The leading mode of transport in India is. Transport system of India

IndiaPopulation
- 1,340,468,000 people
Territory - 3,287,263 km²
Capital - New Delhi
Ranks second in the world in terms of
population and seventh largest
territories
And by all these indicators, India
is the largest country in South
Asia

Ground transportation

Public, private and railway

Public and private transport

Valid throughout India
Left side traffic.
Total length of road
roads of the country - 3,316,452 km, of which 200 km
expressways (data on
year 2009).

The basis of urban transport is
buses

Poor technical condition
most buses, overcrowding
many lines, a large number
stops and an abundance of pickpockets, both on
stops and in the cabin - based on everything
this is what many tourists are advised to do
use bus routes
recommended with great caution.
At the same time, the bus remains the most
cheap (albeit the most inconvenient)
way to travel around the country.

There are also three types of taxis in India:
actually a taxi,
auto rickshaws
and pedicabs

The overwhelming number of roads in the country
is in a deplorable state. Trails
narrow, often lacking any
markings and road signs. State
the canvas is bad. Lots of potholes, holes,
cracks And all this against the backdrop of dense
traffic flow.

Indian drivers do not comply
minimum rules of the road
movement, in the general flow often
oxcarts appear,
elephants regularly appear on the canvas,
sacred cows here (with their
when the traffic jam appears, it will remain there until
until the animal leaves on its own
roads)

Rail transport and metro

Indian territory covered
an extensive network of railways.
Total length of railways:
63.327 km.
Broad gauge: 49820 km - 1.676-meter gauge
(17,786 km electrified)
Narrow gauge: 10,621 km - 1,000-m gauge (135
km electrified).

Such large cities have their own subway
Indian cities like: New Delhi,
Mumbai, Kolkata,
Chennai

The main volume of passenger and cargo
transportation is provided by railways.
They run between major cities
high-speed trains and express trains.

Mountain areas served
many lines built
the British, so the rolling stock
is far from new, but the road rut has
often different widths, hence the small
speed and frequent transfers
when traveling.

Air Transport

Airports:
345
Airports (with paved runway): 251
With a dirt runway:
94.
Helipads: 30

Air travel in India in recent years
are experiencing a real boom. About
three
dozens
airlines
carry out transportation throughout the country.
Airlines are well served
modern aircraft.

Water transport

Waterways: 14,500 km.
Water transport is rather poorly developed.
In India, the lower reaches of the Ganges rivers are navigable,
Krishna, Godavari, Kaveri.

Sea communication exists between
Port Blair, Kolkata and Madras (only
during the tourist season), and
between Calcutta and Madras. More
modern line - between Cochin and
Lakshadweep
islands.
There are regular services along the Kerala coast
passenger ships, several flights, including
number
real
wheeled
steamship,
connects Allapuja and Kovalam.
Runs between Mumbai (Bombay) and Goa
small catamaran

India is connected by airlines to all major cities of the world. There are international airports in Delhi, Mumbai (formerly Bombay), Calcutta (formerly Kolkata), Chennai (formerly Madras). Air transportation is carried out by 2 state companies: Air India and Indian Airlines; Domestic airlines are operated by 3 private companies. The flight to Delhi from Moscow is about 7-8 hours.

Direct flights:

1. Aeroflot. Planes fly from Moscow to Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Bangalore, Trivandrum. Fast non-stop flight, you can connect flights from St. Petersburg, there are seasonal sales (ticket prices are 2-3 times lower than usual).

2. Air India. Non-stop flight, the opportunity to get a discount on domestic flights. You encounter the paradoxes of India already on the plane: Air India sells tickets for the seats it has bought on Aeroflot planes. Due to this, the cost of the ticket increases by one and a half to two times.

Connecting flights:

1. Quatar Airways. Convenient connections, reasonable price, good service. Qatar Airlines is especially convenient to use for traveling to the south of India: Mumbai, Cochin, Trivandrum, Hyderabad, but you can also fly to Delhi. The transplant takes place in the capital of Qatar - Doha.

2. Uzbekistan airways. Relatively low ticket prices, possibility of departure from St. Petersburg, seasonal discounts. Landing in Tashkent. When flying to India, the interval between flights is small, but the interval between flights Delhi - Tashkent and Tashkent - St. Petersburg is about four hours. In addition, on your return flight you should be prepared for a long queue at Pulkovo, since many citizens of Uzbekistan will be flying with you to St. Petersburg.

National airlines of other CIS countries also fly to Delhi, but are considered less reliable and less popular among Russian tourists.

You can travel around the country over long distances by plane and train, and over short distances by bus, taxi, motorcycle and pedicabs.

India's international rail network is the largest in Asia and the second largest in the world. Categories of travel are different, starting with SA, the expensive first class, with air conditioning (the ticket price is comparable to the cost of travel in other countries of a similar class), and ending with the cheapest option - a general carriage, with a ticket without a seat, but this is quite inconvenient. There are also air-conditioned sleeping carriages with two-berth compartments, as well as air-conditioned seating carriages (both second class); There are second class carriages with fans.

Within India there is an extensive network of bus routes connecting all parts of the country. This is especially true for those areas where there is no railway connection, in particular for high mountain areas. Older buses run on most rural roads, but express buses with air conditioning are increasingly appearing on main roads. Each state has its own transport companies and many private bus companies. All types of government buses are suitable for travel, the only difference is comfort and cost. They have a conductor. You can buy a ticket at intermediate stops and get travel advice.

Taxis are easily distinguished by their special yellow and black coloring. The price should be agreed upon in advance with the driver.

Motorcycle and pedicabs are common. They can be hired just like taxis.

This is an exotic, convenient, cheap and fast way of transportation. But they are only suitable for short trips. Their speed is low, convenience is minimal, and if the road leads uphill, the traveler will have to walk alongside. However, rickshaws may disappear from the streets of Kolkata by the end of this year, as the chief minister of the Indian state of West Bengal has warned. He explained that this decision was made for humanitarian reasons.

You can rent a car, and more often it will be a car with a driver. The price takes into account the route or approximate mileage per day, as well as money for food and overnight accommodation for the driver. If the car is without a driver, which is not very common in India, then you must have a driver's license and you will have to pay a large deposit. We must remember that in India, traffic is on the left.

Like any other country, India has various modes of transport. There are air and rail connections. There are buses, including so-called sleeper buses. This type of bus is unusual for Russia, but I think in vain. For example, driving from Yalta to Sochi takes about 18 hours. It's not always possible to sleep while sitting. Sleeper buses are another matter. You can stretch your legs if you are not tall and get some sleep. However, the berths on buses are double, and if you are traveling alone, then you may be unlucky with a neighbor... or you may be lucky.

Trains in India are a different story; I wrote earlier about how I traveled by railway. It is only worth noting that in addition to classic trains and electric trains, there are also luxury trains. Their route passes through Indian attractions.

In India, the main vehicles on the roads are scooters and motorcycles. The whole family rides them, some transport things, and sometimes things that seemed impossible to transport.

Those who have not saved up for a scooter ride a bicycle.

You can take an Indian taxi, but if you neglect comfort a little and take a rishka, or as it is also called a tuk-tuk, you can literally ride in a breeze.

Another interesting Indian transport is the bicycle taxi. The driver pedals, and you sit in the carriage. For the owner of a bicycle taxi, this is his only income and he often rides in his carriage. Those who do not have a bicycle will carry you with the help of their two.

Despite the fact that most of India's territory is coastal, maritime transport in the country is poorly developed. There are many fishing boats that can take you to a beautiful beach for a fee. What the Indians caught with their boats is immediately sold and can be cooked for your dinner.

The most popular means of transport in India is on your own two legs. But since you are already in such a fabulous and warm country, you can go on foot.

2.8. Development of the transport complex.

Among developing countries, India stands out for its relatively developed transport network. Many roads were built during the colonial regime.

In domestic transportation, the main role is played by railways, the length of which is over 60 thousand km. Railways account for 55% of India's land freight transport, amounting to 800 thousand. tons of cargo and 9 million passengers daily. India ranks 5th in the world in terms of cargo transportation volume. The main highways run along the Ganges valley, as well as along the sea coasts. From large cities (Bombay, Calcutta, Madras, Delhi) railway lines are laid into the interior of the country (double-track, broad-gauge railways). But the condition of the road network and rolling stock is often unsatisfactory due to prolonged use and lack of funds for reconstruction. There is a large volume of transportation of goods and passengers.

National highways connect major cities and often double as railways. Road transport occupies second place in domestic transportation. The total length of Indian roads is 1970 thousand km. Including roads with hard, so-called “all-weather” surfaces, there are 960 thousand km. However, only about 1/3 of Indian settlements have access to such roads. Most Indian roads, especially in the outback, are unpaved. During the rainy season they become impassable, and thousands of Indian villages then find themselves cut off from the outside world.

River transport is not of great economic importance. The length of inland waterways is 16,180 km. Foreign trade transportation is mainly carried out by sea transport. The role of the domestic merchant fleet is growing. The largest seaports are Bombay, Calcutta, Madras. India has 736 merchant marine vessels with a total capacity of 6.5 million tons. However, 62.9% of the country's sea freight transport is carried out by foreign vessels.

2.9. Socio-economic development of individual areas. The reasons behind the unevenness in their socio-economic development. Alignment of levels of economic development.

Individual regions of India differ significantly in the level of socio-economic development and economic specialization. Each such region covers several states connected by a single geographic and economic community, and is less often limited to one large state.

The economic and geographical zoning of India is carried out by different researchers - Indian and foreign - in different ways. Some regional differences in the economic life of this great country are given by the economic regions allocated on its territory: North-Eastern, Western, Southern and Central-Northern.

Northeast India is the most diversified economic region, within which a powerful industrial complex of the country has developed. The unique combination of mineral resources determines the active industrialization of the region, turning it into the main coal and metallurgical base of India during the years of independence. In the river valley Damodar concentrates about 60% of the country's coal deposits, including almost all proven reserves of coking coal. The southern part of the Chhota Nagpur plateau is rich in high-quality iron ores. Large reserves of manganese ores and bauxites and well-known uranium deposits are also concentrated here. There are abundant reserves of non-metallic minerals - mica, refractory clays, limestones, etc.

On this basis, various groups of industries are developing: ferrous metallurgy (four large metallurgical plants out of five operate), thermal power engineering, the industry of mineral fertilizers and building materials, heavy metal-intensive engineering (production of mining and metallurgical equipment, excavators, vehicles - locomotives, railway cars ), as well as automotive industry, etc.

At the same time, the main crops of rice and almost all of the production of jute and tea are concentrated in North-Eastern India. The most important district-forming core here is Kolkata and its agglomeration, uniting more than 70 cities. Calcutta, the former capital of British India, received impetus for development during the colonial period. Today Kolkata is a city of sharp social contrasts. Transport, housing, energy problems, as well as problems of water supply and food are very acute here. Today, almost all states of North-East India are drawn into its sphere of influence.

In some economic and geographical features, Western India resembles Northeastern India: their latitudinal location is approximately the same, and their levels of economic development are similar. However, the difference in specialization appears quite clearly.

Western India is the main oil-bearing region of the country. Oil and gas development is carried out in Gujarat in the area of ​​Ankleshwar and the Gulf of Cambay, as well as in the area of ​​the Bombay coastal plume (“Bombay arch”). 12 million tons of iron and 5 - 6 million tons of manganese ore are mined annually in Goa. Gujarat accounts for 60% of total Indian table salt production.

The main agricultural crops of the West are groundnuts (peanuts), cotton, sugarcane (in Maharashtra). Millet is sown in arid areas, and rice is sown on coastal lowlands and irrigated lands of river valleys. Some areas are famous for their fruits. Livestock farming, mainly dairy, is relatively developed. There are many fishing grounds along the entire coast of the Arabian Sea. Frozen fish from Gujarat even reaches the markets of Delhi. Maharashtra and Gujarat are the leading industrial states of India. 1/3 of the enterprises in the country's organized manufacturing sector and 27% of those employed in it are concentrated here. The traditionally developed cotton industry here in recent decades has been widely supplemented by oil refining and petrochemicals, medium and precision engineering enterprises. The chemical industry is developing rapidly, including the production of artificial fibers. The economic "heart" of Western India is Mumbai (Bombay) - the country's main seaport, one of the largest industrial, trade, transport, financial and cultural centers.

The economic potential of South India is noticeably inferior to the two regions discussed above. The basis of its economy is agriculture.

South India is an important rice-growing region, a major producer of cotton and oilseeds, coconuts, and a major tobacco-growing region. Millet is also widely cultivated among food crops. In the Nilgiri mountain range there are plantations of tea, coffee (4/5 of the all-Indian coffee harvest is in Karnataka) and rubber-bearing hevea (90% of plantings are in Karal). The production of spices and herbs occupies an important place: Kerala produces 96% of black pepper, about 755 of cardamom and 40% of ginger. The state is also a major supplier of cashew nuts. Karnataka has developed sericulture (4/5 of total Indian silk production).

Among the mineral resources of South India, bauxite, mica, manganese ore, lignites, and copper should be highlighted. Iron ore is mined in Selam (Tamil Nadu). Titanium and ilmenite are extracted from the coastal monazite sands of Kerala. Kolar (Karnataka) is home to India's only gold mine - one of the deepest in the world; work is being carried out in it at a depth of 2895 m. Uranium ore deposits are being developed in Andhra Pradesh. This state also accounts for 100% of India's proven tungsten reserves.

South India is actively expanding its industrial potential. Traditional industries - processing of agricultural raw materials and the textile industry - have been supplanted in recent years by transport, medium and precision engineering, metallurgy, oil refining (Chinai, Hyderabad, Visakhapatnami, etc.). South India is actively involved in the implementation of the Indian space program. There is a Satellite Development Center in Bangalore. Trivandrum is a center for space science and technology, which operates the spaceport at Thumba, from where meteorological rockets are launched. On the island of Sriharikota, north of Madras, a spaceport was built to launch more powerful rockets, including for launching artificial Earth satellites into orbit.

The largest city in South India, Madras, is the administrative center of the state of Tamil Nadu. This is the fourth largest city, one of the main ports and industrial hubs of the country.

Northern India, coinciding with the largest state - Uttar Pradesh, accounts for 9% of the territory and 1/6 of the country's population. This is the historical center of Indian culture. The ancient holy cities of Hardwar, Varanasi, Mathura inspired Indian philosophers, thinkers, poets and storytellers.

Uttar Pradesh is an agricultural state (86% of the population lives in rural areas), and is the largest producer of grains (about 21% of total Indian production), including wheat, rice, barley, corn, potatoes, and fruits. The region produces half of the sugar cane. Northern India ranks one of the last places in India in terms of industrial production and the pace of economic development. Traditionally, the leading industries here have been sugar, vegetable oils and leather processing (Kanpur and Agra). Important centers for training scientific personnel are concentrated in Uttar Pradesh: hundreds of colleges, dozens of universities.

Central India is essentially the largest state in the country by area, Madhya Pradesh (443.5 thousand km?). Approximately 1/3 of the state is covered by forests. Central India is still one of the most backward parts of the country. About 80% of the population lives in rural areas. Only 14% of cultivated areas are irrigated. The main food crops are: in the east - rice, in the west and northeast - wheat and plain (jowar). The main industrial crop is cotton of coarse short-fiber varieties. Oilseeds and sugar cane are cultivated. Programs for the widespread introduction of soybeans are being implemented. Industry is represented by cotton and oil factories, as well as sawmills and the extraction of manganese ores. And bauxite. This state ranks 1st in the country in limestone mining, which has given rise to a large cement industry. Large-scale development of refractory clays and kaolin will be introduced. India's only diamond mine is being developed in Panna. At the same time, during the years of independence, industrial construction has noticeably revived here. With the help of the USSR, a metallurgical plant was built in Bhilai, an aluminum smelter in Korba, and a number of enterprises in mechanical engineering, light industry, and electric power were built.

2.10. External economic relations, export, import. Participation in international economic unions.

Foreign trade is of considerable importance for the country's economy. However, India is still poorly involved in the international division of labor. Foreign trade turnover - 104 billion dollars, 2001. (exports - 43 billion dollars; imports - 61 billion dollars).

The country exports textiles, ready-made garments, jewelry and precious stones, agricultural and food products, machinery, as well as ore minerals, medicines and other goods. India accounts for 21% of global tea exports.

India exports iron ore mainly to Japan and also to some European countries.

In the commodity structure of imports, there is a large share of fuel resources, machinery, equipment, weapons, and lubricating oils.

India's largest trading partners are the USA (19.3% of exports and 9.5% of imports), Germany, Japan, and Great Britain. Despite the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) established in 1985, the scale of foreign trade with the closest neighboring members of this bloc (Pakistan, Bangladesh, etc.) is small. India's trade ties with Southeast Asian countries are expanding.

India is a member of such organizations as:

AfDB - African Development Bank;

ADDB - Asian Development Bank;

TKK - Commodity Credit Corporation;

WHO - World Health Organization;

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