family, the ancestor of the dynasty. From this marriage 10 children were born, including the future Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich.

Tsarina Evdokia Lukyanovna, wife of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov, née Streshneva. Lithograph from a portrait by P.F. Borel.

After this marriage, the Streshnev family advanced, became significantly enriched and took an honorable place in the court hierarchy.

Rodion (Iradion) Matveevich Streshnev, the first of the Streshnevs to own Pokrovsky, although he was a distant relative of Queen Evdokia - a fourth cousin - was close to the court and played a significant role in the life of the state. He was famous for his independent and persistent character; he moved up the ranks rather slowly but surely: having started serving as a steward (his first mention in this rank dates back to 1634), in 1653 he became a okolnichy and only in 1676 received the title of boyar. Throughout his life, he had to serve the first four kings of the Romanov dynasty. During his service, he carried out diplomatic assignments, fought, headed various orders, and from the late 1670s until the end of his life he served as uncle (educator) of the prince, and then Tsar Peter Alekseevich (Peter I).

Under Rodion Matveevich, life in Pokrovskoye is being revived. This estate near Moscow did not promise him significant benefits, but he began to energetically renew the estate. He set up a “boyar courtyard” and several economic services here. The main part of the estate remained under the forest. 11 peasant families were resettled from the owner's Yaroslavl and Nizhny Novgorod estates to Pokrovskoye. In 1678, in the village there were “9 bonded people, 10 families of workers, 30 people in them, a clerk’s yard, a peasant’s yard, 7 people in them, and a Bobylskaya yard, 3 people in them.” In 1685, by order of the owner, three ponds were dug in the upper reaches of the Chernushka River (a tributary of the Khimki, today mostly enclosed in a pipe underground) and fish were bred in them for the household needs. An orchard was planted around the manor's wooden mansion, and a flour mill was installed near the confluence of Chernushka and Khimka.

After the death of Rodion Mikhailovich in 1687, Pokrovskoye passed to his son Ivan Rodionovich, who received from his father a huge fortune, which included 13.5 thousand acres of land in various counties. I.R. Streshnev, an active assistant to Peter I, almost never visited the estate. According to the census books, in 1704 his village of Pokrovskoye consisted of: “a votchinniki yard, with a steward and a groom, a cattle yard, with 4 people, and 9 peasant households, with 34 people.”

Estate under P. I. Streshnev

The rich inheritance of Ivan Rodionovich Streshnev after his death in 1738 is divided between his sons, and in accordance with the “amicable separate record”, Pokrovskoye becomes the property of the youngest - Peter.

The service of Pyotr Ivanovich Streshnev at court, having begun briskly in 1729, subsequently proceeded rather difficultly. Having turned out to be the short-lived favorite of Princess Natalya Alekseevna, the daughter of Tsarevich Alexei, the sister of Peter II, he almost immediately stepped from the rank of gentleman-cadet under Peter II to the position of chamber-cadet of the princess. But under Empress Anna Ioanovna, for his closeness to the children of Tsarevich Alexei, he had to pay with disfavor and being sent as a prime major to the field regiments. Only towards the end of her reign P.I. Streshnev reached the rank of major general. When the next empress, Elizaveta Petrovna, ascended the throne, he was again unlucky: he and his brothers were first arrested on suspicion of complicity in the palace intrigues of Count A.I. Osterman, to whom their sister Martha was married, and then sent to serve in remote provinces, away from the court. In connection with the next disgrace of the highest military rank - general-in-chief - Pyotr Ivanovich achieved only in 1758.

Petr Ivanovich Streshnev. Portrait of an unknown artist.

After the appearance in 1762 of the manifesto “On the granting of liberty and freedom to the entire Russian nobility,” P.I. Streshnev retired and devoted himself entirely to economic affairs, taking up the arrangement of his Pokrovskoye estate near Moscow.

Vanity and the desire to stand out with their nobility and fortune in Russia since the end of the 17th century could not surprise anyone, and yet it was the Streshnevs, as their contemporaries said about them, who were distinguished by their arrogance and desire to demonstrate the significance of their family, although the only objective reason for family pride was marriage of Evdokia Lukyanovna Streshneva with Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov. And yet, the Streshnevs had ambitions for the nobility, and they put both money and effort into realizing them. In itself, the acquisition of Pokrovsky by Rodion Matveevich Streshnev in 1664 already testified not to economic calculation, but to the satisfaction of ambition. The main part of the estate’s land was occupied by forest, and the village had no agricultural significance, which means it did not generate significant income, and most likely even lived off the owner’s other estates. It is not surprising that the grandson of Rodion Matveevich, Pyotr Ivanovich, continues the family tradition and takes on the expansion and transformation of the family estate in accordance with the spirit of the times and personal claims to aristocracy.

Back in 1750, during the service of Peter Ivanovich, on the eve of the birth of a long-awaited child in the family (8 previously born children died), the dilapidated Church of the Intercession was renovated in the village. There was no time to rebuild the old church, and it was dismantled, and when erecting a new church, a brick outbuilding near the manor house was used as a basis, rebuilt and decorated in the Baroque style. The new church was a single-domed, single-altar quadrangle without an apse, with three windows on three sides and a door on the western side. In the church that exists today, this quadrangle formed the altar. The church did not have a bell tower in the 1750s. Two bells from the old church - weighing one and two pounds - hung on wooden poles next to the temple. The stone bell tower was probably added to the new church only in 1769, the year of the death of Streshnev’s wife Natalia Petrovna, when he ordered a large 13-pound bell and 4 small bells from the master Mikhail Mozhzhukhin.

Church of the Intercession of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo. Photo from 1995, during the restoration of the church. In the frame is the quadrangle of the modern church, which was the main volume of the church of the 1750s.

After retirement, P.I. Streshnev begins to work closely on the construction of a stone manor house, hiring a good architect for this. Construction of the building was completed in 1766. The wooden manor house on a high stone foundation, one-story, with a mezzanine, was small in size, in the Elizabethan Baroque style, with a suite of 10 state rooms characteristic of this architectural trend. The mezzanine was smaller than the first floor in area and had a lower ceiling height; apparently, it was used for living only in the summer, and perhaps it was not residential at all and was used as a warehouse for furniture and other property. The house was divided into halves of husband and wife, in each half there was an office and a bedroom, in the corner rooms there were living rooms, and in the middle of the house there was a dining room with a “picturesque old table” and a living room. The living room and halls facing both sides of the house were preserved during all subsequent reconstructions of the house; they were decorated with columns and paintings. The furnishings of the house were not particularly luxurious, they were simple and few in number, but they differed from the modest furnishings of the previous choirs. The main decoration of the estate was an art gallery composed of 25 portraits of representatives of the Streshnev family and another 106 paintings (according to contemporaries, they were rather mediocre and did not have significant artistic value). The gentlemen's rooms faced north-west, onto the front yard, which was reached by the driveway from the gate on the north side of the manor fence. The orchard was still green around the house. During the same period, stables were built in Pokrovskoye for keeping thoroughbred horses.

The facade of the main house in Pokrovsky in 1766.

The master's house in Pokrovskoye was a typical example of a country residence of representatives of the middle nobility, wealthy and rose to the highest ranks, but never possessed fortunes equal, for example, to Sheremetev, and did not occupy a truly significant position among the upper circle of people, but only those close to it and trying to match him, in their own circle trying to excel or, at least, look no worse than others.

In the renovated house, Pyotr Ivanovich often and gladly received guests; the doors of his comfortable and hospitable estate near Moscow were always open to numerous relatives and influential acquaintances.

Probably, during the period of intensification of secular connections in the estate under Pyotr Ivanovich, it acquired the double name “Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo”, which was first used in everyday life, informally, and gradually begins to appear in official written sources.

Estate under E. P. Glebova-Streshneva

Pyotr Ivanovich Streshnev was widowed early, and of his nine children, only his daughter Elizaveta remained alive, who became his only joy. He loved and pampered her beyond measure, fulfilled any whims and whims, the girl from early childhood did not encounter any resistance from her parent to her most ridiculous and extravagant antics. Hypertrophied paternal love became the reason for the difficult, uncontrollable character of the daughter, who turned into a real little tyrant. Not only Pyotr Ivanovich himself, who found himself completely subservient to his daughter, but also everyone at home walked on tiptoe in front of her.

Portrait of Elizaveta Petrovna Streshneva as a child. Artist Argunov I.P. 1760. State Historical Museum.

One day, Elizabeth’s uncle, Prince M.M. Shcherbatov gave her a doll, which became her favorite. The girl named her Katerina Ivanovna, took her with her everywhere and demanded from those around her no less respect for her than for herself; she even assigned a dwarf to the toy as a servant. So, for example, everyone who entered the living room had to bow to the doll, so as not to incur the wrath of its owner. It happened that one of the guests would not bow by chance, and the little despot would immediately defiantly leave the company and force him to wait an hour for dinner, putting his father in a mercilessly awkward position in front of the visitors.

Very colorful notes from Elizaveta Petrovna’s granddaughter, Natalya Petrovna Brevern, have been preserved about this doll:

“She usually took the doll with her while walking; but when she herself did not want to leave, she approached her father and told him:

Katerina Ivanovna wants to ride.

Okay, mother. Which carriage should I lay? Turkish?

No, the front door.

This carriage was all gilded and enameled, with gold tassels and eight glasses; four hussars accompanied her on horseback with silver plaques on their saddle cloths; two haiduks rode behind, and in front ran a walker wearing the silver coat of arms of the Streshnevs on his staff. The whole house was in commotion: the footmen were powdering their heads and braiding their hair. Everyone was fussing, and preparations continued for at least two hours.

Finally, Katerina Ivanovna and the dwarf were put into the carriage, and the people who came across them bowed to the ground.”

Elizabeth Petrovna's pride, arrogance, intransigence and despotism had no limits. So subsequently, having matured and become even more established in character, she became a colorful and impressive figure even for her time.

Perhaps the only case when the father showed severity in his relationship with his daughter was his refusal to consent to her marriage with General Fyodor Ivanovich Glebov, whom Elizaveta Petrovna chose as her life partner. F.I. Glebov was a widower with a young daughter in his arms, and he was also 17 years older than Elizaveta Petrovna, so Pyotr Ivanovich was categorically against such a union.

But a year after her father’s death, in 1772, Elizaveta Streshneva still married Glebov. She wrote about her choice of husband: “I was never in love with him, but I realized that he is the only person over whom I can dominate, while at the same time respecting him.”

Portrait of Elizaveta Petrovna Streshneva, in her marriage to Glebova. Unknown artist. 1770s.

After the wedding, the newlyweds settled in Moscow, in a spacious house in the city estate on Bolshaya Nikitskaya that belonged to Glebov, where Elizaveta Fedorovna led an active social life. F.I. Glebov was the governor of Kyiv for a long time, at times he was in the army with G.A. Potemkin. Once every three years he received a leave of absence for six months, and, as a rule, the spouses went to their beloved Pokrovskoye during this period. Upon arrival at the estate, Elizaveta Petrovna usually ordered a bathhouse from the road in the neighboring estate, behind the park. One day she mentioned to her husband that it would be nice to have a holiday home there. The husband did not answer, but prepared a surprise for his beloved wife for the next vacation. A mile from the estate mansion, on the banks of Khimki, on the top of a high cliff, he built an elegant two-story bathroom house, named in honor of his wife “Elizavetino”, and held a gala reception in it, inviting many guests and in their presence “handing over” a gift of nothing to his suspicious wife. Elizaveta Petrovna liked the elegant, tastefully decorated house in a classic style so much that immediately after the reception she wanted to stay in it for the whole summer. Since then, she always took turns spending one summer in Elizavetina and the other in the estate house in Pokrovskoye.

By the way, this was not the only such gift from Glebov to his wife. Elizavetino became a kind of prelude to the construction of a real luxurious palace in another estate of the Glebov-Streshnevs - in Znamensky-Raika - which Fyodor Ivanovich also presented as a gift to Elizaveta Petrovna.

Bath house "Elizavetino". View from the front yard. Photography 1900-1910

Bath house "Elizavetino". Rear facade. Photograph 1907-1909 "Companion on the Moscow-Vindava Railway" 1909.

Bath house "Elizavetino". One of the side wings connected to the house by a gallery. Photograph from the 1920s. MNIP Archive

The exact date of construction of the Elizavetino bathhouse in Pokrovsky is unknown; the house was erected between 1773 and 1775. But there is an accurate record of another event. Baron N.N. Wrangel, in his 1910 essay about the old estates, wrote: “On July 16, 1775, Empress Catherine the Great deigned to visit Elizavetino and have tea with its owner, Elizaveta Petrovna Glebova-Streshneva!” (The arrival of Catherine II in Moscow was associated with celebrations on the occasion of the conclusion of the Kuchuk-Kainardzhi Peace.)

Unfortunately, the Elizavetino bathhouse has not survived to this day; it was destroyed by a German bomb in 1942. But photographs and descriptions of the building remain, testifying to its extraordinary beauty and harmonious style. The subtlety and lightness of the overall silhouette, a pair of graceful Ionic columns with an impeccable pattern on the semicircle of the building, the elegant rustication of the portico, and stucco medallions on the facade made Elizavetino one of the most remarkable buildings in the classicist style, a first-class architectural monument of that time.

The house was located on a cliff, from which there was a view of the valley of the Khimki River with the villages of Ivankovo ​​and Tushino nestled in it, and of the lakes running tens of miles away beyond the border. Of course, this place is purely for its beauty, here even a much more modest building would have looked picturesque, but Elizavetino, of course, further emphasized the splendor of nature and subtly harmonized with its thoughtful tranquility. The rear façade, facing the cliff, highlighted by a semicircular protrusion of the rotunda and decorated with double columns and thin bas-reliefs, was always bathed in light, even on cloudy days, and this made it seem unusually light, radiant, and graceful. The terrace area behind the house was bordered by a white stone balustrade with finely carved balusters. The main facade, overlooking the front courtyard with a cupid figurine rising on a pedestal in the center, was distinguished by strict elegance. Its main decorative accent was the protruding four-column portico. On the sides of the building there were small wings, strong as monoliths, connected to it by concave covered columned galleries. In one wing there was a kitchen, in the other there was a living room. The house and outbuildings were plastered and painted yellow, the columns white, the roofs red. Inside the house, the only reminders of its bathing purpose were a lead bathtub built into the floor of the bedroom, and a copper box with doors for steam extraction on the ceiling. Water was supplied to the bath through pipes from the closet where the stove and boiler were located. The remaining rooms - the living room, dining room, study - were decorated smartly, original and cozy: plaster columns, fireplaces decorated with tiles, painted ceilings and walls, floors painted like parquet, numerous engravings and mirrors on the walls, original chandeliers, bronze decorations, glass doors, white and blue curtains with tassels on them and on the windows. A staircase lit by original tin lanterns led to the library located on the mezzanine floor. The furniture in the house was varied, decorated with colored leather, marble, and bronze.

Bath house "Elizavetino". Rotunda and terrace balustrade. Photograph from the 1930s. GNIMA Archive

Bath house "Elizavetino". Interior of the main oval hall. Photo by www.nataturka.ru

The author of Elizabeth, who showed so much skill and taste in architectural form, detailing and decorative design, has not yet been identified, but he would have every right to be included among the best architects of his time, if he was not already one at the time of the construction of the house. This is what the famous art critic A.N. wrote about the bathroom house in Pokrovsky. Grech: “All architecture is infinitely harmonious and musical. White columns, modest decorations, wonderfully sophisticated relationships - all this makes us see the hand of a fine master here. Perhaps this is the Chevalier de Guern, the builder of the same charming pavilion in Nikolsky-Uryupin? Perhaps this is N.A. Lvov - this tireless Russian Palladium? For now we can only guess.”

Project of the Elizavetino bathroom house. Rear facade of the building. Unknown architect. 1770s. Photo by nataturka / www.nataturka.ru

Project of the Elizavetino bathroom house. The front facade of the building. Unknown architect. 1770s. Photo by nataturka / www.nataturka.ru

Regarding the church in Pokrovsky, it is known that in 1779 a stone bell tower was added to it, and in 1794 - a refectory. At the end of the 18th century, a fence with corner turrets was erected around the church.

After the death of her husband in 1799, Elizaveta Petrovna moved to Pokrovskoye for permanent residence and lived here for thirty-seven years. She ruled her estate despotic and imperious. Even from the meager materials of the family archive and the memoirs of contemporaries, the image of a tyrant lady who ruled her estate near Moscow stands out quite clearly. Elizaveta Petrovna was a willful, decisive woman, with great willpower and irrepressible arrogance, her immediate circle and relatives were afraid of her, everyone was in awe and confusion at the slightest change in the expression of her face, no one even dared to open her mouth without her permission. At her service were all the pleasures of serfdom: tens of thousands of peasants who lived on the estates that belonged to her, scattered across different districts, countless servants, hangers-on and hangers-on, dozens of pugs and “pugs”, toilets in the latest fashion, ceremonial receptions of guests, festivals and outings. into the world

The lady lived in her country estate, like a queen in a small principality, and never forgot about her relationship with the royal family, which she tirelessly emphasized throughout her life, turning the family tree and its symbolism into a real cult. Family affiliation was so important for Elizaveta Petrovna that after the death of her cousin - the last man from the Streshnevs - in 1803, using her connections, she obtained permission for herself and her heirs to be called Glebova-Streshneva, so that the Streshnev family would not be formally interrupted.

Family tree of the Streshnevs, compiled by E.P. Glebova-Streshneva.

In society, she was considered a very enlightened and educated lady. The manor house had a good library, and the art gallery already included more than 300 paintings. Glebova-Streshneva acquired such modern technical innovations as a “kamershkur” (camera obscura), an “Aglitsky mitroskur” (microscope), a telescope and other items that testified to a passion for “natural philosophy.” But all this was more a tribute to fashion than evidence of real education. She maintained acquaintances with some prominent figures of that era; it is known, for example, that N.M. Karamzin even lived in the house kindly provided to him by his landlady Elizavetin, where he worked on the “History of the Russian State.” How Elizaveta Petrovna’s granddaughter, N.P., recalled her grandmother. Brevern, “a type has faded away in her, perhaps not yet completely disappeared in Rus', but since then no longer manifested itself in such strength: a mixture of the most opposite qualities and shortcomings, refined civilization and primitive severity, European grand dame and pre-Petrine lady.”

Increasing incomes, growing needs and modern tastes were reflected not only in the lifestyle of the owner of the estate, but also in the changed appearance of the manor's house. In 1803, Elizaveta Petrovna took on the complete reconstruction of the manor house in Pokrovskoye and the arrangement of the surrounding areas in the spirit of new tastes. All work was completed in 1806. It has not been established according to the design of which architect the mansion was rebuilt, but, undoubtedly, he was a good master. The house became three-story and more austere and subtle in its façade decoration. The decor of the building was not strictly consistent in a single style; it was a kind of symbiosis of mature classicism and empire style. The lower floor of the house was intended for the residence of the owner's family, the second had a ceremonial character, and the upper one served for storing things and housing servants, governesses, and footmen. Adjacent to the northwestern façade was a semicircular stone terrace, to which staircases encircling it on both sides led. There was an exit to the terrace from the hall. The carriages drove up here, and the guests went up to the hall and dining room. The interiors of the mansion also changed; mahogany furniture with inlay and bronze trim, marble clocks, crystal dishes appeared in the rooms, and the art gallery expanded. In terms of decoration, it was not the house of a nobleman, but of a rich, thrifty landowner.

Project for the reconstruction of a manor house in Pokrovskoye. Northwestern facade (left) and southeastern facade (right). Unknown architect. Beginning of the 19th century.

In accordance with new trends, a small “regular” French park was laid out next to the house, decorated with numerous statues, including marble ones, ordered in Italy from the sculptor Antonio Bibolotti. Wide, long alleys radiated from central points, led out into circling clearings, led into thickets that intimately hid gazebos and benches, and ended at ponds with islands. The remaining part of the estate was formed like an English landscape park, where winding paths circled among shady trees leading to a cliff above the Khimka River, to a bathroom house. On a steep cliff above Khimka there were grottoes in which springs flowed. Labyrinthine channels, two fish tanks (so-called “planters”) and a small pond were dug on the shore; a large dam was made on the river and on it there was an island with a gazebo in the middle and bridges across the channels. In the French part of the park there are 6 greenhouses with fruit trees. In the English part, not far from Elizavetin, in imitation of the Izmailovo estate of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, a menagerie appeared, which contained deer, Shla goats and rams, Chinese, Persian and Cape geese, swans, blue turkeys, geese, guinea fowl, pheasants, peacocks and cranes .

Baron N.N. Wrangel in his work “Old Estates: Essays on the History of Russian Noble Culture” wrote about Pokrovsky-Streshnev:

“It’s as if you see behind the high facade in the narrow windows overgrown with ivy the pale faces of Elizaveta Petrovna Glebova-Streshneva, her son Peter, niece Liza Shcherbatova, the old, old serf Daria Ivanovna Repina, who died at ninety-eight years old in November 1905. A beautiful blue, “sugar paper-colored” living room in a large house, decorated a l’antique in the Pompeian style, with beautiful white wood furniture from the late 18th century.

Then you walk through a garden with endless straight roads, bordered by hundred-year-old trees, and walk a long way to the Bath House, the entrance to which is guarded by a small marble Cupid. The house stands above a giant cliff, overgrown with a dense forest, which seems to be small bushes stretching into the distance. This charming toy was built by the husband of Elizaveta Petrovna Streshneva as a surprise for his wife. The house is full of wonderful English engravings, good old copies of family portraits. And at every step, in every room, it seems as if the shadows of those who lived here are wandering.”

Following the construction of a new house, in 1822, Elizaveta Petrovna also renovated the manor church and bell tower, rebuilding them in the Empire style, which by this time had firmly taken a leading position in architecture.

The village of Pokrovskoye on the plan of part of the outskirts of Moscow by Lieutenant Lyapunov in 1825.

Heirs of E.P. Glebova-Streshneva

Elizaveta Petrovna and Fyodor Ivanovich Glebov had four children, two of whom - a son and a daughter - died in infancy, while the other two sons - Peter and Dmitry - lived to middle age, but still died before their mother.

Dmitry Glebov-Streshnev (1782-1816), chamber cadet, died unmarried. His domineering mother never allowed him to serve or marry. He lived in an outbuilding of the family city estate on Bolshaya Nikitskaya and often called in sick so as not to see his stern mother and not be subject to her control and discipline.

Pyotr Glebov-Streshnev (1773-1807), major general, participant in the Napoleonic wars, chief of the Olviopol hussar regiment, died of wounds. He was married to Princess Anna Vasilyevna Drutskaya-Sokolinskaya, a girl from a poor family, the daughter of his fellow soldier. He entered into marriage against the wishes of his mother. He left behind four children: sons Evgraf and Fedor and daughters Natalya and Praskovya. 3 years after the death of her husband, Anna Vasilievna married a second time - to Alexander Dmitrievich Leslie.

After the death of her son Peter and the second marriage of his widow, Elizaveta Petrovna took her grandson Fyodor and two granddaughters into her care, hiring the best tutors and teachers for them. As with her own children, she was immensely strict and tyrannical with them. Their childhood, adolescence and youth were the topic of endless gossip in Moscow society. The grandchildren were afraid to utter a word in the presence of their grandmother; they stood at attention for hours while she deigned to eat coffee. At dinner, before touching each dish, they had to ask permission. They even dressed them during guest visits in the most worn dresses and suits. Until the age of twenty, even at magnificent party balls, they were served children's dishes, and this habit was eliminated only after a remark made on this score by one high-society lady. When the granddaughters grew up, the grandmother categorically refused to marry them off, rejecting all the offers of the matchmakers and calling the suitors to their faces boys and fools, and even ordering some to be driven out of the house. The matured grandson, who began to show obstinacy, after a great struggle with his grandmother, finally obtained permission from her to serve in the public service. “Babenka” agreed to this, but refused to bother about the documents necessary for entering the service, angrily indignant that some baker needed the papers, but for Streshnev they were superfluous; he did not need to prove his nobility. Emperor Nicholas I, having learned about the capricious old woman’s prank, laughed and issued a personal order to give the papers to the young Glebov-Streshnev without any petitions from him.

For dozens of years, Elizaveta Petrovna practiced a similar system of education in relation to her children and grandchildren. Realizing from her own experience the harm brought to children by permissiveness and excessive parental care and adoration, she sought to apply opposing principles in raising heirs, however, falling into pure despotism and tyranny. Her granddaughter, Natalya, already in old age said that she did not hold a grudge against her grandmother, and remembered her as one of the last examples of ancient tyranny, only without the outbursts and eccentricity that usually accompanied it. According to the memoirs of contemporaries, Elizaveta Petrovna, indeed, even uttered her most cruel and caustic speeches without raising her voice, because “Only men and women scream.” Sometimes one glance was enough for her to put a person in his place. Only in her declining years did the lady’s character soften a little, however, the discipline and awe she aroused in those around her remained as strong as ever.

After the death of Elizaveta Petrovna in 1837, the Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo estate was inherited by her eldest grandson Evgraf Petrovich Glebov-Streshnev, a guard colonel. The grandchildren, who suffered in their youth from their grandmother’s ancestral arrogance, were far from the customs she accepted, alien to the passion for ancestral genealogy, and almost hated family traditions that pretended to be aristocrats. Fyodor Petrovich, for example, often used to say: “I’m tired of these Streshnevs beyond my head!” After the division of the inheritance, many historical relics of the Streshnev family were destroyed, for example, silver trim parts of old carriages and coats of arms were broken and melted. After Elizaveta Petrovna, who carefully collected items related to the history of the family and simply expensive things, countless jewelry was found; 300 snuff boxes alone were counted, of which 80 were gold. Apparently, they really had considerable cultural, artistic and material value, since the Faceted Chamber wished to acquire most of the antiquities left to the heirs. A lot was sold, a lot was given away. The granddaughter of Elizaveta Petrovna Praskovya, who was distinguished by great piety, gave her inheritance to monasteries and priests, in particular, she ordered a miter for the archimandrite from a whole bag of pearls and expensive stones.

Left without “grandmother’s” control, both of her granddaughters managed to arrange their personal lives. In 1839, Natalya Petrovna married a nobleman of the Estland province, Major General Friedrich von Brevern, who was called Fyodor Logginovich Brevern in the Russian manner. In 1840 he retired, from 1853 to 1856 he was the Kolomna district leader of the nobility, and in 1863 he was elected to the Duma Commission. The Brevern couple had two daughters: in 1840 - Evgenia and in 1842 - Varvara.

The second granddaughter, Praskovya Petrovna, in 1847 married the defrocked monk Fyodor Fedorovich Tomashevsky, who became a merchant, and went with him to Tula, where she died in 1857. For a representative of a noble boyar family, this was too unequal an alliance, so the marriage caused great indignation among her relatives, and after her marriage her name was no longer mentioned in the family.

But the family life of Elizaveta Petrovna’s grandchildren was not prosperous. The family idea of ​​preserving and maintaining the Streshnev family was not successful; all efforts to support the male line of the family were in vain. Evgraf Petrovich Glebov-Streshnev died without leaving any offspring (date of death unknown, presumably 1850s). His younger brother Fyodor Petrovich was not married and also had no children. Since 1848, he was paralyzed and was transported in chairs. In her book “My Life,” Sofya Andreevna Tolstaya wrote about him: “This dear, kind, last of his kind, Fyodor Petrovich Glebov-Streshnev, was paralyzed, pale and sick, a man who loved our family extremely.” Already at an advanced age and worried about the continued preservation of the family name, in 1864, at the request of his niece Evgenia Fedorovna Brevern, after her marriage to Prince Mikhail Valentinovich Shakhovsky, he submitted a petition to the State Council for the transfer “in the absence of other male representatives of the family” surname Glebov-Streshnev to the husband of his niece, so that henceforth he, his wife and their children could be called Shakhovsky-Glebov-Streshnev. The petition was followed by the Highest permission, according to it, the eldest child in the family could inherit the triple surname in the future.

As for the inheritance of the Pokrovskoye estate, in 1852 it was still listed as Evgraf Petrovich Glebov-Streshnev, and in the village there were 10 courtyards, in which 40 male and 42 female souls lived; the estate also included a church and a manor house with 10 courtyard people . After the death of Evgraf Petrovich, the estate was inherited by his brother Fyodor Petrovich. And after his death in 1864, Pokrovskoye went to his niece - Princess Evgenia Fedorovna Shakhovskaya-Glebova-Streshneva. From that time on, Pokrovskoe-Streshnevo increasingly began to be called Pokrovsky-Glebov, since in the compound surname of the owners “Glebovy” came before “Streshnevoy”.

The village of Pokrovskoye and its surroundings on the topographic plan of Moscow in 1838.

The Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo estate on the topographic plan of Moscow in 1838.

Country life in Pokrovsky

For all her aristocratic vanity, Elizaveta Petrovna Glebova-Streshneva also had a commercial streak and profitably used part of her estate near Moscow by organizing a dacha village in it. At the beginning of the 19th century, on the opposite side of the road from the Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo estate, leading from the village of Vsekhsvyatskoye to Tushino (present-day Volokolamskoye Highway), as well as in the estate park, not far from the ponds, several small houses were built “for summer housing, with all kinds of accessories.” belonging." The area here was picturesque, the prospects for a comfortable and healthy holiday attracted Muscovites, so dachas in Pokrovsky were popular among the wealthy public and were quite expensive. The Pokrovsky dacha village was considered fashionable; people with high incomes and social status could afford to rent housing there. To protect eminent summer residents from unnecessary contacts with ordinary people, all entrances to the village were blocked by barriers and guarded by guards.

The dacha business at Pokrovsky-Streshnevo was so successful that over time (in the second half of the 19th century), subsequent owners of the estate expanded the business, allocating additional plots on the estate for the construction of summer houses. This is how the dacha villages of “Ivankovo” (in the Ivankovsky forest, across the Khimka River, near the village of the same name), “Elizavetino” (opposite the village of Ivankovo, next to the bathroom house) and “Grishino” (a little to the north, on the site of a menagerie) were formed.

Summer residents in Pokrovsky were many entrepreneurs and wealthy people in liberal professions. It is known that in 1807 N.M. lived in the village. Karamzin, who was engaged here in writing “The History of the Russian State.” From the 1840s to the 1860s, one of the dachas was rented from season to season by the family of the court department doctor A.E. Bers. In 1856, L.N. often visited them. Tolstoy, here he met Bersov’s 12-year-old daughter Sonechka, who 6 years later became his wife. By the way, Sonya Bers was born at this dacha. Tolstoy went to Pokrovskoye almost every day from his apartment in Moscow, on the corner of Tverskaya Street and Kamergersky Lane. Staying with the Berses for several days, he was accommodated in a room for visitors on the first floor of the house, and the children lived with a nanny and servants on the second. According to the recollections of the Bersov’s other daughter, Tatyana, from the window of their nursery there was a “cheerful, picturesque view of a pond with an island and a church with green domes.” And here’s how Sonya Bers herself recalled the days of living at the dacha: “...What wonderful evenings and nights there were then. Just like now, I see that clearing, all illuminated by the moon, and the reflection of the moon in the nearest pond. “What crazy nights,” Lev Nikolaevich often said, sitting with us on the balcony or walking with us around the dacha.”

Plan of the Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo estate, 1864. The letter "N" marks the former dacha of the Bers.

In the 1840s, the families of famous Moscow merchants, the Kumanins, Alekseevs, Krestovnikovs, Vedenisovs, Zhivagos, and Moskvins, spent the summer at Pokrovsk dachas. In the early 1860s, the historian S.M. lived in his dachas. Soloviev, his son - poet, publicist and religious philosopher V.S. Soloviev - left notes and memories about this period. Grishino's large dacha was rented by Count P.A. from 1874. Zubov, and since 1886 - banker A.P. Kayutov with his wife N.P. Lamanova, a talented dressmaker.

At the turn of the 19th-20th centuries, dachas near Ivankov were chosen by actors of the Art Theater. One of the first to move here was the theater decorator V.A. Simonov, who built an original dacha-workshop according to his own design. He was followed by his colleagues, for some of whom he also developed designs for houses, for example, for the “Grekovka” dacha (1890s), which has survived to this day, and the “Chaika” dacha by Vasily Luzhsky (1904). Also V.A Simonov, in collaboration with the later famous avant-garde artist L.A. Vesnin built the dacha of millionaire Vladimir Nosenkov in 1909.

Alexey Nikolaevich Tolstoy lived and worked at the Ivankovo ​​dachas. The manuscript of his story “The Storm” is marked with the entry “June 10, 1915, Ivankovo.” In 1912, the spouses Marina Tsvetaeva and Sergei Efron rented a dacha in Ivankovo.

The Moscow-Vindava Railway, which opened in 1901, further enlivened dacha life in Pokrovsky-Streshnevo and contributed to the expansion of dacha development, which increased significantly over the next 3-4 years. The peasants of Pokrovsky also became landlords, receiving compensation for the land alienated for the railway and building dachas on their plots. They earned more money from renting out country houses than from cultivating the land. The public arable land was also handed over for development. Thus, two large dachas of the “Vacation Colonies” and the mansion of F.K. were built. Zegera.

According to newspaper reports, it is known that in 1908, in Pokrovsky and Ivankovo, furnished dacha-mansions with all the amenities were rented out for a lot of money - 100-2000 rubles per season - which did not at all affect their popularity; on the contrary, the number of tenants only increased. At the same time, the estate was in demand not only among regular summer residents, but also among vacationers who came for one day. During this season, a bus was even launched for the first time from Petrovsky Park to Pokrovsky with a one-way fare of 30-40 kopecks, and sometimes there were so many people willing to become its passengers that “sometimes there were disputes among them about the queue, which even required police intervention.” .

New flourishing of the estate under E. F. Shakhovskaya

In 1840, Natalya Petrovna and Fyodor Logginovich Brevern had a daughter, who was named Evgeniya, a rare name in Russia in those years, in honor of the heroine of Honore de Balzac’s novel “Eugenie Grande”. The parents gave their daughter a good education and upbringing, which fully corresponded to her noble origin and the ideas of that time about them. According to the observations of contemporaries, Evgenia Fedorovna Brevern inherited many of the character traits of her legendary great-grandmother Elizaveta Petrovna Glebova-Streshneva, revered her name all her life, admired her, tried in every possible way to imitate her, succeeded in some things and even surpassed the famous tyrant. Aristocratic traditions, trampled upon by Elizabeth Petrovna’s heirs, were revived again under her great-granddaughter, and vain ambitions and family pride took on even larger-scale forms. This was largely due to the successful marriage of Evgenia Feodorovna, who in 1862 married Prince Mikhail Valentinovich Shakhovsky, and to the receipt of the huge inheritance of the Glebov-Streshnevs.

M.V. Shakhovskoy (1836-1892) had a brilliant career. After graduating from the School of Guards Ensigns and Cavalry Junkers and the Nikolaev Academy of the General Staff, he served in the chief officer ranks of the General Staff for more than ten years, where he showed outstanding abilities in military affairs. In 1969 he was appointed chief of staff of the Riga Military District, in 1970 he was promoted to major general and appointed governor of Estonia, in 1975 he was assigned to the Ministry of Internal Affairs and transferred to the governorship in Tambov. As governor, he attracted attention with his excellent administrative abilities and strong, active character. During his service in Estland, he twice received royal favor and was awarded the Order of St. Stanislav, 1st class, and St. Anne, 1st class. During his service in Tambov, he received the highest gratitude and was awarded the Order of St. Vladimir, 2nd class. From 1979 until the end of his life, he was an honorary guardian of the Moscow presence of the Board of Trustees of the Department of Institutions of Empress Maria, which was engaged in charity. In 1881 he was promoted to lieutenant general, and in 1885 he was awarded the Order of the White Eagle. He was a member of the City Duma and a local justice of the peace.

Princess Evgenia Fedorovna and Prince Mikhail Valentinovich Shakhovsky-Glebov-Streshnev.

In 1864, the Shakhovsky couple received the triple surname Shakhovsky-Glebov-Streshnev. By the way, this was one of the few triple surnames in Russia. On October 5, 1866, a new family coat of arms was approved, which was not inferior in splendor to the coat of arms of the Russian Empire, with the motto “With God’s help, nothing can stop me.” He combined the symbolism of the coats of arms of two families: from the Shakhovsky princes he received images of a bear with a golden ax on his shoulder, an angel with a flaming sword and shield and a cannon with a bird of paradise sitting on it, and from the Glebov-Streshnev family he borrowed silver lilies, a horseshoe topped with a golden cross , a running deer and a drawn bow with an arrow.

Family coats of arms: 1) Streshnevs; 2) Glebov-Streshnev; 3) Shakhovskikh; 4) Shakhovsky-Glebov-Streshnev.

Along with the surname, the Shakhovsky couple in 1864, after the death of Evgenia Fedorovna’s uncle, Fyodor Petrovich, inherited half of the huge fortune of the Glebov-Streshnevs that remained from him. The peasant reform of 1861 abolished serfdom in Russia, but landlord ownership of land was preserved, and peasants were obliged to redeem plots received from landowners. The government provided peasants with a loan in the amount of 80% of the value of the plots, paying a lump sum of this part of the ransom to the landowners. For 49 years, peasants had to repay the loan to the state in the form of redemption payments with an accrual of 6% per annum. The peasants returned the remaining 20% ​​of the value of the plots to the landowners by paying quitrents and performing labor duties. Since the Glebov-Streshnevs in 20 districts had more than 10 thousand serfs back in 1837, the one-time ransom received from the state amounted to a decent amount, and cheap labor was available to landowners for many years to come. So the Glebov-Streshnev family budget more likely gained than lost from the reform. Not content with the estates inherited by her and her husband, Evgenia Feodorovna bought from her sister Varvara the estate that she had received during the division of the family fortune for 120 thousand rubles. Thus, all the land holdings of the Glebov-Streshnevs ended up in the hands of Princess Shakhovskaya.

We can say with confidence that a successful marriage and the resulting inheritance brought Evgenia Fedorovna Brevern, who became Shakhovskaya-Glebova-Streshneva, to a new social level.

After the appointment in 1879 M.V. Shakhovsky's honorary guardian, he and his wife were able to thoroughly settle in Moscow. The couple settled in a city estate on Bolshaya Nikitskaya and often traveled outside the city to Pokrovskoye. In Moscow, they led an active social life, befitting people of their class and including family and official visits, balls, concerts, trips to the theater, walks in parks, picnics, and festive horse riding. In the 1880s, they also spent a lot of time in Europe, where they purchased the luxurious Villa San Donato near Florence from the Demidovs, which gave them another title - the Princes of San Donato. For trips from Moscow to the south, the Shakhovskys had their own railway saloon carriage, which was the first private carriage on Russian railways. One of the Moscow newspapers wrote about him: “He has just arrived from abroad, and combines comfort with artistic luxury. The main interest of the car is that it is so far the only car owned by private individuals that moves freely not only on Russian, but also on narrower gauges abroad. The carriage was built in Russia, but the salon and bedroom were finished in Paris.” In Europe, the Shakhovskys traveled a lot, including around the Mediterranean Sea on a pleasure yacht they owned, bought for no less than 1.25 million rubles, and vacationed at the resorts of Hesse in Germany, where the von Brewerns, Evgenia Fedorovna’s ancestors, were from. In the Pokrovsky-Streshnev archive there is an album with pasted newspaper clippings from the foreign press, which say: then the princess or princess Shakhovskaya-Glebova-Streshneva arrived in Paris, then she left on her yacht for Venice, on such and such a day at There was a ball at her villa, etc. The name of the Shakhovskys did not leave the pages of the Russian press. All these sketches, which testified to a beautiful and respectable life, were carefully preserved and were probably shown to guests at parties and other social events to add additional shine to the appearance of the princely couple.

Evgenia Fedorovna loved art, had an indefatigable imagination, creative energy and a special passion for everything new. True, her tastes were not distinguished by subtlety, her knowledge was very superficial, and her attitude towards objects of art sometimes bordered on vandalism. So, for example, they said that she, without hesitation, could redo the paintings purchased from European masters at her own discretion, adding something to them. Traveling abroad and getting to know European architecture awakened in her an indomitable creative fervor. She could, having been impressed by some medieval castle, conceive a grandiose construction project in Moscow based on it, or already at the design or construction stage she could send her architect a postcard with an image of a European landmark that she liked, accompanying it with an order to make changes to the project or to recreate one or another in nature part of the structure.

The village of Pokrovskoye on a topographic plan of the outskirts of Moscow in 1878.

Having settled in Moscow, Evgenia Fedorovna almost immediately began rebuilding the manor house in Pokrovskoye, deciding to turn it into some kind of fairy-tale mansion, the boyar mansion of ancient Moscow. The princess did not simply follow the lead of the architectural fashion of the time, which gravitated towards ancient Russian stylizations. Honoring and carefully preserving family traditions and the family’s past, she also wanted to emphasize her blood and spiritual connection with the history of Ancient Rus'. E.F. Shakhovskaya was very rich, but she was not loved or respected in society. Many aristocrats passed by Pokrovsky on their estates, but none of them were eager to pay visits to its owner. Having converted the classic estate into the “terem of the Streshnev boyars,” she wanted to once again loudly declare the nobility of her family, its antiquity, and kinship with the royal dynasty.

In 1880, Evgenia Feodorovna hired the architect Alexander Ivanovich Rezanov, an academician of architecture known for the construction of grand-ducal palaces in St. Petersburg, Moscow and Livadia, to implement her idea. A.I. Rezanov created a very unusual project for rebuilding the manor house in the pseudo-Russian style that was popular in those years. He envisioned making side extensions to it, practically without changing the spatial composition and the main elements of the façade of the existing foundation - the Empire mansion, creating a new asymmetrical composition of the expanded building and decorating everything in a single style, in fact simply superimposing ancient Russian forms on the existing order system.

Project of a manor house in Pokrovsky-Streshnevo. Facade from the garden side. Architect A.I. Rezanov. 1880s

The surviving drawings of A.I. Rezanov demonstrate a completely harmonious and picturesque structure - an elegant and unique tower palace with turrets, tents, double windows in an arched frame, openwork lattices on the ridges of the roofs, an expressive peaked silhouette... But what happened in the end... Today, art historians call the result of the reconstruction of the estate an “architectural paradox” . The building was a fantastic mixture of several completely incompatible styles, a strange combination of a romantic European castle with the country residence of a respectable Russian nobleman-landowner.

The implementation of the project developed by Rezanov was carried out by another eminent architect - Konstantin Viktorovich Tersky, teacher F.O. Shekhtel. It is difficult to say what he felt while working on it, and how he himself assessed the result of his work. How can we explain the fact that the name of an authoritative architect famous for his buildings appeared on the drawings of a structure that was some kind of unimaginable eclectic vinaigrette? Perhaps this is due to the protracted reconstruction of the estate (refurbishment of the manor house continued until 1916). The princess, who had already begun the reconstruction of the house, was visited by a new idea, and she decided, under the influence of what she saw abroad, to once again “repurpose” the house into a Western European castle, and in the course of the ongoing construction. The project was constantly being refined and changed at the request of the client, who was fickle in her preferences, and was simply not brought by the architect to the final stage, at which it would be fair to judge its harmony and stylistic uniformity. Or maybe the work on the princess’s reckless undertakings was so generously paid that Tersky considered it possible to sacrifice his image. Meanwhile, there was a precedent when one of the architects, in order to save his professional reputation, refused to work with Princess Shakhovskaya because of her extravagant ideas that were constantly introduced into the project - during construction on Bolshaya Nikitskaya.

What was the manor house in Pokrovskoye, rebuilt by Evgenia Fedorovna Shakhovskaya-Glebova-Streshneva? The ensemble of the manorial services of the estate was planned in the form of a horseshoe. Two brick wings, stylized as ancient Russian stone chambers, were added to the end sides of the empire-style mansion, above one of which a pointed tower rose. On the roof of the mansion, by order of Evgenia Feodorovna, a wooden superstructure was made in the form of a large quadrangular tower-donjon, with machicolations, battlements in the shape of swallowtails and small round turrets protruding at the corners. This was the first significant intervention in the original project, and others followed.

The main house of the Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo estate. Northwestern facade. Photograph 1909-1910

General view of the house in the Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo estate from the park. Photograph 1909-1910

Side view of the northwestern facade of the house in the Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo estate. Photograph 1909-1910

A little later, two more large low drum towers were built on the roof, covered inside with semicircular domes and decorated with battlements along the contour, as well as several small decorative towers with pointed ends.

The main house of the Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo estate. Northwestern facade. Photography 1910-1914

Most of the extensions made had elements of Old Russian style: box-shaped columns of the entrance porch, keel-shaped window pediments, figured columns of platbands, etc.

The main house of the Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo estate. South-eastern (which became the main) facade. There is no superstructure in the form of a donjon tower yet. Photograph 1909-1910

Side view of the southeastern (which became the main) facade of the house in the Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo estate. Photograph 1909-1910

The south-eastern facade of the house in the Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo estate. Photograph from the 1930s. GNIMA Archive

The upper part of the building acquired the features of Romanesque fortification architecture. The base - the old mansion - remained mostly Empire style. The main facade of the house faced the ponds, the entrance was emphasized by a high shallow arch and the projection of the front porch, above which there was a balcony with a balustrade and Corinthian columns. The park-side façade was decorated with a protruding semicircular rotunda-balcony with columns, which could be reached from the garden via two staircases encircling it. In order to somehow smooth out the obvious stylistic inconsistencies in the appearance of the building, the princess ordered garlands of “leaves” made of painted tin to be hung on the facades of the old house. This “camouflage net” is visible in one of the photographs.

By 1883, the construction and decoration of a semicircular extension on the southwestern side of the manor house, where the theater was located, was completed. This was the “test of the pen” of the Shakhovskys, who were passionate about performing arts and dreamed of creating a home theater. After the theater was tested in a small format in Pokrovsky, they began building a larger establishment on Bolshaya Nikitskaya. According to the recollections of contemporaries, the theater in Pokrovsky-Glebov, despite the small stage, was comfortable, well equipped and furnished. It was located on the second floor of the extension, the public came here from the park, climbed the stairs to the rotunda balcony, passed through the front of the house and ended up in the ground floor. In the middle of the right wall of the extension was the only box of the theater, which was occupied by the owners and their guests. From the box there was a direct passage to the inner rooms of the house. The small stage was quite suitable for the performances that were staged here. Tall arched windows with multi-colored inserts gave the room a beautiful iridescent light. In the evening, the cozy auditorium was lit with candles, and on special occasions, electric lamps were turned on. The theater and troupe were managed by the provincial actor Dolinsky. Performances were given once a week, on Sundays. The bulk of the spectators were summer residents living in Pokrovskoye and surrounding villages.

Wall of the Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo estate. View from the Vindava railway bridge. Naprudnaya Tower (right), the main manor house and bell tower of the Intercession Church (center) and Konyushennaya Tower (right). Photo from 1904

In 1880-1890, a powerful brick fence in pseudo-Russian style was erected around the estate. The design of the wall and entrance gate was developed by the academician of architecture Alexander Petrovich Popov, and the two towers - Naprudnaya and Konyushennaya - by the architect, master of Art Nouveau Fyodor Nikitich Kolbe. This fortress wall further emphasized the “castle quality” of the manor house and fenced it off from the noise of the road and strangers. The high fence hid the main architectural inconsistencies behind it, and the house, with only its towers peeking out from behind it, made a relatively unified impression from a distance.

Entrance gate of the Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo estate. The gates have pointed ends that have not survived to this day.Photography 1904-1914

Around the rebuilt manor house, the “Versailles garden” was re-laid out; more than 40 statues and busts of handicraft work were placed on the paths and lawns. Their arrangement suggests an imitation of the decoration of the upper terrace in front of the palace on the Arkhangelskoye estate.

Gemma "Summer" in the park of the Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo estate. Photograph from the 1920s. Photo by nataturka / www.nataturka.ru

Statue in the park of the Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo estate. Photo from 1927.

Statues in the park of the Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo estate. Photo from 1927

Evgenia Fedorovna paid great attention to the park. For many years, deciduous trees were systematically replaced here with coniferous trees - pines, spruces, larches, cedars and fir. In the “Memorial Book for Planting Various Plants in the Village of Pokrovskoye” you can read: “Take out deciduous trees everywhere near the main house, do not allow wild ones to grow, so that the character of the crop is coniferous.” Hundreds of conifers were planted in the park. Seedlings for planting were ordered from the Petrovsky Agricultural and Forestry Academy, from forestry on the Porechye estate of Count A.S. Uvarov and were raised in Pokrovsky’s own nursery. Princess Shakhovskaya personally supervised the planting, giving instructions to the gardener when to collect tree seeds, where to sow them in the nursery, and in which areas of the park to plant young trees. At the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries, this forest area between Elizavetin and the estate was called either Elizavetinskaya Grove or Pokrovsky Serebryany Bor (not to be confused with Khoroshevsky and Vsekhsvyatsky Serebryany Bors). Unfortunately, many of the coniferous plantings on the estate have not survived to this day due to the poor local sandy soils and periodic droughts in the 1930s. Of the surviving coniferous plantings, the only surviving cedar, planted at the end of the 19th century in the area of ​​the former menagerie, is especially valuable. The exact age of the pine tree growing on the side of Volokolamsk Highway near the outbuilding with the former theater is known; it was planted in 1886.

The shrubs planted were lilac, honeysuckle, jasmine, elderberry, yellow acacia, hazel, and spirea. Near the manor house, near the tower in the fence and near the well, maiden grapes were planted, the shoots of which almost completely covered the walls. Numerous flowers were also grown in Pokrovsky-Glebov. The Streshnev family archive contains elegant designs for floral decoration of the parterres in front of the main house, developed by the gardener Rush. Standard, spray and polyanthus roses, gillyflowers, gladioli, petunias, geraniums, begonias, verbenas, cheiranthus and ageratums grew in the park. Flowers for planting were grown in estate greenhouses. In addition to flowers, lemons, peaches, pomegranates, oranges, and strawberries grew in the greenhouses. Some of the plants and fruits were sold.

Energetic and practical E.F. Shakhovskaya, prudent and thorough in the German way (it was not for nothing that she was von Brevern on her father’s side), did not forget about the direct benefits from her enterprises. From the Pokrovskoye estate, which had been unprofitable for centuries, she began to actively make a profit. She fenced off the park, which she landscaped and became very popular, from outsiders, allowing visitors to walk in it provided they paid for entrance tickets. The princess fenced off her vast possessions with a high stone wall and barbed wire, installed barriers at the entrances and posted guards everywhere who seized everyone who dared to violate the outlined boundaries. Even the ancient road through the park from neighboring Nikolskoye was blocked, which resulted in an unpleasant legal battle for the owner of Pokrovskoye. Near this road, at the border of the park, there were 26 dachas of the timber merchant F.M. Nizhivina and his summer residents often walked along the road and, of course, were dissatisfied with the restrictions imposed. Therefore, Nazhivin persuaded the Nikolsk peasants to sue E.F. Shakhovskaya due to the fact that with her innovation she prevented them from attending church. The princess hired the famous lawyer F.N. for her defense. I don't care, but he, too, was opposed to her and skillfully failed his defense.

The diagram compiled by E.F. has been preserved. Shakhovskaya to rationalize the recreational load of the estate, which included the entire park area and the Khimka River. In accordance with it, the estate was divided into three zones. The surroundings of the main house with a regular park, greenhouses and the central park area on the sides of the road to Elizavetino, designated as plot No. 1, were intended for the personal use of the owners' family and invited guests. It was supposed to be “allowed for walks only by special order, without tickets” and “not allowed to ride either on horseback or in carriages.” Western section No. 2, called “Carlsbad,” included the Khimka River with the picturesque hills surrounding it and part of the park behind the Ivankovskaya road, its boundaries were marked by a trimmed spruce hedge. Here you were allowed to walk with tickets, ride boats, and fish. In section No. 3, in the eastern part of the park from the road to Nikolskoye to the border with the village of Vsekhsvyatsky and Koptevsky settlements, it was also allowed to walk with tickets, pick mushrooms, and walk on the grass.

Ponds in Pokrovsky-Streshnevo. Photography 1904-1914

The self-interest of Pokrovsky's owner sometimes reached the point of absurdity. Even summer residents who rented houses in the park had to purchase tickets in order to be able to move around it. Commerce Advisor P.P. Botkin, brother of the famous doctor S.P. Botkin, who rented a dacha almost in the center of the park, was indignant at such injustice, but received a comment from Prince Shakhovsky that if he didn’t like something, then he “can clear the dacha.” Sofya Tolstaya, in a letter to her husband in 1897, complained that “in Pokrovskoye it is very sad that the hostess’s malice is visible everywhere: everything is fenced with barbed wire, there are evil guards everywhere, and you can only walk along dusty, big roads.”

In the village E.F. Shakhovskaya rented a vegetable and beer shop and a laundry. The greenhouse, garden and vegetable garden produced fruits, which, along with personal use, were sold to summer residents. After the reforms of the 1860s, newly minted merchants and yesterday's peasants began to show interest in the use of estate lands. Using this interest, the princess willingly rented out land near Ivankov, on the banks of Khimki. The merchant of the 2nd guild, Ivan Nikandrovich Suvirov, was the first to open his paper spinning mill here. In 1871, a resident of Ivankovo, Alexander Dorofeevich Dorofeev, who had previously worked at Suvirov’s factory for almost 8 years, located his dyeing enterprise next door to it. Due to the activities of the dyeing factory, the water in Khimki was hopelessly spoiled: industrial wastewater from the dyeing factory was discharged directly into the river, and the fabrics produced were also washed in it. Because of this, surrounding residents and summer residents were forced to limit themselves to drinking water from springs, which, fortunately, abounded in the area. In 1880, on the site of the Suvirov weaving factory, transferred to Bratsevo, the nail factory of Bartholomew Petrovich Mattar, a French citizen, was located. In the park above Khimki, two plots of land were rented by the Prokhorov manufacturers as a sanatorium for the workers of their manufactory.

Evgenia Fedorovna, who zealously modified and improved the manor house and park, did not want to rebuild and expand the Intercession Church, which had long ceased to accommodate all the parishioners, the number of which especially increased in the summer due to visiting summer residents. She even had a protracted conflict with the peasants on this basis. Since 1876, she tried to solve the problem in the least expensive way for herself - by seeking to transfer some of the worshipers to the Znamensky Church in the village of Aksinin, located many kilometers from Pokrovsky. But the peasants protested against the need to visit a distant church, and the church authorities supported them, allowing them to expand the Church of the Intercession.

Project of the Intercession Church. Architect G.A. Kaiser. 1897

Local wealthy summer resident P.P. Botkin willingly took upon himself all the costs of rebuilding the temple. With his financial assistance, the architect G.A. The Kaiser developed a project for expanding the church and carried out construction. After the work, the temple premises almost doubled. The chapels, which were once located in a small refectory and were abolished in the 18th century to save space, now reappeared in the side parts of the temple. In 1897, the right side chapel was consecrated in the name of the apostles Peter and Paul (in honor of P.I. Streshnev), and the left side in the name of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker (in memory of the abolished church in the village of Nikolskoye, the icons from which were transferred here).

The practicality and acquisitiveness of Princess E.F. Shakhovskaya’s work was amazingly combined with her widespread charity. In her city households, she rented out almost every corner - for shops, cheap housing, a theater, and holding festive events - in the estate she made a profit from literally every tree and bush. True, she asked not to write about all this in the press, so as not to lower her prestige in the eyes of society (often in vain, since the fame of her greed spread faster than newspapers were printed). The image of a famous and generous philanthropist was put on display. Princess Shakhovskaya was one of the trustees of the Alexander Shelter for crippled soldiers, located in the village of Vsekhsvyatskoye, neighboring Pokrovsky-Glebov, and the shelter named after Prince V.A. Dolgoruky, she was among the directors of the Ladies' Trustee Committee for Prisons, she was listed as vice-chairman of the Moscow Council of Orphanages, and she also headed the Moscow Society of Vacation Colonies. Having read in English magazines about the organization of recreation for schoolchildren with poor health, Evgenia Fedorovna created in 1884 the first summer health shelter in Russia for high school girls at two dachas in Pokrovskoye. Pioneer camps of the Soviet period were subsequently organized according to similar principles. The orphanage received mostly girls from insolvent families; for two summer months they lived in a pine forest under the supervision of a full-time doctor and under intense tutelage and care, which was often shown personally by Princess Shakhovskaya, who visited the pupils and made sure that they were not in any way. needed. During the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905, a hospital for wounded soldiers, designed for 25 people, was built on the princess's estate.

Alley of the school colony in the park of the Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo estate. Photography 1903-1913

Evgenia Fedorovna’s passion for philanthropy began with her husband’s service in the department involved in charitable affairs. In addition, this humanitarian activity, as it was called then, was in many ways an imitation of the activities of the ladies of high society, a tribute to the fashion for charity that existed at that time, it is not for nothing that the 19th century is called the golden age of philanthropy.

Mikhail Valentinovich Shakhovskoy-Glebov-Streshnev was ill a lot in the last years of his life and at the end of 1891 he went to Germany for treatment, from where he never returned, dying in Aachen in February 1892, at the age of 56. He was buried at the Russian Orthodox Cemetery in Wiesbaden. After the death of her husband, Evgenia Fedorovna finally left the city estate on Bolshaya Nikitskaya, immediately adapting it for commercial use, and moved to Pokrovskoye, from where she continued to manage affairs.

It happened that Princess Shakhovskaya-Glebova-Streshneva made sweeping gestures. For example, shortly before the First World War, she gave the Elizavetino bath house to her friend Nadezhda Petrovna Lamanova, a famous dressmaker who sewed the entire Moscow world and bohemia. This was a sign of Evgenia Fedorovna’s gratitude and admiration for the talent of the fashion designer. With the outbreak of hostilities, Nadezhda Petrovna organized an infirmary for wounded soldiers at her own expense, donated by Elizabeth. As you can see, many wealthy women in Russia set up such hospitals to the best of their ability. Not a single Russian lady wanted to be considered “unpatriotic.”

At the end of the 19th century, construction began on the Moscow-Vindavo railway, a section of which was supposed to pass through the territory of Pokrovsky-Glebov. The owner of the estate transferred part of the lands that belonged to her to the railway department for laying tracks. In 1901, when the Moscow-Vinda route was opened, by decision of the railway board, one of its stations in Volokolamsk district was named after Evgenia Fedorovna - “Shakhovskaya”. This event is evidenced by the “Sputnik on the Moscow-Vindavo Railway”, published in 1909 in Moscow. The platform, open in front of the Pokrovskoye estate, was originally a model of modesty and was a small landing area with a tiny canopy and a nook for the ticket office. The platform was so small that most passengers arriving on it had to jump off the train directly to the ground. In 1908, the situation was corrected: an original station building was built here in the Northern Art Nouveau style, designed by the architect S.A. Brzhozovsky.

Railway station Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo station. Photograph 1908-1909 "Companion on the Moscow-Vindava Railway" 1909

The unusual and elegant station consisted of a stone building in which ticket offices and staff quarters were located, and an adjacent wooden covered platform with beautifully patterned arches. Unfortunately, only the stone half of the station building has survived to this day; the wooden part collapsed due to disrepair in the 1980s.

Memories of kinship with the reigning family never left Evgenia Fedorovna Shakhovskaya-Glebova-Streshneva, and on the occasion of the tercentenary of the House of Romanov in 1913, she erected a granite obelisk in Pokrovskoye near her estate house. She probably believed that she, by right of kinship, had some grounds for such a monument. The monument still stands opposite the entrance gate. But there is an alternative legend about its creation, of a more romantic nature. According to her, the obelisk was erected in honor of the dog that once saved Evgenia Feodorovna from death when she was still a girl. The legend also claims that the monument was crowned with a small statue of a dog, which has not survived to this day. Moreover, the figurine of a dog on the monument personified not only a specific rescue dog, but also recalled the Streshnevs’ coat of arms: the image of the dog was present on the family coat of arms and migrated from coat of arms to coat of arms with each subsequent unification of surnames.

The Shakhovsky-Glebov-Streshnevs had no children; ironically, the so carefully preserved Streshnev family was never destined to continue. Evgenia Feodorovna had no direct heirs, she did not maintain contact with relatives on her husband’s side, and not one of them was mentioned in her spiritual will. In a fit of patriotism and family attachments to the imperial family, the princess decided to bequeath Pokrovskoe-Streshnevo to Nicholas II. The revolution prevented this next crazy idea from coming true.

Estate after the revolution

In 1917, the Pokrovsko-Streshnevo estate was nationalized. The revolutionary authorities took everything from Princess Evgenia Fedorovna Shakhovskaya-Glebova-Streshneva, leaving only a small room in her former house on Bolshaya Nikitskaya, in which she huddled after the revolutionary events. And on October 19, 1919, the princess was completely arrested by the Cheka and on October 29, sentenced by a revolutionary tribunal to imprisonment for political reasons. She spent two and a half years in Taganskaya prison. On February 9, 1922, Evgenia Fedorovna was released and the case was closed. After her release, she was able to travel abroad, and spent the last two years of her life in Paris, at number 30 on Boulevard Courcelles. The Shakhovsky-Glebov-Streshnev family always kept most of their capital abroad, this allowed Evgenia Fedorovna to live comfortably in exile. The former owner of Pokrovsky died in November 1924; a notice of her death was published in Russkaya Gazeta on November 14 of this year. The funeral service took place in the Church of Saint-François-de-Salles on Ampere Street. The princess was buried in the Batignolles cemetery in Paris. E.F. Shakhovskaya was rehabilitated by the Moscow prosecutor's office in 2003.

The Pokrovskoye-Glebovo estate, requisitioned after the revolution, was turned into a Central Committee sanatorium, then transferred to the management of a rest home for textile workers. Furniture, paintings, porcelain, bronze, dishes, jewelry and other valuables were taken from the former manor house. The lower floor was occupied by employees who guarded the remaining property, the attic was occupied by a responsible party official, and the main second floor essentially turned into a warehouse for books, furniture and other utensils. The Elizavetino bath house was converted into a “red sanatorium” in 1920, and during the reconstruction of the building its interiors were almost completely destroyed. During the Great Patriotic War, the house burned down and was never restored.

The dacha character of the park area in Pokrovsky-Streshnevo and surrounding areas was preserved after the revolution, only now the dachas became departmental. The best dachas, including those where the Moscow Art Theater artists lived, were occupied by Soviet officials and security officers. The Ivankovo ​​dachas were adapted into a Central Committee sanatorium, called “Chaika” after the name of Luzhsky’s dacha.

On the territory of the park in Pokrovsky, a labor children's colony of the People's Commissariat of Railways was established, which gradually grew to the size of an entire children's town, named after M.I. Kalinina. By the summer of 1923, there were 26 orphanages, 2 kindergartens, 2 children's colonies and a detachment of pioneers in the town. The children here were engaged in farming: they raised pigs, poultry, rabbits, they set up an orchard and worked in the vegetable garden. In 1923, 1,509 children and 334 adults lived in the children's town.

In 1925, the Museum of Noble Life, similar to the museum in Arkhangelskoye, was opened in the main manor house. From the storage facilities, where things confiscated from various estates were located, they brought furnishings, most of which were historically alien to Pokrovsky. In the meager funds of the museum, among the things that actually previously belonged to the owners of the estate, there were only a family archive, portraits and some furniture. The museum did not exist for long. Just a year after its establishment, the Communist Academy, to which it belonged, did not have funds for urgent repairs to the roof, “leaking in many places.” “Izvestia” wrote: “... until recently the palace was completely intact. The lack of supervision over the condition of the building led to the fact that the roof began to leak... destroyed the ceiling... and destroyed part of the building..."

Fragments of sculptures in the Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo park during the destruction of the estate. Photo from 1926. Photo by nataturka / www.nataturka.ru

The lawns in the park were trampled, sculptures were damaged and destroyed, the premises of the palace gradually began to be used for housing again, and new residents washed the parquet floors with water, grandiose laundry washing was organized in the state rooms, stoves were installed in the rooms for heating, and a little later a boiler room was placed on the ground floor of the house . The paintings on the walls were painted over, and a kennel was set up in the former greenhouse. In 1927, the museum was liquidated and, in fact, ruined; only part of its fund was saved. After the museum closed, a rest house was organized in the estate, then the Brain Institute was located here.

In 1931, the Church of the Intercession of the Blessed Virgin Mary was closed and destroyed. Its rector, priest Pyotr Velezhev, was arrested and sentenced to imprisonment; he spent three years in prison. After the Great Patriotic War, the fuel laboratory of the Civil Aviation Research Institute was located in the temple. The church building was badly damaged: the upper tier of the bell tower was dismantled, some window openings were cut out, the head of the temple was lost, brick extensions appeared on the sides of the refectory, the interior decor was completely lost and part of the façade details were lost.

View of the building of the Church of the Intercession of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Pokrovsky-Streshnevo in 1992.

Since 1932, the manor house in Pokrovsky-Streshnevo attracted the attention of the Main Directorate of the Civil Air Fleet (Aeroflot airline), and a rest home for pilots was created there. During the Great Patriotic War, a hospital was located in Pokrovskoye. In the 1970s, a civil aviation research institute worked in the estate. In the late 1970s, Aeroflot decided to restore the main manor house and organize a reception house for foreign delegations in it, and restore the greenhouse while preserving its historical function. In the early 1980s, large-scale field and archival studies of restoration objects began, which dragged on for almost 10 years: the owner was in no hurry to begin construction work.

At the same time - in the late 1980s - early 1990s. - restoration work began on the Church of the Intercession. During the restoration, later extensions of the building were demolished, the bell tower and the dome of the temple, the cut window openings, and details of the facade decor were restored. In 1992, the temple was transferred to the Russian Orthodox Church, services resumed in its restored building, and fundraising began to continue restoration work (which continues to this day).

In March 1992, a major fire occurred in the main house of the Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo estate, destroying the roof, the attic floor with a wooden tower superstructure and seriously damaging the state rooms of the second floor, the interiors of which were largely lost. The causes of the fire remained unclear. After the fire, restoration of the building began, but this process was not completed; in the mid-90s, approximately half of the restoration work completed stopped, and since then the palace has been virtually abandoned and deteriorating.

During the restoration process, the red brick fence of the estate was largely restored and the Church of the Intercession of the Blessed Virgin Mary was restored. To this day they have been preserved better than other estate objects.

The estate today

In 2003, the Aeroflot company sold three estate buildings to StroyArsenal CJSC for 268.43 million rubles: the main house, the greenhouse and the corner tower of the red-brick fence. It is unknown what the new owner’s plans were for using this part of the estate. It is only clear that he did not carry out any work to continue the restoration or at least maintain the buildings in proper condition. The condition of the main house, disconnected from communications, continued to deteriorate, and the previously restored greenhouse was completely destroyed and destroyed.

Three years later, in 2006, the Federal Property Management Agency filed a lawsuit against Aeroflot, claiming that the company did not have the right to sell the estate, because Back in the 70s, it received the status of a monument of federal significance and was not part of the property privatized by Aeroflot, i.e. remained in federal ownership. In 2007, a judicial seizure was placed on all three buildings. The court declared the deal between Aeroflot and StroyArsenal invalid and decided to transfer the subject of the deal to the Federal Property Management Agency. The state's ownership of the alienated estate objects was formalized only in 2010. At the end of 2012, the estate was transferred by the Federal Property Management Agency to the Higher School of Economics, which, however, could not formalize its right to operationally manage the property for several more years, since the arrest imposed on it was never lifted. Only in January 2015 were all legal difficulties resolved, the Higher School of Economics became the full owner of Pokrovsky-Streshnev and signed security obligations. By June 2015, a restoration project for the estate was developed.

However, at the beginning of 2016, the Higher School of Economics, unable to find a worthy use for the estate’s buildings and, probably, considering them an unnecessary burden for itself, abandoned the property entrusted to it. Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo again lost its owner. At the moment, the Federal Property Management Agency and the Moscow Government are taking measures to transfer the estate from federal ownership to the ownership of the city of Moscow. There is hope that the city will restore the complex from its own budget. However, these are only assumptions, and the prospects for restoring the crumbling historical monument still remain very vague.

Panorama of the manor house in Pokrovsky-Streshnevo. Photo by Maria Gorskaya / mariagorskaya.artphoto.pro

Greenhouse room. Photo by pila_dotoshnaya / livejournal.com

Greenhouse. The central rotunda room. Photo by pila_dotoshnaya / livejournal.com

Church of the Intercession of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo. Photo by www.hrampokrovastr.ru

The last surviving statue in Pokrovsky-Streshnev Park. Photo by marcolfus / livejournal.com

Symbolic epilogue. Photo by saoirse-2010 / livejournal.com