Development of various modes of transport in Italy. Transport in Italy

By bus, train or ferry you can get to almost anywhere in Italy. For longer distances it is more convenient to fly by plane.

Own car gives more freedom, but remember that petrol and motorway driving in Italy are very expensive. The optimal solution is to travel by public transport between big cities and drive a personal car only outside the city.

Water transport

Navi - large ferries of Sicily and Sardinia, traghetti - small ferries and aliscafi ply between small islands. The main passenger pick-up points in Sardinia are Livorno, Civitavecchia and; in Sicily – and Villa San Giovanni in Calabria. Arrival points in Sardinia are Cagliari, Arabatax, Olbia and Porto Torres; in Sicily - and Messina.

Detailed information about all ferry services in Italy can be found here. The website lists all routes, and also contains links to companies where you can book trips and buy tickets.

Tirrenia Navigazioni (0810 171 998; www.tirrenia.it) serves almost all Italian ports. There are also companies such as Grandi Navi Veloci, Superfast, Ventouris and Montenegro Lines.

Many ferry trips take place at night. You can choose your seat in a 2/3/4-seater cabin or even a separate Poltrona seat. Deck class means you can sit or sleep on the deck or in the common lounges. Almost all ferries carry cars.

Hitchhiking in Italy

In Italy it's quite a rare event. Public transport quite reliable, and most Italians prefer to use it rather than cars. Hitting a ride is unsafe, especially for women.

Buses and trams are popular public transport in Italy

Bus services in Italy are provided by many companies. They cover both local routes and intercity connections. Traveling by bus is not always cheaper than by train, but in terms of traveling to small town The bus is a very advantageous option.

Route schedules can be obtained from local tourist offices. IN major cities Most bus companies have ticket offices or offices. In some villages, bus tickets are sold on the buses themselves or in bars. Please note that buses always leave on time.

There is no need to book tickets at all. This is only relevant during peak times tourist season and for long trips.

Metro and bus tickets

You should buy a ticket before boarding the bus and have it checked. For violations, a fine is given on the spot (about 50 euros).

There is a metro in Rome, Milan, Naples and Turin. The situation with tickets here is the same as on buses.

Every city, large or small, has an efficient urban and intercity bus network that reaches even the most remote villages. Tickets can be purchased at tobacco shops, newsstands, ticket offices and vending machines at bus stations. One ticket costs about 1 euro. Also, almost everywhere there are promotions for one-day tourist tickets.

Cars and motorcycles

Italy has a network of motorways, which can be recognized by the white road sign A on a green background. North and south are connected by del Sole - this route extends from Milan to Reggio Calabria (A1 from Milan to, A2 from Rome to and A3 from Naples to Reggio Calabria).

Tolls apply to most motorways. You can pay in cash or by credit card. To avoid queues, buy a prepaid card (Viacard). They are sold in banks and ACI offices. Denomination – 25, 50 and 75 euros. This card can be used throughout Italy. For getting detailed information for tolls call 800 26 92 69 or visit www.autostrade.it

Strade statal - such roads are represented on maps with S or CC signs. This is a two- or four-lane highway on which traffic does not move quickly, especially in mountainous areas. Strade provinciali are rural roads connecting small villages. Strade locali are local roads that may not yet be built.

Trains are the fastest and most convenient form of transport in Italy

Trains in Italy are relatively inexpensive compared to others European countries. This is a fast and convenient form of transport.

The railways are almost entirely state-owned, operated by the partially privatized Trenitalia (800 89 20 21 in Italian; www.trenitalia.com). And there are also private railway lines.

There are several types of trains in Italy. Some stop at all stations, such as regional or interregional trains, while faster trains - Intercity (IC) or faster Eurostar Italia (ES) - stop only in major cities.

Almost every station has either luggage storage or lockers. The cells, which are guarded by guards, are usually open either from 6:00 to 00:00, or around the clock. Cost – 3 euros per seat.

Train classes and costs

Seats on most Italian trains are divided into first and second class. A 1st class ticket costs slightly less than two 2nd class tickets.

For intercity travel or on Eurostar trains, a surcharge of from 3 to 16 euros is charged, depending on the length of the distance. The cost of a Eurostar ticket includes a supplement and a booking fee. Current prices for routes can be found on the Trenitalia website.

To the cost of overnight travel, it is worth adding an additional payment for a sleeping place - about 20 euros.

It is not necessary to book tickets, but it is advisable, as tickets for popular routes sell out quickly. Pre-order will cost you 3 euros. It's always worth booking Eurostar train tickets.

You can book a train ticket in most travel agencies, in the Internet. You can also buy a ticket by arriving at the station in advance. To sell tickets for Eurostar trains, there are special ticket offices at some stations.

Carta Verde can be purchased at all major stations. This card costs 40 euros and is valid for a year. It entitles you to a 10% discount on domestic flights within Germany and 25% on intercity flights. The Carta d'Argento costs €30 and offers a 15% discount on domestic flights and 25% on intercity flights.

Public transport within the city

All major cities have well developed transport systems buses and metro. However, in Venice, for example, the only transportation options are by vaporetto (small passenger ferries) or on foot.

Taxi

There are taxi stands at train and bus stations. Voting" on the roads is illegal. If you called a taxi by phone, keep in mind that the meter started working when you called, and not when you got into the car. The minimum price for taxi driver services is from 2.33 to 4.91 euros, depending on the time of day, plus 0.78 euros per kilometer (in Rome this price is 1.29 euros), and as a result, the shortest trips around the city will cost from 10 to 15 euros. No more than 4-5 people can travel in one taxi.

Air Transport

Major local airlines are Air One (phone: 199 207 080; Alitalia (phone: 06 22 22; www.flyairone.it); and Meridiana (phone: 89 29 28; www.flyairone.it); Ryanair (phone: 899 678 910; www.flyairone.it); also has domestic flights within Italy.

The country's main airports are located in Rome, Pisa, Milan, Bologna, Genoa, Naples, Venice, Catania, and Cagliari.

Bicycles

The whole country rides bicycles. There are no special rules, but it is recommended to wear helmets and turn on headlights. Bicycles cannot be ridden on highways. If you plan to take your bike on holiday to Italy, check with your airline about any additional costs. For transportation, the bicycle must be disassembled and packed. Don't forget to also bring spare parts and tools for repairs.

If a train has a bicycle icon, it means it can carry “two-wheeled friends.” The cheapest way is to buy a separate ticket for the bicycle; it costs from 3.5 to 12 euros for intercity, Eurostar and Euronight trains. This ticket is valid for 24 hours, which is quite economical. Disassembled and packed bicycles can be accepted free of charge on night trains, and they can always be carried on ferries without additional fees.

In domestic transportation of goods and passengers, road transport plays the main role, followed by railway transport. By electrification level railways The country ranks one of the first in the world. A dense network of modern highways and railways connects the cities of Northern Italy. In domestic transportation of goods and passengers, road transport plays the main role, followed by railway transport.

River transport in Italy is poorly developed due to the lack large rivers. Developing quite quickly civil Aviation Italy. Air lines keep in touch largest cities Italy with many cities in Europe, as well as other continents. Largest airports countries - Leonardo da Vinci near Rome, Malpensa and Linate near Milan serve important centers international airline network.

Due to the elongation of the country from north to south, its network of railways and highways developed predominantly in the meridional direction. Latitudinal communications, with the exception of the Padan Plain, are insufficient. Many roads and railways in Italy are laid on steep mountain slopes and therefore have many bridges, tunnels, etc., which makes their operation more expensive. In international road and rail transport, roads built in the Alps play a particularly important role.

In Italy the role is exceptionally great road transport: it accounts for 3/4 of all land transport of goods. The total length of highways reaches almost 300 thousand km, and about half of them are in Northern Italy, while in the south of the country the density of the road network is much less.

In 1924, the world's first highway (Milan - Varese) was built in Italy. Nowadays, in terms of the length of highways (5.9 thousand km), Italy ranks second after Germany among the capitalist countries of Europe. The densest network of motorways in the North. Of great importance is the main transport axis of the country - the Autostrada de Sol, the best of Italian roads, connecting Turin with Milan, Florence, Rome, Naples and going further to the extreme south, to the city of Reggio Calabria. The development of road transport in general and, in particular, road construction was negatively affected by the fuel and energy crisis.

Railways are inferior in importance to roads. Rail transport in Italy is less developed than in other capitalist countries. However, in last years More capital began to be invested in railway construction than in road transport. In terms of technical equipment, some of the main lines, modernized in the late 60s, stand out. As a result of this modernization, for example, on the Rome - Florence line, the train can reach speeds of up to 200 km/h. The length of Italy's railways exceeds 20 thousand km. Maritime transport plays a very important role in both internal and external transportation of the country. This is explained by Italy’s position on the Mediterranean waterway, the long coastline, and the presence of islands within the country. There are 144 ports on the shores of Italy.

90% of goods imported into the country and 60-65% of exported goods are transported by sea. A significant part of domestic transport is also carried out by sea. An important source of foreign exchange earnings for Italy is international freight. More than half of the total tonnage of the Italian maritime fleet is oil tankers, which is associated with a powerful oil refining industry.

The cargo turnover of Italian ports is dominated by oil and other minerals. The largest Italian port of Genoa, with an annual cargo turnover of over 50 million tons, is one of the most important in the entire Mediterranean. Genoa serves as the gateway to the outside world for the entire industrial North-West of Italy, as well as for Switzerland. It is one of the leading container ports Mediterranean Sea. Genoa's main rival and competitor on the Adriatic is Trieste, second in Italy in terms of cargo turnover (42 million tons) and one of the most important oil ports in Europe. In addition, it is the main coffee transhipment point in Europe. Through Trieste, North-Eastern Italy is connected with other countries of the Mediterranean, Near and Middle East, East Africa And East Asia. It also serves as the main port on the Mediterranean for the Danube countries, primarily for Austria. Trieste is primarily a transit port, unlike Venice, which plays a direct role in the economy of North-Eastern Italy. The development of the Venetian port in recent years has been facilitated by the increase in Italian trade with Russian Federation, countries of Asia and Africa.

Over the past decades, port cargo turnover has increased significantly Southern Italy(Augusta and Taranto), which is explained primarily by the rapid development of the oil refining and petrochemical industries.

Peninsular Italy is connected to its islands and to some Yugoslav and Greek ports by sea ferries. The ferry line connecting Sicily with the Apennine Peninsula is especially busy. Therefore, the question is being raised about the construction of a tunnel or bridge across the Strait of Messina.

River transport in Italy is poorly developed due to the lack of large rivers. The development of the oil refining and petrochemical industries stimulated the spread of pipeline transport in Italy. The total length of main oil and gas pipelines exceeds 8 thousand km. The densest network of pipelines in the North. Some of them are of international importance, such as the gas pipeline that supplies natural gas from Russia to Northern Italy.

Civil aviation in Italy is developing quite quickly. Air lines connect the largest cities in Italy with many cities in Europe, as well as other continents. The country's largest airports - Leonardo da Vinci near Rome, Malpensa and Linate near Milan, etc. - serve as important centers of the international airline network.

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Transport

The most important branch of the circulation sphere. Transportation of goods and work force constitutes that part of the sphere of circulation which is a continuation of the process of production in the sphere of circulation.

In Italy, transport is developing in accordance with the same trends as observed in other European countries - in particular, the share of road transport is increasing, mainly due to a decrease in the share railway transport. This is because road transport is more mobile, requires lower costs for support services and minimizes transshipment work, since it delivers cargo directly to its destination (opportunities that sea and rail transport do not have).

The difference between Italy is that here and in domestic cargo transportation, road transport has acquired an exceptionally high share, while the share of all other modes of transport has fallen to an extremely low level.

This deeply specific situation in Italian transport is explained by the special impact that industry has on this sector. The fact is that such sectors of Italian industry as the automobile, rubber, oil refining and building materials industries are developing the fastest, developing the fastest. Industries producing railway rolling stock are slowly developing their production. Therefore, the first group of industries and the monopolies operating in it were able to give a road direction to the development of Italian transport without much difficulty.

Development of maritime transport in Italy

In Italy, whose borders are more than 90% washed by the seas and in which most of The territory is coastal areas; the coastal fleet is also important in the internal transportation of passengers and especially cargo. Among the sectors of Italian transport, of great interest is navy, which is the largest international carrier and is important for the development of Italian foreign trade. Through sea ​​ports passes 90% of goods arriving in Italy for imports and 55-60% for exports. The Italian merchant marine fleet performs the most important national economic functions. This is the main reason that it is overwhelmingly under state control.

In the 70s, the importance of maritime transport and shipping for the Italian economy and, first of all, for its foreign trade increased due to changes in the country's energy balance (more than 86% of total energy needs are met through the import of oil and gas). Shifts in recent years in the structure of industry and foreign trade have caused changes in the balance between different types of ships in the Italian fleet. The rapid development of the oil refining industry has caused rapid growth of the tank fleet. The decline in the importance of coal in the energy sector has caused a decline in the share of the dry cargo fleet. In addition, American coal used in Italy is usually delivered on American ships.

Italian Merchant Navy

The Italian merchant fleet in the post-war years underwent significant quantitative and general structural changes. On the one hand, they were caused by the decommissioning of outdated and heavily worn-out vessels, and on the other hand, by the replenishment of the fleet with new, larger and more modern vessels. Changes in the composition and structure of the Italian merchant fleet for the period 1874 to 1983 are characterized by the following data.

In domestic transportation of goods and passengers, road transport plays the main role, followed by railway transport. The country ranks among the first in the world in terms of railway electrification. A dense network of modern highways and railways connects the cities of Northern Italy.

Due to the elongation of the country from north to south, its network of railways and roads developed mainly in the meridional direction. Latitudinal communications, with the exception of the Padan Plain, are insufficient. Many roads and railways in Italy are laid on steep mountain slopes and therefore have many bridges and tunnels, which increases the cost of their operation.

In Italy, the role of road transport is exceptionally large: it accounts for 3/4 of all land transport of goods. About half of the roads are in northern Italy; in the south of the country the density of the road network is much less.

Railways are inferior in importance to roads, but now more capital has begun to be invested in railway construction than in road transport. Some main lines stand out sharply in terms of technical equipment. As a result of such modernization, for example, on the Rome-Florence line, the train can reach speeds of up to 200 km/h.

Maritime transport plays a very important role in both internal and external transportation of the country. This is due to Italy’s position on the Mediterranean waterway, its long coastline, the presence of islands within the country. There are 144 ports on the shores of Italy.

The cargo turnover of the ports is dominated by oil and other mineral raw materials. The largest Italian port of Genoa is one of the most important in the entire Mediterranean. Genoa serves as the gateway to the outside world for the entire North-West of Italy, as well as for Switzerland. Genoa's main rival and competitor on the Adriatic is Trieste, second in Italy in terms of cargo turnover and one of the most important oil ports in Europe. Through Trieste, Northeastern Italy is connected to other countries in the Mediterranean, Near and Middle East, East Africa and East Asia.

The cargo turnover of the ports of Southern Italy (Augusta and Taranto) has increased significantly, which is explained by the development of the oil refining and petrochemical industries.

One of the largest passenger ports in the country, Naples is the center of connections between the Apennine Peninsula and Sicily, Sardinia and other islands.

River transport in Italy is poorly developed due to the lack of large rivers. Civil aviation in Italy is developing quite quickly. Air lines connect the largest cities in Italy with many cities in Europe, as well as other continents. The country's largest airports - Leonardo da Vinci near Rome, Malpensa and Linate near Milan - serve as important centers of the international airline network.

For economic development Foreign economic relations are vitally important to Italy. Almost 15% of all imports are oil. Italy also imports raw materials for metallurgical and other industries: machine tools, industrial equipment, timber, paper, and various types of food. The main export items are mechanical engineering products, mainly vehicles, various equipment, writing and calculating machines, agricultural and food products, especially fruits and vegetables, canned tomatoes, cheeses, ready-made clothes, shoes, chemical and petrochemical products. Trade with France and Germany is especially active.

50 million people visit Italy every year. foreign tourists, mainly from Germany, France, USA. In Italy, the material base for receiving large quantity tourists. In terms of the number of hotel beds, it ranks first in Foreign Europe.

The urban transport system in Italy is extremely developed. Buses and taxis run throughout Italy, there is a metro, as well as a typical Italian water transport, which is represented by gondolas and river taxis. The latter are very popular among tourists who enjoy riding in a river taxi and, of course, in a gondola. The first seats four people and, like a regular taxi, measures the footage. Parking lots are everywhere in the city. The price for a gondola is about 80 thousand liras for a 50-minute ride during the day and 110 thousand at night.

In Italy, whose borders are washed by more than 90% of the seas and in which most of the territory is coastal areas, the coastal fleet is also important in the internal transport of passengers and especially cargo. Among the sectors of Italian transport, the maritime fleet is of great interest, which is the largest international carrier and is important for the development of Italian foreign trade. 90% of goods imported into Italy and 55-60% of exports pass through seaports. The Italian merchant marine fleet performs the most important national economic functions. This is the main reason that it is overwhelmingly under state control.

Cars are also extremely popular in Italy. Out of 293 thousand km. About half of the roads are in Northern Italy. Italy has 1/4 of all European motorways (about 6 thousand km), including the world's oldest motorway, Milan-Varese, built in 1924. The main transport artery of the country is the Autostrada de la Sol, running across the whole of Italy, from Turin through Milan, Florence, Rome, Naples to Reggio Calabria. Five international highways pass through Italy: London-Paris-Rome-Palermo, London-Lausanne-Milan-Brindy, Rome-Berlin-Oslo-Stjordan, Rome-Vienna-Warsaw, Amsterdam-Basel-Genoa. The Italian vehicle fleet numbers over 20 million vehicles, including about 18 million passenger cars.

Railway transport could not withstand the fight against such a powerful competitor and was in a state of crisis for a long time. Only in recent years has the state, which owns 82% of the railways, begun to invest in their enhanced development. Some lines have been modernized, the Rome-Florence high-speed railway (“Diretettissima”) has been built, on which trains can reach speeds of up to 200-260 km per hour, this route forms part of the future high-speed highway connecting Milan with Florence, Rome, Naples. The total length of railways is 19.8 thousand km (including sidings), of which 10.2 thousand km are electrified.

There are two metro lines in Rome. Line A, 18 km long, connects the city center from Ottaviano near the Vatican to the eastern outskirts of the city, passing through Cinecitta (Anagnia). Line B runs north to the city outskirts (Rebbibia) and to EUR, a modern industrial complex in the south. The lines intersect at Termini.

The Milan metro is considered the best in Italy. MM consists of two branches (1 and 2) and serves the city and its outskirts. Tourists usually take the 1, going south near Stazione Centrale via Piazza del Maria della Grazie.