Development of the transport complex in Italy. Transport development in Italy

Abstracts, coursework and diplomas on geography / Water transport in Italy / Transport development

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Transport

The most important branch of the circulation sphere. Transportation of goods and work force constitutes that part of the sphere of circulation which is a continuation of the process of production in the sphere of circulation.

In Italy, transport is developing in accordance with the same trends as observed in other European countries - in particular, the share of road transport is increasing, mainly due to a decrease in the share railway transport. This is because road transport is more mobile, requires lower costs for support services and minimizes transshipment work, since it delivers cargo directly to its destination (opportunities that sea and rail transport do not have).

Characteristics of transport development in Italy

The difference between Italy is that here and in domestic cargo transportation, road transport has acquired an exceptionally high share, while the share of all other modes of transport has fallen to an extremely low level.

This deeply specific situation in Italian transport is explained by the special impact that industry has on this sector. The fact is that such sectors of Italian industry as the automobile, rubber, oil refining and building materials industries are developing the fastest, developing the fastest. Industries producing railway rolling stock are slowly developing their production. Therefore, the first group of industries and the monopolies operating in it were able to give a road direction to the development of Italian transport without much difficulty.

Development of maritime transport in Italy

In Italy, whose borders are washed by more than 90% of the seas and in which most of the territory is coastal areas, the coastal fleet is also important in the internal transport of passengers and especially cargo. Among the sectors of Italian transport, the maritime fleet is of great interest, which is the largest international carrier and is important for the development of Italian foreign trade. Through sea ​​ports passes 90% of goods arriving in Italy for imports and 55-60% for exports. The Italian merchant marine fleet performs the most important national economic functions. This is the main reason that it is overwhelmingly under state control.

In the 70s, the importance of maritime transport and shipping for the Italian economy and, first of all, for its foreign trade increased due to changes in the country's energy balance (more than 86% of total energy needs are met through the import of oil and gas). The shifts that took place in last years in the structure of industry and foreign trade, caused changes in the ratio between different types of ships in the Italian fleet. The rapid development of the oil refining industry has caused rapid growth of the tank fleet. The decline in the importance of coal in the energy sector has caused a decline in the share of the dry cargo fleet. In addition, American coal used in Italy is usually delivered on American ships.

Italian Merchant Navy

The Italian merchant fleet in the post-war years underwent significant quantitative and general structural changes. On the one hand, they were caused by the decommissioning of outdated and heavily worn-out vessels, and on the other hand, by the replenishment of the fleet with new, larger and more modern vessels. Changes in the composition and structure of the Italian merchant fleet for the period 1874 to 1983 are characterized by the following data.

	total quantity	total capacity
thousand reg. tons	tankers	bulk carriers and carts		etc. su ships
shaft. together reg. tons			shaft. together reg. tons

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Transport in Italy

No trip is complete without transport. Trains and planes, buses and sea transport are all an integral part of travel. To visit the best corners of sunny Italy, to get better acquainted with the culture of the country, you should not only plan a route, but also get acquainted with all the intricacies of the local public transport and traffic.

How to get to Italy

According to the ancient saying, the journey begins with the road. Therefore, you should carefully consider the level of comfort, compare prices and routes. Then, after carefully thought out details, the road will seem pleasant and not exhausting.

Airplane

Thanks to the largest Russian and Italian air carriers: Transaero, S7 Siberia, Aeroflot, Meridiana Fly and Alitalia, there are direct regular flights from Moscow to Rome, Milan, Venice, Bologna and Turin every day. The flight duration is only four hours.

There are direct flights to Pisa, Rome and Milan, also departing from northern capital. You can get to Italy (Rome, Trapani, Pisa, Milan) through Finland (from the city of Lappeenanta) and Ukraine (Kyiv) with Wizz Air and Runair.

Trains

Do you prefer to travel around Europe by train? Then routes from Moscow to Nice have been specially developed for you, which passes through Bolzano, Verona, Milan, San Remo, Bordighera and Genoa. Please be patient and have provisions; the journey will last 57 hours.

Bus

The least comfortable and too long journey to Italy can be made by bus with transfers in Germany. But the cost of the trip will be equal to a plane flight, and the journey will take more than two days.

Ferries from Greece

If it so happens that you are traveling to Italy via Greece, then pay attention to passenger ferries. They depart daily from Greek ports and arrive at their destination within 10-35 hours. Some routes pass through Albania. Cost from 40 to 300 euros per trip.

Intercity communication

All major cities in Italy, as well as resort areas, are connected by a web of roads, including railways, along which thousands of travelers and residents of the country travel every day, discovering new things in seemingly familiar places.

Air transport

Each major Italian city has its own airport, receiving daily intercity flights. Ticket prices are far from low (there is a system of discounts for students and pensioners).

Suburban and intercity trains

In the last decade, the country's entire railway system has been greatly modernized. Yes, along with regular trains, high-speed express trains (High-Speed ​​Trains) began to run between the largest tourist and economic centers, on which vast distances can be covered in a matter of hours. Tickets for such express trains are booked two months in advance, which allows you to avoid unpleasant situations on the road and at the railway station.

IntercityTrains, or simply intercity trains, run between larger and smaller populated cities, stopping even at very small stations. It is because of these stops that the journey becomes much longer compared to High-Speed ​​Trains. Booking tickets (first and second comfort class) is also possible two months in advance, however, an additional fee will be charged for reserving a seat.

On local trains, Local Trains, whose schedule overlaps with the schedule educational institutions, when purchasing a ticket, a seat reservation is not made, they are only punched (the date and time of composting are entered in a special machine, after which the ticket becomes suitable for travel) immediately before the trip. Such trains are not comfortable, but the ticket prices are extremely low. Local trains run short distances - to neighboring settlements, making many stops along the way.

Buses

No less comfortable than high speed train, you can travel around the country on buses of the Italian company Cotral and other carriers. Tickets must be purchased at stations that exist in each city. Thus, the cost of a trip from Venice to Rome will be 80-100 euros, and the travel time will be up to 10 hours. You can get from Rome to Naples in 6 hours; The ticket price will be 60 euros.

If you purchased a ticket in advance, do not be late - the bus may leave a couple of minutes earlier than the stated time.

Sea communication

Since Italy is surrounded by sea, there are ferries in each port that deliver passengers (as well as their personal cars) to neighboring cities. Traveling by ferry is pleasant, comfortable, and quite profitable.

Urban transport

If you find yourself in Italy, you will find here the metro (Rome and Milan), trams, buses, trains (in major cities) and taxi. In short, there will be no problems with moving.

Tickets for city public transport are sold at kiosks (ATAS, tobacco or newspaper), in special machines (and they do not give change), in the metro, at the railway station and at large bus stops. At night, you can buy a ticket from the driver (bus or tram), but it will cost 1 euro more.

City transport tickets

If you buy a ticket for one trip (Biglietto semplice B.I.T.), it is valid for 100 minutes after the first pass on any type of public transport. This trip costs one and a half euros.

Transport Italy

Using the same ticket, you can make an unlimited number of transfers within the allotted minutes.

For those who plan to ride around the city all day, it is more profitable to purchase a ticket for 6 euros (Biglietto giornaliero B.I.G.), valid throughout the day (from the time you board the transport until midnight).

Along with them there are weekly and three-day passes. The cost is 24 and 16.5 euros, respectively. The passenger's name is written on the seven-day pass.

Cost of a trip on a sightseeing bus: for adults - 13-16 euros, for children under 12 years old - 7 euros, for children under 5 years old - free.

Buses and trams

At night (from three o'clock in the morning to half past six in the morning) buses run on twenty routes, departing every 30 minutes from the railway stations. They send from them sightseeing buses. Their working hours are from 8 am to 8 pm. Night bus stops are marked with owl signs. Trams have a similar operating schedule.

Italian city trains

Trains (both express and regular) connect airports and railway stations major cities(Rome, Milan, Genoa, Bologna and others) with remote areas and suburbs. The fare is 8-14 euros. Trains run every half hour.

Taxi

It is not customary to hail a car on the street. It’s easy to order a taxi at a hotel, restaurant, or even from a pay phone. When calculating the cost of the trip, include in the amount the time the driver will spend driving up to the place of call, 4 euros for the first three kilometers of the journey and 0.7 euros for the next. At night, be prepared to pay an additional 1.76 euros per kilometer. Holiday and Sunday surcharge 0.59 euros.

Metro

The metro is a very convenient way to quickly move around the city. Rome has two intersecting metro lines, Milan has four. Tickets are sold at all stations. Trains leave every five minutes.

Rent

Renting a car, bicycle (10 euros per day, from 30 euros per week) or a moped (25-80 euros) makes sense when planning a visit to the surrounding attractions. People over 20 years of age with at least one year of driving experience can rent a car if they have an international driver's license and insurance. Traffic in Italy is on the right and very dense. Not all drivers follow traffic rules. Be careful on the roads and do not give in to the temptation to become like violators, the fines will be very high.

Venice city transport

Water buses, gondolas and river taxis run around the city from 6 am until almost 11 pm. Ticket prices vary - from 8 to 50 euros.

When choosing your mode of transport, decide what is your priority: speed of movement or a route laid through places that allow you to admire amazing views beautiful nature Italy.

OmniWorld > Italy > Notes >

Climate in Italy

Italy is called sunny, but the weather here is very capricious. The country is located on the Apennine Peninsula. Despite its small area, the terrain varies significantly between regions. It is precisely because of this, and also because of the significant extent from north to south, that the climate in Italy has a number of features that cannot be ignored when planning a trip.

What to bring from Italy

When we hear “shopping in Italy,” we most often think of fashion boutiques, then we think of olive oil, pasta, cheese; someone may have associations with Venetian glass or carnival masks. So what is next? Next, we bring to your attention a list of popular, original and simply interesting souvenirs and other goods that may interest you, and some will even turn out to be very useful.

Italian cuisine

The first thing that comes to mind when mentioning Italian cuisine is pizza, pasta and risotto. This is how Italian cuisine appears to us in any restaurant, but in the country itself it is much more diverse, and one of its features is the difference in recipes for the same dishes in different regions of the country.

Features of Italian cuisine

For kitchen northern regions typical consumption of meat and dairy products (only sauces are prepared from minced meat, and large pieces are served as main courses), and for the southern regions - vegetables and seafood.

Transport system of Italy

Italy is one of the most economically prosperous countries in Europe. And this can be seen not only by the level of well-being of its residents, but also by the quality of transport links within the country, which is a necessary factor for the development of business and tourism.

Net highways well developed in Italy and is evenly distributed throughout the country, although there is some predominance of roads in the north of Italy compared to the south. However, this does not affect the quality at all. road transport.

Transport in Italy

Thanks to the dense road network, 80% of freight traffic and 90% passenger transportation carried out by cars.

If speak about external transport, then sea transport predominates here. There are more than a thousand ships in Italy and they cope well with the largest cargoes and long distances.

There is also great demand for rail transportation. Dense network railways connects large and small cities in Italy. Like roads, many railways were built directly on the slopes of mountains. This explains a large number of bridges and tunnels that exist on any road in all parts of the country. Today, the Italian authorities pay special attention to railway transport, modernizing it and investing heavily in the repair of existing trains. Not only the technical equipment of railways is undergoing changes and improvements, but their total number is also increasing. This already makes it possible to quickly and easily get to any city in Italy.

Sea transport also plays a big role in the country's external and internal transportation. This is due to the significant length coastline, general position in Italy sea ​​route, as well as the presence of islands that are part of the country. 144 ports - that’s how many there are on the shores of Italy. The largest is the port of Genoa, which is known throughout the world. This port is the "sea gateway" for ships from North-West Italy and Switzerland. The second largest port in terms of cargo turnover after Genoa is Trieste. He sends ships to the countries of the Middle East, East Asia and Africa. Thanks to the development of the petrochemical and oil refining industry in Italy in recent years, the cargo turnover of two more large ports of the country - Taranto and Augusta - has increased significantly. The largest passenger port in Italy is Naples, which is the center of connections with Sardinia, Sicily and other islands.

Due to lack large rivers In Italy, river transport is poorly developed here. The same cannot be said about civil aviation. There are many flights daily from Italy to the most different countries peace. The largest airports in the country are Rome's Leonardo da Vinci and Milan's Linate and Malpensa.

It is very important for Italy that all trade routes are constantly functioning and in the best condition, since the country’s foreign economic relations largely depend on this. What does Italy import? First of all, products of the engineering industries, agricultural goods, shoes, clothing, industrial equipment and raw materials for various industries. Italy has the most active foreign trade with Germany and France. The hotel business of this country serves more than 50 million tourists from all over the world per year; the entire infrastructure of Italy is ready to work for guests, which is why it ranks first in Western Europe in terms of the number of hotel beds.

How to get around Italy

Road transport infrastructure Italy is well developed, which allows you to move around the country without problems.

Transport in Italy

However, there are many nuances that need to be taken into account when planning travel routes around Italy.

First of all, you need to decide how you will travel. There are different options here.

Around Italy by car

You can rent a car and travel around cities and villages. The advantages of this method of organizing movements are quite obvious. At a minimum, you will not be limited by public transport schedules, and will be able to visit many places where it is difficult for a “horseless” tourist to reach.

At the same time, renting a car is an additional expense item, and you will have to pay not only for rent, insurance and gasoline, but often also for parking. It should also be understood that in most Italian cities the historical center is closed to non-resident cars. If your budget allows, then everything is simple - you can always take a taxi and go to places where they won’t let you in with your own car. But if you are planning to travel around Italy by car and, at the same time, want to save money, then:

• You should focus on hotels that provide their guests with the opportunity to park their car for free and, ideally, in their own closed parking lot;
• You need to think in advance about how you will get from the hotel to the center of a city and its attractions.

In addition, you should understand that traffic jams often occur in large cities and at the entrances to them. Therefore, when planning a road trip around Italy, you should focus mainly on small provincial cities, and it is better to exclude long-distance trips in principle. It is clear that for a traveler from Russia, traveling 300–400 km in a day is not a problem. However, there are so many attractions in Italy that, having traveled these same 300–400 km, you are almost guaranteed to miss a lot of interesting things. Read more about where and where you can go in Italy here.

As for car rental points, there are a huge number of them in Italy. To find suitable ones and book a car, you can resort to sites such as www.rentalcars.com and www.economybookings.com. However, these sites do not cover small local rental companies, which often work no worse than global giants like Hertz or Avis, and, moreover, have much more affordable rates. It makes no sense to list their names here. In each specific case, they can be found using the most common Internet search engines.

Around Italy by public transport

Getting around Italy by public transport is often no less convenient than by car, and in some cases even more convenient. First of all, this remark concerns long-distance movements. Between the cities and regions of Italy there is a wonderful air service. Moreover, domestic Italian flights are operated not only by national air carriers like Alitalia and Bluexpress, but also by EasyJet, Ryanair, Volotea and many other airlines. You can always find flights to the destinations you are interested in using ticket search engines www.skyscanner.ru, www.aviasales.ru, www.momondo.ru, etc.

It is also convenient to travel long distances in Italy by rail. Travelers have access to both high-speed and night trains, as well as regional trains. Find up-to-date information about railway routes, and you can also buy online tickets on the official websites of Italian railway carriers: see www.trenitalia.com and www.italotreno.it.

From the point of view of traveling short distances, it is also convenient to use rail transport. Almost the entire country is covered by the railway network. Moreover, railway stations, as a rule, are located in close proximity to the historical centers of Italian cities. For example, in Venice there is a train station called Santa Lucia, from where you can easily reach all the main attractions on foot. Santa Maria Novella station in Florence is also located almost in the city center, literally a ten-minute walk from the famous Florentine Duomo. The same can be said about many other cities.

Thus, traveling around Italy by rail, in addition to ease of movement, you will get an excellent opportunity to live, on the one hand, not far from the station, and on the other hand, close to all the most interesting things. This is again convenient: you don’t need to lug your luggage across the city and many attractions can be reached on foot. Read about the best places to live in popular cities in Italy here.

In cases where it is not possible to get somewhere by train, buses and water transport. There are many corresponding carriers - each region has its own. It is pointless to list them within the scope of this article. More detailed information can be found in articles about travel routes in Italy.

Finally, it is worth adding a few words about transport links between cities and airports in Italy. In most cases, getting from the airport to a nearby city is not difficult. All necessary information can be found on official airport websites. However, sometimes it is more convenient to take a taxi or use a transfer. Moreover, the transfer can be ordered in advance. From this point of view, it makes sense to pay attention to sites such as kiwitaxi.ru.

In conclusion, let us pay attention to one more important point. Travel around the northern and central Italy, much more convenient than in the southern regions. The network of roads and railways in the north is much better developed, the quality of roads is generally higher, public transport runs more often and deviations from schedules occur less frequently. So if you don't own Italian and have no experience independent travel, then it’s better to start with the northern or central regions of Italy. Lombardy, Veneto, Emilia-Romagna, Tuscany, Lazio - traveling to all these regions is both interesting and easy. For more information on how to create a travel itinerary for Italy, read the corresponding article.

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Transport

The most important branch of the circulation sphere. The transportation of goods and labor constitutes that part of the sphere of circulation, which is a continuation of the process of production in the sphere of circulation.

In Italy, transport is developing in accordance with the same trends as observed in other European countries - in particular, the share of road transport is increasing, mainly due to the reduction in the share of rail transport. This is because road transport is more mobile, requires lower costs for support services and minimizes transshipment work, since it delivers cargo directly to its destination (opportunities that sea and rail transport do not have).

The difference between Italy is that here and in domestic cargo transportation, road transport has acquired an exceptionally high share, while the share of all other modes of transport has fallen to an extremely low level.

This deeply specific situation in Italian transport is explained by the special impact that industry has on this sector. The fact is that such sectors of Italian industry as the automobile, rubber, oil refining and building materials industries are developing the fastest, developing the fastest. Industries producing railway rolling stock are slowly developing their production. Therefore, the first group of industries and the monopolies operating in it were able to give a road direction to the development of Italian transport without much difficulty.

Development of maritime transport in Italy

In Italy, whose borders are washed by more than 90% of the seas and in which most of the territory is coastal areas, the coastal fleet is also important in the internal transport of passengers and especially cargo. Among the sectors of Italian transport, the maritime fleet is of great interest, which is the largest international carrier and is important for the development of Italian foreign trade. 90% of goods imported into Italy and 55-60% of exports pass through seaports. The Italian merchant marine fleet performs the most important national economic functions. This is the main reason that it is overwhelmingly under state control.

In the 70s, the importance of maritime transport and shipping for the Italian economy and, first of all, for its foreign trade increased due to changes in the country's energy balance (more than 86% of total energy needs are met through the import of oil and gas). Shifts in recent years in the structure of industry and foreign trade have caused changes in the balance between different types of ships in the Italian fleet. The rapid development of the oil refining industry has caused rapid growth of the tank fleet. The decline in the importance of coal in the energy sector has caused a decline in the share of the dry cargo fleet. In addition, American coal used in Italy is usually delivered on American ships.

Italian Merchant Navy

The Italian merchant fleet in the post-war years underwent significant quantitative and general structural changes. On the one hand, they were caused by the decommissioning of outdated and heavily worn-out vessels, and on the other hand, by the replenishment of the fleet with new, larger and more modern vessels. Changes in the composition and structure of the Italian merchant fleet for the period 1874 to 1983 are characterized by the following data.

	total quantity	total capacity
		thousand reg. tons	tankers		bulk carriers and carts		etc. su ships
			shaft. together reg. tons				shaft. together reg. tons

Italy is one of the most economically prosperous countries in Europe. And this can be seen not only by the level of well-being of its residents, but also by the quality of transport links within the country, which is a necessary factor for the development of business and tourism.

Road transport and roads in Italy

The road network in Italy is well developed and evenly distributed throughout the country, although there is a slight predominance of roads in the north of Italy compared to the south. However, this does not in any way affect the quality of road transport. Thanks to the dense network of roads, 80% of cargo transportation and 90% of passenger transportation are carried out by cars.

Buses of large Italian companies Sita and Autostradale transport passengers in the northern part of Italy. IN central regions Lazzi buses operate throughout the country. Bus transportation is highly organized, but ticket prices are quite high. Traveling by train is much cheaper, in addition, buses do not always adhere to the schedule.

There is no central bus station in Rome. Cotral buses operate between Rome and many cities. Passengers are disembarked at the Tiburtina railway station or near nearby metro stations.

There are many highways in Italy. Their technical condition is constantly monitored. Expressways on maps are indicated by the symbol (A) - autostrade. Immediately after the symbol is the number designation of the motorway, for example: A1 - Autostrada del Sole (Milano - Napoli / Milan - Naples). Highways are toll roads, and the longer the travel section, the better the price.

Driving around the city

In contrast to well-maintained intercity routes, many streets in Italian cities are not so convenient for vehicles. They are not wide enough and have many turns, which often results in traffic jams.

Railway of Italy

There is also great demand for rail transportation. A dense network of railways connects cities and towns in Italy. Like roads, many railways were built directly on the slopes of mountains. This explains the large number of bridges and tunnels that exist on any road in all parts of the country. The railway network is not only well equipped technically, but is also expanding, which makes it possible to quickly and easily get to any city in Italy.

Maritime transport in Italy

Maritime transport also plays a big role in the country's external and internal transportation. This is explained by the significant length of the coastline, the general position of Italy on the sea route, as well as the presence of islands that are part of the country. 144 ports - that’s how many there are on the shores of Italy. The largest is the port of Genoa, which is known throughout the world. The second largest port in terms of cargo turnover after Genoa is Trieste. The largest passenger port in Italy is Naples, which is the center of connections with Sardinia, Sicily and other islands. Navy Italy has more than a thousand ships.

Aviation

Due to the absence of large rivers in Italy, river transport here is poorly developed. The same cannot be said about civil aviation. There are many daily flights from Italy to various countries around the world. The largest airports in the country are Rome's Leonardo da Vinci (L'aeroporto di Roma Fiumicino), Milan's Linate and Malpensa.

Driving in Italy is on the right (drive on the left).

Italy has a developed network of railways and roads. More than 90% of passengers and over 80% of cargo are transported by cars. In external transportation, sea transport predominates.

In domestic transportation of goods and passengers, road transport plays the main role, followed by railway transport. The country ranks among the first in the world in terms of railway electrification.

Italy contains 1/4 of all European motorways (about 7 thousand km), including the world's oldest motorway Milan - Varese, built in 1924.

The main transport artery of the country is the Autostrada de la Sol, running across the whole of Italy, from Turin through Milan, Florence, Rome, Naples to Reggio Calabria.

Five international highways pass through Italy: London-Paris-Rome-Palermo, London-Lausanne-Milan-Brin-Disy, Rome-Berlin-Oslo-Stjordan, Rome-Vienna-Warsaw, Amsterdam-Basel-Genoa.

About half of the roads are in northern Italy; in the south of the country the density of the road network is much less.

Public transport

Italy has a developed bus and train public transport network. Getting to almost any point in the country is not difficult. There is also a metro: Milan, Rome, Naples, Catania, Turin, Genoa, Bari, Palermo.

The city bus is the main public transport in Italy. Entry to the bus is only through the back door with the inscription: "Salita", and exit - through the front door with the inscription: "Us-cita". Once on the bus, you must validate your ticket in a special yellow or orange composter located at the entrance. The driver does not sell tickets; they must be purchased in advance at automatic ticket offices, tobacco kiosks "Tabacceria" with a black and yellow sign and the letter "T". You can also buy tickets in the metro and some bars.

The same tickets are valid for all types of public transport (including railways within the city). One trip within 75 minutes from the moment the ticket is validated allows any transfer to another mode of transport. This ticket can only be used once on the metro. There are also passes for the day, week, month, year.

A tourist ticket for one day (BIG) costs 3-5 EUR and gives the right to unlimited travel on any type of public transport. A weekly ticket (“Settimanale” or CIS) costs 12 EUR. It can only be purchased at ATAC kiosks.

Taxi

It is usually not customary to catch a taxi on the street in Italy. In cities, there are special parking lots in squares, near metro stations, train stations, etc. But the easiest way is to order a taxi by phone from a hotel, restaurant or bar; If you don’t know the language, then ask the employee to call you a car, the word taxi is understood everywhere.

Travel cost ~1 EUR/km plus call cost ~3 EUR. Trips are paid according to the meter, but after 22:00, on holidays and Sundays, as well as if you have luggage or travel to another city, additional fees apply. Tips are welcome; the amount is usually rounded up to the nearest whole euro.

Every official taxi has a special sign English language, which indicates additional surcharges for luggage, travel at night, on Sundays and holidays, or for travel to the airport.

Metro

The Rome Metropolitan has two lines. Line A, 18 km long, connects the city center from Ottaviano near the Vatican to the eastern outskirts of the city, passing through Cinecitta (Anagnia). Line B runs north to the city outskirts (Rebbibia) and to EUR, a modern industrial complex in the south. The lines intersect at Termini. You can buy a special ticket, it is called a “big” ticket, with it you can travel both by bus and by metro during the day on any line.

The Milan metro is considered the best in Italy. MM consists of two branches (1 and 2) and serves the city and its outskirts. Tourists usually take the 1, going south near Stazione Centrale via Piazza del Maria della Grazie. Tickets are sold from vending machines at each station and are valid for 1 hour. 10 min. A one-day ticket allows you to use all types of transport.

Aviation transport

All major cities in Italy are connected by air lines, both with all countries of the world, and among themselves.

Air tickets are significantly more expensive than train and bus tickets, but when traveling long distances it is better to take an airplane.

Railway transport

An extensive national railway network connects many cities in the country; it is denser in the north, and motor transport is more developed in the south.

The trains are mostly modern and comfortable. Within the country and abroad there are fast trains - "espresso", super-fast - "rapide", direct - "diretto", suburban - "regional" (regio-nale) and local - "locale" The trains have both sleeping and seat place, and the cost of the first and second classes differs almost twice.

There are several types of trains: R - Regionale (regional, with a common cabin, making all stops), IC - Intercity (intercity, with compartments for 4-6 passengers), ES - Eurostar (between cities, better service during the trip, common cabin , more high price), EC - Eurocity (between Italian and European cities, compartments for 4-6 passengers), Espresso (non-stop express trains).

The railway has a flexible system of discounts and benefits. For tourists counting on long stay in Italy and intending to travel around the country, it is worth purchasing an “Italy Rail-card” or “Italy Flexi-card” for 4, 8, 12 or 30 days. These cards are sold at railway stations or from travel agencies.

Also keep in mind that the seat number on the ticket is only indicated when booking, and when purchasing a ticket at the ticket office (without booking), you need to be quite efficient and take up any free seat in the carriage. In the midst tourist season There are not enough seats, and passengers often stand in the aisles. Also, before boarding, do not forget to validate your ticket in a special composter on the platform, otherwise it will be considered invalid.

More information about train services in Italy can be found on the website: www.trenitalia.com

Water transport

In Italy, whose borders are washed by more than 90% of the seas and in which most of the territory is coastal areas, the maritime fleet is also important in the internal transport of passengers and especially goods.

90% of goods imported into Italy and 55-60% of exports pass through seaports. The largest Italian port of Genoa is one of the most important in the entire Mediterranean. Genoa serves as the gateway to the outside world for the entire North-West of Italy, as well as for Switzerland. Genoa's main rival and competitor on the Adriatic is Trieste, second in Italy in terms of cargo turnover and one of the most important oil ports in Europe. Through Trieste, North-Eastern Italy is connected with other countries of the Mediterranean, Near and Middle East, East Africa and East Asia.

River transport in Italy it is poorly developed (except for Venice, of course) due to the lack of large rivers and is represented mainly by gondolas and river taxis.

Car rental

To rent a car you need driver's license international standard, credit card (or in some cases cash deposit), the driver must be at least 21 years old.

When booking a car, you can also overpay a little and take the full insurance service (full insurance, from 10 EUR per day), which includes payment for any scratches and dents that drivers may acquire during the trip.

If the car was given to you with a full tank of gas, then you must return it with a full tank as well. For an additional fee, you can agree on an individual place to return the car.

Helpful information

The speed limits in Italy are: city 50 km/h, state roads 90 km/h, superstrada 100 km/h, autostrada 130 km/h. As a rule, speed limits on highways are controlled by AUTOVELOX devices, which automatically photograph the cars of violators.

It is worth noting that the penalties for drunk driving are quite high. The permissible blood alcohol level is no more than 0.8 ppm (one glass of dry wine or a glass of beer). We do not advise you to neglect these rules, since in Italy even punishment in the form of imprisonment is possible.

The traffic police in Italy are principled and incorruptible. Even hinting at a bribe to a traffic inspector can result in a motorist being arrested. It is useless to argue with the police - “for a discussion” the fine can be almost doubled.

Fines for violating traffic rules are quite high - for driving through a red light you will have to pay about 50 euros, for illegal parking - from 25 to 70 euros, for speeding - from 33 to 131 euros. Fines are usually paid on the spot.

If you are planning to travel around Italy by car, then you should know that roads in Italy are divided into three types: motorways (autostrade), superstrade (superstrade) and state roads (sta-tale).

Travel on major modern highways requires a fee. Motorways are marked with green signs with a white "A" followed by a number. When entering the highway you need to get a ticket, and when leaving the highway you need to pay for it. You can also pay for travel using Viacard or Telepass cards, which are purchased at payment points or service stations.

Along the highways there are Autogrills, where there are cafes, gas stations, toilets, supermarkets, ATMs and much more.

In large cities the streets historical center At certain times they are closed to cars, and parking is also a very serious problem. Italian drivers often park in any available spot without worrying too much about the actions of the police. Tourists are not recommended to behave this way - rental cars themselves (especially with license plates from other regions) immediately attract the attention of the police, and “habitable places” for such ersatz parking are, as a rule, unknown. It is prohibited to park in parking lots limited by the yellow line. Parking limited by the blue line is paid, while the white line is free or paid through a meter (disco orario, time limit - 30, 60 or 90 minutes). Near hotels, as a rule, it is allowed to leave a car for a short time, however, each establishment has its own rules - somewhere there is its own parking lot, and parking cars at the entrance is prohibited, somewhere a courtyard or a nearby alley is used for this.

Gas stations in urban areas are usually open from 8.00 to 13.00 and from 14.30 to 19.30, but on country routes almost all gas stations operate around the clock. In large cities there are mini-gas stations, which are 1-2 machines installed literally on a small spot. There are no service personnel at such stations; all actions are performed by the driver, payment is by credit card.

In a country like Italy, elongated in its configuration, jutting deep into the Mediterranean Sea in its very center, located at the intersection of many international transport routes, being the southern outpost of the European Economic Community on trade routes across the Mediterranean Sea, transport, both domestic and external plays a very important role. Italy has a well-developed transport network. The network of railways and roads in Italy developed mainly in the meridional direction. Latitudinal communications are insufficient, with the exception of the Padan Plain. Many roads and railways are built on steep slopes, in tunnels or over numerous bridges and viaducts, making them very expensive to build and maintain. In international road and rail transport, roads built in the Alps play an important role, especially through the passes of Simplon, Mont Cenis, Tarvisio, Saint Gotthard, Brenner and others, under which tunnels are made. In Italy, more than 90% of passengers and more than 80% of goods are transported by road. Out of 293 thousand km. About half of the roads are in Northern Italy. Italy has 1/4 of all European motorways (about 6 thousand km), including the world's oldest motorway, Milan-Varese, built in 1924. The main transport artery of the country is the Autostrada de la Sol, running across the whole of Italy, from Turin through Milan, Florence, Rome, Naples to Reggio Calabria. Five international highways pass through Italy: London-Paris-Rome-Palermo, London-Lausanne-Milan-Brindy, Rome-Berlin-Oslo-Stjordan, Rome-Vienna-Warsaw, Amsterdam-Basel-Genoa. The Italian vehicle fleet numbers over 20 million vehicles, including about 18 million passenger cars.

Railway transport could not withstand the fight against such a powerful competitor and was in a state of crisis for a long time. Only in recent years has the state, which owns 82% of the railways, begun to invest in their enhanced development. Some lines have been modernized, the Rome-Florence high-speed railway (“Diretettissima”) has been built, on which trains can reach speeds of up to 200-260 km per hour, this route forms part of the future high-speed highway connecting Milan with Florence, Rome, Naples. The total length of railways is 19.8 thousand km (including sidings), of which 10.2 thousand km are electrified.

With the development of the oil refining and petrochemical industries, the network of pipeline transport has grown. The total length of main oil and gas pipelines exceeds 8 thousand km. Some of them are of international importance, for example the pipeline supplying Russian gas to the North of Italy, the Trieste-Ingolstadt oil pipeline. An oil pipeline was laid from Genoa to Milan, Munich, and Switzerland.

Developing quite quickly civil Aviation. She occupies a prominent place in Western Europe. Large airports (Fiumicino near Rome, Linate near Milan) serve as important hubs for the international network of airlines connecting Europe with other continents. For domestic transport, the airports of Naples, Palermo, Venice, and Genoa are important. The country's air transport is 75% controlled by the state through the Alitalia company.

The different values ​​of the share of maritime transport in import and export transportation in physical and value terms are due to large differences in the nature of the goods transported. Import transportation is predominantly associated with the import of such bulk cargo as oil, coal, ore, grain, timber and certain types of food, which, despite their large physical volume, have a relatively lower cost. In contrast, export transportation is mainly associated with the export to foreign markets of a wide variety of industrial products, which, despite their smaller physical volume, have a significantly higher cost. For these reasons, the physical volume of imported goods is 5-6 times higher than the volume of exported goods. For maritime transport, Italy has a wide network of large and small ports, the ship and cargo turnover of which is increasing from year to year. In terms of port cargo turnover, Italy ranks 1st place among Mediterranean countries.

River transport in Italy is poorly developed due to the lack of large rivers. Small passenger ships of the type “ water buses”, cargo is transported in small quantities.

Italy has a fairly large merchant fleet in terms of the number of ships. It ranks eighth among the capitalist countries of the world (after Liberia, Japan, Great Britain, Norway, Greece, the USA and Germany). Among the EEC countries, Italy ranks 3rd in terms of the total gross tonnage of merchant fleet vessels, second only to Great Britain and Germany. Along with ships that fly the Italian flag, Italian shipowners have a significant number of ships registered in other countries and used in foreign markets under “flags of convenience”. The total number of such ships reaches 20-25% of the total tonnage of the Italian merchant fleet. These vessels are not taken into account in official statistical publications on the Italian merchant fleet.

Vessels of the Italian merchant fleet are used for their foreign trade and cabotage transport passing through Italian ports transit transportation cargo neighboring countries, as well as for international transport between foreign ports. Most of Italy's foreign trade cargo is transported by chartering foreign ships, for which significant amounts of foreign currency are paid annually to foreign shipowners. Italian ships still retain an increased role only in international passenger transport, which is largely supported by subsidies allocated annually.

Along with foreign trade transport, maritime transport plays an important role in ensuring domestic transport in Italy. It accounts for about one third of the country's total domestic traffic. These transports are usually carried out on ships flying the Italian flag.

The Italian merchant fleet is distinguished by its sophisticated organizational structure. Along with the presence of a Ministry of Merchant Marine and several large shipping companies controlled government organizations, such as the Finmare group, the joint stock company SNAM and Sidemar, in Italy there are a number of other large shipping companies and several hundred private shipowners and shipping companies with different composition and nature of activity.

Most private shipowners are members of the so-called national federation of independent shipowners - Confitarma. The Ministry of Merchant Marine has limited functions, which are more often manifested in resolving such issues as the distribution of appropriations for the fleet, the preparation of bills on certain issues of the merchant fleet and shipping, general issues of material support and insurance of seafarers and other issues.

When resolving general issues in the field of maritime transportation, serious complications arise due to the lack of a single body to manage the activities and development of seaports. Moreover, a number of large and important ports (Genoa, Trieste, etc.) have their own autonomous management administrations with varying degrees of administrative and financial independence. To consider and resolve issues that go beyond the functions and responsibilities of the Ministry of Merchant Marine, including ports, some other ministries are also involved.

Recently, in the maritime transport system there has been an expansion of the ministry’s activities on issues of state participation. Its activities have extended to some shipping companies benefiting from subsidies from the state industrial development institute. The Italian government's policy of providing loans and various subsidies plays a major role in ensuring state influence on maritime transport. It is based on providing financial assistance primarily to companies controlled by state organizations.

From 80 to 90% of the volume of imported, 55-60% of export cargo and about one third of the total volume of domestic traffic in Italy passes through seaports. In addition, a number of ports (Trieste, Genoa, Venice) are widely used for transit transportation of foreign trade goods from neighboring countries.

There are a total of more than 144 ports on the mainland coast and islands. However, most of them are small in size and are used mainly by cargo-passenger and local fishing vessels or pleasure and sports vessels.

Up to 90% of the total volume of maritime transport passes through 220-25 of the largest ports, each of which has an annual cargo turnover of more than 1 million tons. These ports are located in the areas of large industrial and economic centers or individual large oil refineries, chemical, metallurgical and engineering plants with which the ports are closely connected and which they mainly serve.

During 1981-1992, the total cargo turnover of Italian ports increased 2.5 times and in 1992 amounted to 357.3 million tons, with a tendency to further increase. More than 2/3 of the total cargo turnover of ports is associated with servicing foreign trade transport and about one third - with servicing domestic transport.

Genoa is the largest Italian port. Located at the top of the Gulf of Genoa in the Ligurian Sea. The total length of its berths is 22.4 km, the depths in the port basins are from 7 to 10 m. The semicircular Vecchia basin, to which the ancient city quarters descend like an amphitheater, is the oldest part of the port, where all its activities were concentrated at the beginning of the century. Nowadays it is used mainly by passenger ships. The Genoese port began to develop in a western direction. A long breakwater formed a new artificial harbor, including a deep-water outport and several rectangular basins separated by piers. Large-capacity vessels use the eastern entrance to enter the port.

Immediately to the west of the port, on artificially reclaimed territory, is the largest metallurgical plant in Italy, and even further to the west major airport on an artificially created peninsula enclosing a new deep-water oil harbor. Genoa is the second most important (after Marseille) port on the Mediterranean Sea. During the Middle Ages, Genoa was the largest trade intermediary between the countries of the West and the East. After the construction of railways in the middle of the last century, the port became a sea gateway for the densely populated and economically developed Po Valley, especially for the industrial triangle Milan-Turin-Bologna. Genoa is the home port of the Italian merchant fleet.

Naples - main port southern part of the country. Located on the shore of the bay of the same name Tyrrhenian Sea at the foot active volcano Vesuvius. It is one of the oldest cities and tourist centers Europe. Every year, over 2 million passengers, tourists and emigrants pass through Naples' maritime terminals. The port water area is fenced by a pier, two breakwaters and consists of several basins separated by short piers. The port is divided into three zones: passenger ( West Side), grain and general cargo (central part) and the zone of bulk and liquid cargo ( East End). One of the piers in the central part has the status of a free zone. Situated approximately halfway between Gibraltar and Port Said, Naples serves as a convenient port of call for liner ships. Raw materials for oil refineries and metallurgical plants in the vicinity of Naples, as well as their products, form the bulk of the cargo turnover of the port of Naples. The share of vegetables, fruits and canned goods traditional for Naples in modern cargo turnover is small. A severe crisis hit the port of Naples in the 1980s due to a sharp reduction in international maritime passenger traffic (caused by a decrease in emigration). This forced Naples to give up Brindisi as the country's first passenger port.

Venice is the main Italian port on the Adriatic Sea and one of the most unique cities in the world. Located in a shallow lagoon of the Gulf of Venice on 119 islands separated by 160 channels. The depth of the entrance to the lagoon, in the upper part of which the port is located, is: Lido - 10.6 m, at Alberoni - 9.14 m. A canal leads to Marghera, the new industrial port of Venice, accessible to sea vessels with a draft of up to 9.45 m. By passenger turnover Venice is second only to Naples and Genoa. The port is partly located in the western part of the city, partly on the coast of the mainland (Marghera) 10 km from the city. The main part of the port's cargo turnover falls on its mainland, where three industrial zones, including over 200 industrial enterprises, are located on the territory reclaimed from the sea.

Trieste is the largest free harbor in Europe. Proximity to continental countries that do not have their own access to the sea creates a large area of ​​gravity, including Austria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary and other countries, so transit cargo predominates in the cargo turnover of Trieste. The port consists of four harbors: new, old, customs and industrial. The length of the berthing front is about 20 km. Trieste is the deepest Italian port. After the construction of oil piers and their connection with the transalpine oil pipeline, cargo turnover increased 5 times. The industrial zone of Trieste, like many other Italian ports, includes an oil refinery and metallurgical plants.