What kind of transport is there? River transportation of passengers What can be a water passenger public
URBAN ENVIRONMENT
UDC 016 (470.61) BBK 39.483
I.V. Makeev
WATER PASSENGER TRANSPORT OF ST. PETERSBURG. IN SEARCH OF GROWTH POINTS
A comprehensive analysis of the current state of water passenger transport in St. Petersburg is presented in order to identify new growth points. Based on the application of statistical methods, problematic situations were identified that have a braking effect for shipowners: the problem of water use, insufficient development of infrastructure, planned work on clearing bottom sediments, etc. The article presents a cartographic representation of all waterways, divided into four categories, and their analysis is presented. The author also identified the reasons for the ongoing “boom” in this industry: from an increase in volume domestic tourism until changes in legislation. The practical significance of the presented approaches is due to the development of recommendations for further development water tourism in St. Petersburg.
Keywords:
city shipowners association, waterways of St. Petersburg, urban water transport, canals, passenger transportation, rivers.
Makeev I.V. Water passenger transport of St. Petersburg. In search of growth points // Society. Wednesday. Development. - 2018, No. 1. - P. 152-157.
© Makeev Ivan Vladimirovich - graduate student, Russian State Pedagogical University named after. A.I. Herzen; General Director, shipping company "Odyssey", St. Petersburg; e-mail: [email protected]
It is an indisputable fact that St. Petersburg is the center international tourism. The city currently ranks first in the country in terms of the number of individual tourists. So, if Moscow “passes” about 15% of the total number of tourists, then the share of the tourist flow received by St. Petersburg in 2017 exceeded 50%. And the number of people employed in the tourism sector is already more than two hundred thousand people. At a meeting of the city government, a special program for the development of tourism was developed for the next 5 years, until 2023, where it was decided to increase the share in the gross regional product from 1 to 6%.
It is known that the most prestigious award in the field of world tourism is the World Travel Awards, which since 1993 have been awarded by tourists, experts and leaders of the industry. In 2017, our city received awards in two categories at once: “Leading global tourist destination", as well as "The leading urban destination of the world" The most important facts are
The following reasons were used to identify the winning city: the safety of the city for tourists, developed urban infrastructure, and the hotel network of the tourist destination. One of the problematic situations on the eve of the world's largest sports forum - the IEA World Cup 2018 - seems to be the integrated development of all types of urban transport: ground, underground and water, where the absolute priorities are safety and comfort for passengers, especially in the summer, when the city literally overflowing with tourists from all parts of the world. The annual tourist flow shows stable growth. In 2016 Northern Capital About 6.9 million people visited, which is 0.4 million more than in 2015. About 2.9 million citizens of other countries passed through customs checkpoints in offices in the Northwestern Federal District.
St. Petersburg is a special city, which is the undisputed leader in the
authorities of inbound and domestic tourism in Russian Federation. The development of urban water transport is a strategic priority that requires painstaking analysis and interaction between federal and regional authorities, as well as representatives of this traditional service market for the city on the Neva. Along with the increase in the number of guests to our city, the indicators of passengers transported by urban water transport are also growing. From 2008 to 2016, the number of tourists visiting St. Petersburg increased by 43.8%, and the number of passengers annually transported on intracity routes increased by 38.9%. It is worth recognizing that, according to unofficial data, significantly more passengers are transported per year, but not all trips are carried out through fiscal documents (Fig. 1).
Rice. 1. Dynamics of growth in St. Petersburg tourism and passenger transportation on intracity water transport routes 2008-2016. Compiled according to data from the St. Petersburg state institution “External Transport Agency”.
Currently, there are about 50 shipping companies operating in St. Petersburg, providing excursion services on rivers and canals. Of these, about 75% of passenger transportation is carried out by 12 companies that are members of the Association of Passenger Ship Owners. Motor ship routes with stops are becoming increasingly popular, where with a pre-purchased ticket you can get on board or get off at any stop, and the route is circular. It should be recognized that the future lies with such routes; this is how the movement of water passenger transport is organized in European cities, where there is much more experience in organizing excursion and pleasure shipping. Perhaps good will is needed in the matter of expanding the largest association of shipowners in the city, for discussion
issues of interaction between business and government. Thus, in the historical center of the city you can get a number of well-functioning, popular circular routes with a high level of comprehensive security; such plans can only be implemented within the framework of the association. Thanks to collective work, it was possible to “save” for domestic and foreign tourists the construction of bridges on the Neva, which officials wanted to cancel for viewing from aboard an excursion ship, due to unfinished safety requirements. The most pressing issues for most shipowners are the following problem situations:
For more than 10 years, there has been a problem of water use in which the use of surface water bodies or parts thereof falls on shipping companies. In 2016, at a meeting of the State Council, the President gave instructions by March 1, 2017 to abolish such agreements for passenger water transport altogether, but this process, unfortunately, was not completed by 2018.
Since 2016, the Federal Antimonopoly Service has issued a decree that obliges ships operating intra-city excursion and tourist routes, even slightly going into sea waters (since there is no other way, due to geography, to pass from the Neva River delta) to pay fees to the Federal State Unitary Enterprise "Rosmorport" " Previously, such deductions were not made. Thus, instead of the government’s policy to support small businesses, new fees have been introduced.
Currently in St. Petersburg there are only two specialized berths for collecting household waste, including fecal water. These points are located at a sufficient distance from the historical center - the main navigation area for water excursion transport (the first is near the River Station, which is very far away, and on the Makarov embankment behind the Tuchkov Bridge, which is overloaded). The lack of this kind of infrastructure provokes unscrupulous boat operators to illegally dump waste into the Neva and the Gulf of Finland, which certainly has an adverse effect on the environment and sanitary conditions on rivers and canals.
In 2016, planned work to clear bottom sediments of the Moika River bed in the area of the “colored” bridges made it impossible to carry out excursions during almost the entire navigation.
activity, blocking the river bed during daylight hours. The presented process was extremely drawn out, since only one dredger was involved in its implementation, due to a lack of funds allocated by the city. It is logical to assume that two dredgers would have been able to clear the Moika River, which was last cleaned 60 years ago, twice as fast.
As can be seen from table. 1, over two years of tracking statistics of passenger transportation by water transport, passenger traffic increased by almost 25%. It should be noted that this sample does not include carrier companies in the shadow sector that are not members of the association. According to unofficial data, this is about 600,000 more “unaccounted for” passengers per year, where, however, there is also an increase in passenger traffic of about 20%. At the same time, most transportation is carried out along the rivers and canals of the city, where the heaviest traffic is observed during the peak load of the high season.
In 2016, about 1.5 million people were transported on excursion and walking routes, which is 59% of the total passenger traffic on water transport routes in St. Petersburg. Thus, we can say that the industry is experiencing a “real boom” and this is due to several factors:
Increasing the volume of domestic tourism. By economic reasons St. Petersburg is chosen by citizens of the Russian Federation, preferring Europe and traditional beach holidays.
Increasing the volume of incoming tourism. Due to changes in exchange rates in favor of the euro and dollar, the flow of foreign tourists to St. Petersburg has increased significantly.
Changes in legislation in terms of simplifying the procedure for obtaining a license for passenger transportation by water, including using small vessels, which was not the case before.
Significant increase in the number of ships for passenger transportation. Over 10 years, the number of ships has tripled. It has become possible to use ships or spare parts for them of foreign manufacture, not manufactured according to the standards developed
Table 1
Dynamics of passenger transportation volumes by water transport in St. Petersburg in 2014-2016, people.
Year On the high-speed fleet Along the river. Neva and Gulf of Finland Via city canals Total Change in total passenger traffic compared to last year %
2014 401 176 267 531 703 591 1 372 298 -
2015 476 773 299 797 780 607 1 557 177 13,47
2016 549 035 310 468 848 759 1 708 262 9,7
nerdy back in Soviet time. The development and construction of new passenger ships is underway.
Speaking about the development of public water transport in St. Petersburg, a comparative analysis with Venice, where water transport occupies a dominant position, suggests itself. The passenger traffic of Vaporetto water buses (literally “ferry”) reaches a whopping 200 million passengers per year, comparable to underground transport. For comparison: the busiest line of the St. Petersburg metro, Moskovsko-Petrogradskaya, carries about 250 million passengers a year. Northern Venice's public (linear) water transport began to appear about 10 years ago and has a small market share, although the Venice water bus was launched in 1881 and has been operated by a state-owned monopoly company since 1978. For the city on the Neva, it is more typical to rent pleasure boats for events - weddings and school proms, or for group excursions with a guide. Due to the high cost of the service and seasonality, the small water transport of St. Petersburg cannot perform the functions of a taxi, as in Venice, while residents and guests of Venice simply have no choice. The congestion of the canals by the small fleet of gondolas in Venice is solved by limiting the number of licenses issued to operate these classic rowing ships. There can be no more than 425 gondoliers in total, and they are required to work in different shifts: day and night, no more than 12 hours each. With such measures, the authorities wanted to achieve not only the opportunity to relieve the narrow Venetian canals from clumsy (11 meters long and 1.4 meters wide) wooden gondolas, but also to “protect” them in this way. The city residents themselves asked to add this most important historical symbol of Venice to the list of UNESCO cultural heritage sites. The craft of making them was passed on from father to son by many people.
For many years, the standards and materials for their construction remained unchanged, but recently they began to be created from plastic, and not according to ancient technologies, which outraged the residents of the city with centuries-old traditions.
In St. Petersburg, with the rapid growth in the number of small vessels and in conditions of a sharp shortage of water space, this would not have been possible. We do not have such traditions and continuity; among the many shipping companies in St. Petersburg, all are initially in different “weight categories” due to different durations of presence on the market. Private shipbuilding in Russia is a very expensive project, which allows you to “return” investments, sometimes only after 10 years. If the number of small vessels were maintained now, this would not allow new shipping companies with modern modernized vessels to appear on the market, which means competition would disappear, the quality of service would decrease, and fleet modernization would slow down. And this is one of the most important conditions for the development of urban shipping.
One of the sensitive problems on the rivers and canals of the historical center remains the safety of navigation and navigation in a narrow space limited by granite embankments and low spans of vaulted bridges. The installation of traffic lights on bridge spans did not lead to the desired effect of eliminating water congestion, since it was impossible to predict where the ship was moving from - downstream or upstream. Everywhere on vessels under the technical control of the Russian River Register of Shipping, an AIS surveillance system and a GLONASS satellite navigation system were introduced to ensure that vessels do not enter prohibited areas at the wrong time. Conversations via walkie-talkies are recorded in case of emergency situations, and they are now the most effective for eliminating possible accidents on the water. In conditions closed system Navigators of motor ships have been working for years, they constantly monitor the water level and know perfectly well the dimensions of their own and “neighboring” ships in order to agree on the radio station who is letting whom through and which sides are convenient for passing. Everyone knows each other literally by their names or call signs, which are the names of the ships. By default, priority is given to vessels going downstream.
Based on global trends and forecasts for the development of foreign small-sized
of the fleet in St. Petersburg, for the period up to 2025, we can predict an annual increase in the number of ships in St. Petersburg of up to 5%. While maintaining such positive dynamics of growth in passenger traffic and increasing units of excursion water transport, a real shortage of water space is emerging in the historical part of St. Petersburg. Thus, already in 2020, traffic along the circular route “Fontanka River - Kryukov Canal - Moika River - Winter Canal - Neva River - Fontanka River” will be significantly difficult. A route that previously took 60-70 minutes will take 90-100 minutes even on weekdays. And in 2025, on certain turning and crossing sections of inland waterways, forced stops in traffic jams will reach 20-25 minutes to allow oncoming convoys of ships to pass. In this state of affairs, forecasting and finding a way out of this situation is extremely important. Practice has shown that in the confined space of canals, installing traffic lights on bridge clearances does not work, but only slows down traffic. In 2013, such a traffic light system was introduced in test mode, and then at the end of navigation it was eliminated. The decision to separate routes seems quite simple. In other words, some of the ships based on the Neva can be allowed to sail exclusively along the front part of the Neva, and ships that begin their route in the canals can be closed without access to the Neva. This kind of “synchronization”, of course, will allow for some time to relieve the congestion of small rivers and canals, but from the point of view of the quality of the services provided, this will be difficult to justify. As a rule, most consumers want to see the front Neva and small rivers and canals, and few people want to buy a ticket twice. Therefore, more radical solutions to this problem arise.
The fact is that in internal rivers and canals from the Neva to this moment Passenger ships can only enter in one way - through the Prachechny Bridge on the Fontanka River. The exit from the canals is carried out in two ways through the Winter Canal, as well as through the Fontanka, through the same Laundry Bridge. And if within the system of small rivers 150-200 ships simultaneously go in different directions, which due to their size cannot pass under the vaulted bridges, then due to the limited connection with the main water artery of the city of Neva, transport begins
collapse, which is no longer uncommon now, not only on weekends or holidays, but also on days with sunny weather.
Administratively, all waterways of St. Petersburg can be divided into three categories, where different rules and laws apply (Fig. 2):
1. Inland sea waters, including the waters of seaports. In St. Petersburg, these include all the waters west of the Blagoveshchensky Bridge, Tuchkov Bridge and west of the Krestovsky and Elagin Islands.
2. Inland waterways of the Russian Federation. This includes the Neva River and its branches east of the Blagoveshchensky and Tuchkov bridges throughout the city limits.
3. Inland waterways of the city of St. Petersburg. These are almost all the small rivers and canals of the city, starting from the Karpovka River in the north, and ending with the Obvodny Canal on the southern border of the historical building.
4. A section of the Bolshaya Neva with a length of 1350 meters, related to internal sea routes, necessary to expand the traffic area of excursion and pleasure boats.
All these waterways interact with each other and have different administrative
rational submission. Now passenger and excursion ships cannot enter west of the Blagoveshchensky Bridge, since there is already a zone of the Big Port of St. Petersburg, special port services operate there, cargo ships are moored in the roadstead, and large ferries moor. And for a long time this state of affairs was absolutely justified. But the city’s hydrographic network is practically static, and the needs of city excursion transport are changing, especially rapidly in recent years.
The Moika River flows into the Bolshaya Neva just between Novo-Admiralteysky Island in the north and Matisov Island in the south. And theoretically, this is another missing exit or entrance to the Neva, which over time will definitely be needed to relieve congestion on small rivers and canals. The Novo-Admiralteysky Canal, located nearby, can serve as an additional exit to the Neva for small vessels, and the Moika River, due to its characteristics in this area, is excellent for the entry and exit of single-deck vessels of any type. Due to the overhaul of the Tuchkov Bridge on the Malaya Neva in 2015-2016. an exception has already been made, and double-deckers, as well as high-speed passenger ships, were allowed
Rice. 2. Waterways of the city of St. Petersburg. 1 - internal sea waters. 2 - inland waterways of the Russian Federation. 3 - inland waterways of the city of St. Petersburg. 4 - section of the Bolshaya Neva, related to internal sea routes.
south of Vasilyevsky Island to the Gulf of Finland in the directions to Petrodvorets and Kronstadt. In the foreseeable future, the need to open a section of the Bolshaya Neva from the Mining Institute to the Blagoveshchensky Bridge looks more than justified. A joint search for a compromise is necessary for all water transport in the city. If only a section of the Bolshaya Neva with a length of only 1350 meters is opened during the daytime, this will certainly help relieve the congestion of small rivers and canals by 40%. Thus, in this part of the Moika the necessary berthing infrastructure will appear, new interesting routes, with a transfer hub in the New Holland Island cluster, which was originally conceived for the needs of the fleet. There will be integration of urban water transport. This will give a real impetus to the development of this historical part of the city, located on the periphery and away from metro stations and highways public transport. It is worth recognizing that ceremonial ensembles Promenade des Anglais and the Lieutenant Schmidt embankment from the water are also very interesting for guests and residents of our city.
The status of the customs inspection zone for ferry vessels mooring in this section of the water area is, of course, difficult in terms of changing legislation. The process of bureaucratic changes and approvals can drag on for more than one year, the more important it is to start the analysis
the current situation together with the authorities earlier. Recognizing the importance of St. Petersburg as the largest transport and transit hub for freight transport, which, before the bridges are raised, begins to queue for further movement towards Lake Ladoga, you can limit access to the Bolshaya Neva, say, until midnight. Thus, it is possible to exclude various emergency situations in matters of safety of navigation and transportation of passengers, since we know that barges and dry cargo ships, due to their dimensions, can only pass at night, when the bridges are already raised, and the pleasure and excursion fleet is absent in the Bolshaya Neva according to navigation rules at night.
Water excursion and pleasure transportation is an integral part of the culture of the city, which was conceived as the sea capital of Russia. It is not without reason that almost every third guest of our city takes the opportunity to see Northern Venice from board a ship or boat. Water tourism continues its development at the intersection of various industries, taking on the challenges of new times. Decisions on the development of passenger shipping in the historical part of the city are possible only in conditions of deep interaction between interested departments and transportation market participants to develop measures aimed at developing the waterways of St. Petersburg that are unused for various reasons.
Bibliography:
External Transport Agency. - Internet resource. Access mode: http://avt.kt.gov.spb.ru/
Andrey Mushkarev: on the development of tourism in 2018 // Official city tourism portal of St. Petersburg Visit Petersburg. - Internet resource. Access mode: http://www.visit-petersburg. ru/ru/news/1627/
Association of Passenger Ship Owners of St. Petersburg. - Internet resource. Access mode: http://www.avps.ru/
Gladky Yu.N., Makeev I.V. Pollution of rivers and canals of St. Petersburg as a limiting factor in the development of water transport // Geology and civilization: Geology at school and university. - St. Petersburg: publishing house of the Russian State Pedagogical University named after. A.I. Herzen, 2016. - pp. 228-230.
Zubarev E.V., Fedorova M.M. River passenger transport in the sea capital: current state and development prospects // Transport of the Russian Federation. - 2009, No. 1 (20). - P. 66-68.
Makeev I.V. On the “shortage” of water space for the development of tourism in St. Petersburg // Geography of the development of science and education. - St. Petersburg: Publishing house of the Russian State Pedagogical University named after. A.I. Herzen, 2016. -S. 141-145.
Makeev I.V. On the development of water tourism in St. Petersburg // Geography of the development of science and education. - St. Petersburg: Publishing house of the Russian State Pedagogical University named after. A.I. Herzen, 2016. - pp. 138-141.
Makeev I.V. St. Petersburg as one of the centers for the development of river transport in Russia // Natural and cultural heritage: interdisciplinary research, conservation and development. - St. Petersburg: Publishing house of the Russian State Pedagogical University named after. A.I. Herzen, 2016. - pp. 519-521.
Saint Petersburg - best city Europe! // Official city tourism portal of St. Petersburg Visit Petersburg. - Internet resource. Access mode: http://www.visit-petersburg.ru/ru/news/1396/
Statistics. Development of the tourist market // Official website of the administration of St. Petersburg. - Internet resource. Access mode: http://gov.spb.ru/gov/otrasl/c_tourism/statistic/
The director of the Moscow River Shipping Company told The Village about the development of water transport as an alternative to the metro, how yachts are becoming more accessible and about the new route from Bolotnaya.
- Olga Zhurkova April 28, 2012
- 9847
- 5
On April 20, the passenger navigation season opened in Moscow for the 79th time. About whether it is possible to win with the help river boats the problems of traffic jams in Moscow, about boats with flashing lights and about the new route for Bolotnaya. The Village talked with the General Director of the Moscow River Shipping Company Konstantin Anisimov.
TRAFFIC PROBLEM
However, this year we will launch two transport routes. One in the Crocus Expo area, next to the Myakinino metro station. There, a residential area is located on one side of the Moscow River, and a metro station is on the other. There is no bridge yet, the bypass route is taking time. This is where river transport is necessary and, I think, will be in demand. We also decided to conduct an experiment and open one water metro route on the high-speed motor ship "Raketa": from the Pechatniki pier to the Ustinsky Bridge on Kitay-Gorod. For now, we will launch two or three morning and evening flights. Pechatniki can be reached in just 20 minutes. “Rocket” reaches speeds of up to 60 km/h - this is a very noticeable speed on the water, passengers will ride like a breeze.
In this experimental mode, we plan to evaluate all the risks and prospects, as well as the commercial side of the issue. Now we will set the price at 30–50 rubles, this is approximately the same price that was discussed at the mayor’s office. In general, we would like to take part in a state competition, if one is announced, we have ready-made transport, a route, and experience. In general, it seems to me that by developing this direction further, we will not go wrong: the city has long been in need of alternative transport routes, at least in the summer.
ABOUT DISCOS ON THE WATER
AND THE ROUTE FOR THE SWAMP
|
The Moscow River does not remain desolate: search the Internet for “rest on the river” - there will be a lot of offers. There are restaurants on the water, discos on the water, just walks. II understand perfectly well that many people do not like the music that comes from the decks, but this is a matter of taste. Moreover, according to my observations, the temperature on the ship is higher than on the shore, people drink more and relax more. But we have a marketing department, they are trying to come up with some new offers, jazz cruises for example.It’s difficult to come up with new routes: you can’t turn the river back; all the routes were basically invented in the 50s. But last year we launched a new walk from the pier on Bolotnaya Square with access to the Moscow River near the Cathedral of Christ the Savior. |
During the 2012 navigation they plan to transport
|
The ship passes by the Kremlin, goes to Staroe Zamoskvorechye and returns to the Luzhkov Bridge. There, as you know, the bridges are very low, and our usual ship will not pass along this route. But recently we presented a new class motor ship “Stolichny” - this is a low vessel with a glass retractable roof, a convertible on the water, capable of passing under the bridges of the Obvodny Canal. It offers a wonderful panorama.
By the way, last year the route was not particularly popular. But now that Bolotnaya Square has become a symbolic place in Moscow, we hope that the demand for our walk will increase.
ABOUT TOURISTS
|
Moscow - not very tourist town. For the last four years, the tourist flow has been declining. At the same time, in recent years, hotels in the capital have been demolished - in general, a lot has been done to ensure that no one comes here. Now this trend seems to have reversed, and the situation must change. If you look at Paris, there are a lot of ships sailing along the Seine, and they are jam-packed with people, but 90% are foreigners or French who came to Paris to get to know the capital. |
Pool area 17,600 square kilometers. |
Water is primarily a tourism product.All our new ships are equipped with simultaneous translation facilities into many languages and have an excursion program. Cruises from Moscow to St. Petersburg are very popular among tourists.Two ships are insured by foreign companies, there are VIP cabins, satellite TV, Wi-Fi.
This year we launched a medical cruise, or rather a dietary cruise. The entire menu is written there by day; tourists are accompanied by nutritionists. There are ethnographic cruises - this applies to more routes along the Volga. Many nationalities live there: Tatars, Chuvashs, Mordovians. They talk about their history and life.
ABOUT BOATS WITH FLASHING LIGHTS
Young, rich... But several people die on cars every day, compared to one or two incidents on the water during navigation - this cannot be avoided. Moreover, just Last year There were fewer such cases, and there was a fierce fight against this. Fifteen years ago, drunk people on jet skis in beach areas simply drove over the heads of vacationers, many people died - they simply didn’t write much about it, but now every case is resonant. And the state inspection for small vessels - it is part of the Ministry of Emergency Situations - closely monitors the whole situation: they have their own boats, more or less order has been restored here, there is no more such impudence.
ABOUT MIDDLE CLASS YACHT
I am absolutely confident in the socialization of yachting. Naturally, until now the majority of yacht clubs concentrated in the Moscow region are an expensive pleasure. Some of these clubs belong to private cottage villages, where the yacht club is a means of increasing capitalization. And yet, if you believe the statistics, the vast majority of yachts are scattered across various boat parking lots; people take yachts home, put them in garages or on closed water where there is no shipping. This suggests that yachting is becoming interesting not only to very rich people. It is the middle, affordable segment that is developing: the number of million-dollar yachts is decreasing, they are leaving Russia abroad, and 7- and 10-meter yachts are appearing, the cost of which ranges from one hundred thousand to several million rubles.
ABOUT PERSONAL BOAT IN EUROPE
|
In Europe, yachting is a common thing. France, the Netherlands, and Belgium are literally cut by small rivers and canals; small ships (up to 20 meters) sail along them. Anyone can take the helm - just show your passport and leave a deposit. We, of course, are very far from these countries, primarily in terms of infrastructure: gas stations, boat stations, services - we don’t have all this. At the same time, the problem is that in Russia the rivers are much deeper and wider, large-scale shipping is developed, and maneuvering a small yacht through such bodies of water is much more dangerous. Therefore, in Russia, in order to take the helm, you need special rights. And not everywhere you can rent a yacht; for example, we only let yachts with their own crew. |
They flow into the Moscow River 92 tributaries, and they themselves feed on a huge number of rivers, rivers, streams, springs; adjacent to the Moscow River basin 362 rivers and about 550 streams. |
Maritime transport is important primarily because it provides a significant part of Russia’s foreign trade relations. Internal transportation (cabotage) is essential only for supplying northern and east coasts countries. The share of sea transport in cargo turnover is 8%, although the mass of transported cargo is less than 1% of the total. This ratio is achieved due to longest average transportation distance - about 4.5 thousand km. Passenger transportation by sea is insignificant.
Globally maritime transport ranks first in terms of cargo turnover, standing out for its minimal cargo transportation. In Russia it is relatively poorly developed, since the main economic centers of the country are remote from sea coasts. Besides most of The seas surrounding the country's territory are frozen, which increases the cost of using sea transport. A serious problem is the country's outdated fleet. Most of the ships were built more than 20 years ago and should be decommissioned by world standards. There are practically no ships of modern types: gas carriers, lighter carriers, container ships, ships with horizontal loading and unloading, etc. There are only 11 large seaports on the territory of Russia, which is not enough for a country of this size. About half of Russian cargo transported by sea is serviced by ports of other countries. These are mainly ports of the former Soviet republics: Odessa (Ukraine), Ventspils (Latvia), Tallinn (Estonia), Klaipeda (Lithuania). The use of seaports of other states leads to financial losses. To solve this problem, new ports are being built on the coasts of the Baltic and Black Seas.
The leading sea basin in Russia in terms of cargo turnover is currently the Far Eastern. Its main ports are Vladivostok and Nakhodka, which rarely freeze. A modern Vostochny port with terminals for the export of coal and timber cargo was built near Nakhodka. The port of Vanino is also of great importance, located on the final section of the Baikal-Amur railway line. This port operates a ferry connecting the railway network of mainland Russia with the network of Sakhalin Island (port of Kholmsk).
The Northern Basin is in second place in terms of cargo turnover. The main ports in it are: Murmansk (non-freezing, although located beyond the Arctic Circle) and Arkhangelsk (timber export, both sea and river). Major ports They also operate at the mouth of the Yenisei. These are Dudinka, through which ore concentrates are exported from Norilsk, and Igarka, through which timber and forest products are transported. Northern section sea route between the mouth of the Yenisei and Murmansk is year-round, which is ensured by the use of powerful icebreakers, including nuclear ones. Navigation east of the mouth of the Yenisei is carried out only 2-3 months in the summer
The third most important is the Baltic Basin. Its main ports are St. Petersburg (freezing) and Kaliningrad (non-freezing). Using the convenient Kaliningrad port is difficult, since it is separated from the main part of Russia by the territories of foreign countries. Near St. Petersburg there is a small port of Vyborg, through which mainly timber cargo is transported. The ports of Ust-Luga and Primorsk are being built.
The Cheriomorsk-Azov basin is in fourth place in terms of cargo turnover. There are two ice-free oil export ports here - Novorossiysk (the most powerful in Russia) and Tuapse. Maritime transport also includes transportation across the Caspian Sea. The largest ports here are the ports of Astrakhan (both sea and river) and Makhachkala, through which mainly oil cargo is transported.
River transport
River transport (or inland waterway) was the main one in Russia until the end of the 19th century. At present its importance is small - about 2% of cargo turnover and weight of transported goods. Although this is a cheap mode of transport, it has serious disadvantages. The main thing is that the directions of river flow often do not coincide with the directions of cargo transportation. Expensive canals have to be built to connect neighboring river basins. In Russia, river transport is a seasonal mode of transport, since rivers freeze for several months a year. The total length of navigable river routes in Russia is 85 thousand km. 3/4 of the cargo currently transported by Russian river transport is mineral and construction materials. Passenger transportation by river transport is insignificant, as well as by sea.
More than half of the country's river transport freight turnover falls on the Volga-Kama basin. It is connected by channels with neighboring basins (Don, Neva, Northern Dvina, White Sea), being the basis of the Unified deep-water system of the European part of the country. The largest river ports are also located here: Nizhny Novgorod, Northern, Southern and Western in Moscow, Kazan, Samara, Volgograd, Astrakhan. In second place in terms of cargo turnover is the West Siberian basin, which includes the Ob and its tributaries. In addition to construction materials, oil cargo makes up a significant share of transportation. The main ports are Novosibirsk, Tobolsk, Surgut, Labytnangi, Tyumen. The third in Russia is the Northern Dvina basin with its tributaries Sukhona and Vychegda. A significant share of its transportation is made up of timber cargo. The main ports are Arkhangelsk and Kotlas.
River transport is of great importance in the northeastern part of Russia, where there are virtually no networks of other modes of transport. The bulk of cargo is delivered to these territories in the summer either from the south of the railway (along the Yenisei from Krasnoyarsk, along the Lena from Ust-Kut), or from the mouths of rivers, where cargo is delivered by sea.
1. Complete the tasks.
1) Mark (fill in the circle) different colors land, water, air and underground transport in the village. 74-75.
2) Mark passenger, cargo and special transport on the same pages with the first letters of these words (write the letter in the box).
Within this framework, decipher the symbols, that is, show what color or letter each type of transport is indicated by.
2. Give examples of transport that is also:
a) ground, passenger, personal: a car;
b) ground, passenger, public: bus, passenger train, tram, trolleybus;
c) water, passenger, personal: boat, cutter, jet ski;
d) water, passenger, public: motor ship, water bus.
3. Write down the phone numbers you call:
a) firefighters - 01
b) police - 02
V) " Ambulance» — 03
Write down a single emergency telephone number:112
4. Compare sizes Vehicle shown in the figure. In the red squares, number them in order of increasing size, and in the blue squares, number them in order of decreasing size. Ask your deskmate to check on you.
5. Make and write down a general plan for a story about the history of various types of transport.
1) Transport in ancient times.
2) Invention of the steam engine.
3) The appearance of transport using an internal combustion engine.
4) The emergence of aviation.
5) Flights into space.
6) Electric motors are the future of transport.
History of various modes of transport
In ancient times people also used different kinds transport. Most of them people still use today. For example, even now you can see a horse pulling a cart, and wooden boats hollowed out from tree trunks take part in sports competitions. People also rode and transported goods on dogs, camels, elephants, donkeys and other domestic animals.
In the 19th century, an event occurred that dramatically changed transport - the steam engine, invented in the 17th century, began to be used in transport. So in 1801, the first steam locomotive in history was built and several steam-powered carriages were built. It was also around this time that the first steamship was built.
At the end of the 19th century, a more advanced engine was invented - the internal combustion engine. The first motorcycle was built in 1885, and the first car was built in 1886. A little later, motor ships that were more advanced than steamships began to be produced en masse. A few decades later railways The diesel locomotives also went.
In the 20th century, the development of transport went by leaps and bounds. In 1903, the Wright brothers first flew an airplane. Airplanes improved quickly. The most different types aviation transport: sports, passenger, cargo, military. The engines that powered the planes also quickly became more and more powerful. Airplanes now fly using jet engines, some of which are capable of breaking the speed of light.
On April 12, 1961, the greatest event took place - the first manned flight into space. Russian cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin on spaceship"Vostok" made one revolution around the earth and landed safely. This event marked the beginning of the era of space transport.
Now, at the beginning of the 21st century, humanity uses a variety of types of transport, powered by different engines. The speed of their movement, ease of use and environmental friendliness (safety for nature) increase. By the way, special attention is now being paid to the environmental safety of transport. That is why now on the city streets the most the best transport trolleybuses and trams are considered, in railway transport electric locomotives and electric trains are used, and as personal transport There are more and more electric vehicles.
6. Our cheerful Parrot invites you to color the balloon so that it becomes beautiful and cheerful. You can hold a competition in class for the funniest balloon.
Have you ever seen real Balloons? If yes, tell us about your impressions. In the frame on the right you can paste a photo of the balloon.
What types of water transport are there?
What could be more romantic than a walk on the water? To this day, there remains something special and attractive about sea travel. Perhaps this is connected with danger, perhaps with some mystical phenomena on the open sea. But the shipbuilding industry is developing as actively as everyone else. Therefore, at the moment we know what types of water transport there are and what we need to achieve our goals.
Types of water transport are classified according to the type of water bodies on which this transport travels, according to the type of cargo that is transported. It is logical that such transport can be river and sea. Moreover, it can be cargo or passenger. We also know underwater transport, which are submarines that primarily transport dangerous goods or perform military missions. Sea vessels always arrive and moor at sea or river ports. Ferries are a separate type of water transport.
Tourist transport is vessels that are designed for travel and sea (river) trips. These are, first of all, yachts, boats, sailboats, boats, etc.
Water transport in the photo on the Internet
Water transport, photos of which we see on the Internet, are vessels capable of transporting goods and passengers. But we forget that there are also special, narrowly focused types. These are rescue boats, fire engines, for a special purpose. Research vessels can also be created and used. It is rare to see such water transport in photographs. It is also interesting to look at military ships, which are landing sites for aircraft at sea. They not only amaze with their size, but also with their power and technical equipment. Freight transport is divided into those that carry dry cargo, tankers, container ships and ro-ro ships. Let’s also not forget about a separate type of vessel - icebreakers. Aircraft carriers, destroyers, cruisers - this terminology is used in military affairs.
On travel websites we often see offers for trips to water buses or even gondolas. They can also be safely classified as water transport, because they are capable of transporting people and objects, but still the main functions of such vessels are slow movement across a body of water in order to explore local attractions.
Water transport - conqueror of the sea elements
Water transport is designed to move goods and passengers across a specific body of water. Depending on its intended purpose, structural features, as well as technical capabilities, water transport has its own subtypes and classes.
Water passenger transport is a tourist or route vessel that moves groups of people from one point of land to another, by means of water route. Vessels with cargo on board have their own types, depending on the carrying capacity and the type of product that can be transported.
Special representatives of water transport are specialized tourist objects: yachts, liners, cruise ships, boats, boats. They are capable of staying on the high seas for a long time and providing passengers on board with everything they need. Also a separate class of water transport is military super- and submarines, which carry out strategic missions and are absolutely specialized carriers of people and special equipment.
