Distance travel. Presentation "Moscow Kremlin

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The Moscow Kremlin is the oldest part of Moscow, the main socio-political, spiritual-religious and historical-artistic complex of the capital, the official residence of the President of the Russian Federation. Located on the high, left bank of the Moskva River - Borovitsky Hill, at the confluence of the river. Neglinnaya. In plan, the Kremlin is an irregular triangle with an area of \u200b\u200b27.5 hectares. The southern wall faces the Moskva River, the northwestern one faces the Alexander Garden, the eastern one faces Red Square. Geographically located in the Central Administrative District, separated as an independent administrative unit. The Moscow Kremlin has 20 towers and they are all different, no two are alike. Each tower has its own name and its own history Moscow Kremlin Moscow Kremlin Location Moscow Year of construction 1482-95 Kremlin area 27.7 hectares Length of walls 2500 meters Number of towers 20 Number of gates 4 Height of towers up to 80 m Thickness of walls of towers 24m 19 Height of walls from 5 to 19 m Thickness of walls from 3.5 to 6.5 m

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Only two towers did not get names, they are called the First Nameless and Second Nameless. They are followed by the Petrovskaya Tower, but at the most extreme right tower there are two names at once. Nowadays it is called Moskvoretskaya, and once it was called Beklemishevskaya by the name of the person next to whose yard it was laid. Somehow it turned out that the enemies most often attacked from the side of the Moskva River, and the Moskvoretskaya Tower had to be the first to defend itself. That is why it is so formidable and with so many loopholes. Its height is 46.2 m.Beklemishevskaya tower

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The first tower, which was laid during the construction of the Kremlin, was Taynitskaya. The Taynitskaya Tower is so named because a secret underground passage led from it to the river. It was intended so that it was possible to take water if the fortress was besieged by enemies. The height of the Taynitskaya Tower is 38.4 m. The Taynitskaya Tower of the Moscow Kremlin

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Vodovzvodnaya tower - so named because of the car that was here once. She raised water from a well, arranged at the bottom of the very top of the tower into a large tank. From there, water flowed through lead pipes to the royal palace in the Kremlin. Thus, in the old days, the Kremlin had its own water supply system. It worked for a long time, but then the car was dismantled and taken to another city - St. Petersburg. There it was used to build fountains. The height of the Vodovzvodnaya Tower with a star is 61.45 m. The Vodovzvodnaya Tower of the Moscow Kremlin.

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At the Vodovzvodnaya Tower, the Kremlin wall turns from the river. There is another tower on the corner - Borovitskaya. This tower stands near Borovitsky Hill, on which a pine forest grew long ago. From him came her name. The height of the tower with a star is 54.05 m.Borovitskaya Tower of the Moscow Kremlin

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Next to Borovitskaya is the Armory Tower. Once upon a time there were ancient weapons workshops next to it. They also made precious dishes and jewelry. The ancient workshops gave the name not only to the tower, but also to the wonderful museum located next to the Kremlin wall - the Armory. Here are collected many Kremlin treasures and just very ancient things. For example, helmets and chain mail of ancient Russian warriors. The height of the Armory Tower is 32.65 m. The Armory Tower of the Moscow Kremlin

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If we go a little further along the walls of the Kremlin, we will see the Trinity Bridge. It was thrown across the Neglinnaya River many centuries ago, even before it was hidden under the ground. Troitsky Bridge leads to the gates of one of the highest Kremlin towers - Troitskaya. The bridge connects the Troitskaya tower with another - a low and wide tower. This is the Kutafya Tower. In the old days, this was the name for an awkwardly dressed woman. The tower was decorated already in the seventeenth century. Before that, Kutafya was very austere, with drawbridges at the side gates and hinged loopholes. She guarded the entrance to the Troitsky Bridge. Previously, there were more such bridge towers. But only one has survived to this day. The height of the Trinity Tower with a star is 80 m. This is the tallest tower in the Moscow Kremlin. The Kutafya Tower is only 13.5 m high. It is the lowest tower in the Kremlin. Kutafya and Trinity Towers of the Moscow Kremlin

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We go further along the Kremlin wall. She turns again. There is another tower here. From a distance, it looks round, but if you get closer, it turns out to be not at all like that, because it has 16 faces. This is the corner Arsenal tower. Once she was called Sobakina, by the name of a person who lived nearby. But in the 18th century, the Arsenal building was erected next to it, and the tower was renamed. There is a well in the dungeon of the corner Arsenal Tower. It is over 500 years old. It is filled from an ancient source and therefore always has clean and fresh water in it. Previously, there was an underground passage from the Arsenal Tower to the Neglinnaya River. The height of the tower is 60.2 m. The Corner Arsenal Tower of the Moscow Kremlin

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Medium Arsenalnaya Tower. It was built in 1493-1495. After the construction of the Arsenal building, the tower got its name. A grotto was erected near the tower in 1812 - one of the attractions of the Alexander Garden. The height of the tower is 38.9 m. The middle Arsenalnaya tower of the Moscow Kremlin

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Alarm tower. Once upon a time, sentinels were constantly on duty here. From a height, they vigilantly watched - if the enemy army was going to the city. And if danger was approaching, the sentinels had to warn everyone, ring the alarm bell. Because of him, the tower was named Nabatnaya. But now there is no bell in the tower. Once at the end of the 18th century, a riot began in Moscow at the sound of the Alarm bell. And when order was restored in the city, the bell was punished for disclosing an unkind message - they were deprived of their language. In those days it was a common practice to recall at least the history of the bell in Uglich. Since then, the Alarm bell fell silent and remained idle for a long time until it was removed to the museum. The height of the Alarm Tower is 38 m. The Alarm Tower of the Moscow Kremlin

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To the right of the Nabatnaya Tower is the Tsar's Tower. It is not at all like other Kremlin towers. There are 4 columns right on the wall, with a peaked roof on them. There are no strong walls or narrow loopholes. But she doesn't need them. Because the tower was not built for defense. According to legend, Tsar Ivan the Terrible loved to look at his city from this place. Later, the smallest tower of the Kremlin was built here and named it Tsarskaya. Its height is 16.7 m. The Tsar Tower of the Moscow Kremlin

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Constantino - Eleninskaya Tower (Timofeevskaya). It was built in 1490 and was used for the passage of the population and troops to the Kremlin. Earlier, when the Kremlin was white stone, another tower stood on this place. It was through her that Dmitry Donskoy traveled with an army to the Kulikovo field. The new tower was built for the reason that there were no natural obstacles on its side, not near the Kremlin. It was equipped with a drawbridge, a powerful diverter arrow and a passage gate, which after, in the 18th and early 19th centuries. were disassembled. The tower got its name from the church of Constantine and Helena, which stood in the Kremlin. The height of the tower is 36.8 m. Konstantino - Eleninskaya tower of the Moscow Kremlin

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At first, the Senate Tower did not have a name, and received it only after the construction of the Senate building. After which they began to call her the Senate. The tower was built in 1491, its height is 34.3 m.Senate tower of the Moscow Kremlin

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Nikolskaya tower. It was built in 1491. architect Pietro Antonio Solari to strengthen the north-eastern part of the Kremlin, not protected by natural barriers. There was a gate in it, it had a diverter arrow with a drawbridge. The diversion arrow or barbican was the name of the tower outside the fortress walls, which guarded the approaches to the gate or bridge. For example, the Kutafya Tower is a barbican. The name of the Nikolskaya Tower comes from the name of the icon of St. Nicholas, installed above the gates of her barbican. At this icon, controversial issues were resolved. In ancient times, a clock was also installed on the tower. Now they are not there, but the tower's poppy is crowned with a red star. The height of the tower with a star is 70.4 m. Nikolskaya tower of the Moscow Kremlin

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The Petrovskaya tower, together with two nameless ones, was built to strengthen the southern wall, as the most frequently attacked one. At first, like the two unnamed Petrovskaya Tower, it had no name. She received her name from the church of Metropolitan Peter at the Ugreshsky courtyard in the Kremlin. In 1771. during the construction of the Kremlin palace, the tower, the church of Metropolitan Peter and the Ugreshskoye courtyard were dismantled. In 1783. the tower was rebuilt, but in 1812. the French destroyed it again during the occupation of Moscow. In 1818. The Petrovskaya Tower was restored again. It was used for their needs by the Kremlin gardeners. The height of the tower is 27.15 m. Petrovskaya tower of the Moscow Kremlin Slide 18 Annunciation tower. According to legend, this tower previously housed the miraculous icon "Annunciation", as well as 1731. the Church of the Annunciation was added to this tower. Most likely, the name of the tower is associated with one of these facts. In the 17th century. for the passage of laundresses to the Moskva River near the tower, a gate called Portomoyny was made. In 1831. they were laid, and in Soviet times the Church of the Annunciation was dismantled. The height of the Annunciation Tower with a weather vane is 32.45 m. The Annunciation Tower of the Moscow Kremlin

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Links: http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Moscow_Kremlin_from_Kamenny_bridge.jpg http://mos-holidays.ru/moscow-kremlin/ http: //ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Moscou-Kremlin-%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0% B5% D0% BC% D0% B8% D1% 88% D0% B5% D0% B2% D1% 81% D0% BA% D0% B0% D1% 8F _ (% D0% 9C% D0% BE% D1% 81 % D0% BA% D0% B2% D0% BE% D1% 80% D0% B5% D1% 86% D0% BA% D0% B0% D1% 8F) .jpg http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki /% D0% 9C% D0% BE% D1% 81% D0% BA% D0% BE% D0% B2% D1% 81% D0% BA% D0% B8% D0% B9_% D0% 9A% D1% 80% D0% B5% D0% BC% D0% BB% D1% 8C http://mos-holidays.ru/kremlin-oruzhejnaya-palata/ http://mos-holidays.ru/kremlin-territory/ http: // mos -holidays.ru/uglich/

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Slide captions:

• Moscow Kremlin towers

• Beklemishevskaya Tower (also known as Moskvoretskaya) is the tower of the Moscow Kremlin wall. built in 1487-1488 by the Italian architect Marco Ruffo. The main cylinder is located on a white stone base with a semicircular roller at the junction. The tower has four tiers with the possibility of circular firing: three tiers of round vaulted rooms and the upper tier, where the mashikuli and the battle platform are located. A well and a rumor hiding place were arranged in the tower to prevent undermining. In 1680, an octagon with a narrow tent and two rows of rumors was built over the main cylinder. The tent of the tower has no internal slabs. Located in the southeastern corner of the Kremlin triangle, near the Moskva River and the Moskvoretsky Bridge. The name comes from the courtyard of the boyar I.N. Beklemishev, which was located inside the Kremlin near the tower. After the execution of Beklemishev by Vasily III, the courtyard, together with the tower, was used as a prison for the disgraced boyars.
• The height of the tower is 46.7 meters.
• Located near the junction of the Moskva River with the moat, the tower performed an important defensive function, covering, among other things, the ford and the crossing over the Moskva River.

• Beklemishevskaya tower

• It is located in the part of the Kremlin wall that runs along the Moskva River, next to the Beklemishevskaya Tower.
• The name comes from the courtyard of the Ugreshsky Monastery with the Metropolitan Peter Church, which from the 15th to the 17th century was located inside the Kremlin near the tower. In 1771, to make room for the construction of the Grand Kremlin Palace, the monastery courtyard was destroyed.
• The height of the tower is 27.15 meters.
• This tower, outwardly very different from the neighboring towers, was rebuilt many times. The exact time of the first construction of the Petrovskaya Tower is not known, it is assumed that it was erected together with other towers of the southern wall in the 1480s (some sources indicate 1485-1487).

• Petrovskaya (Ugreshskaya) tower

• First Nameless Tower

• This architecturally simple tower has been rebuilt many times.
• It was first erected in the 1480s. In 1547, the tower collapsed during a fire in Moscow from an explosion of a gunpowder warehouse arranged in it; in the 17th century, it was erected anew, and on the main quadrangle a second tent-roofed tier was added. The tower was dismantled in 1770 in preparation for the construction of the Bazhenov Grand Kremlin Palace; after the termination of its construction, it was rebuilt in a new place, closer to the Taynitskaya tower, in 1783.
• In 1812, the tower was blown up by the retreating French; in 1816-1835 it was restored by the architect OI Bove.

• Second Nameless Tower.

• The tower was built in the 1480s; in the 1680s, a four-sided tent with a watchtower was built over the main quadrangle. At the beginning of the 18th century, a gate was later laid in the tower. Like many other towers of the southern wall, the Second Nameless Tower was dismantled in 1771 in preparation for the construction of the Bazhenov Grand Kremlin Palace and, after the cessation of construction of the palace, was rebuilt.
• Height - 30.2 meters.
• An octagonal tent with a weather vane is located above the upper quadrangle of the tower; the upper quadrangle is open to the inside of the tent. The inner part of the tower includes two levels of premises; the lower tier has a cylindrical vault, and the upper tier is closed.

• Taynitskaya tower

• In the last years of the 15th century, Ivan III conceived a great restructuring of the towers and walls of the Kremlin. The beginning of this construction is closely connected with the name of the architect with Italian roots (Anton Fryazin). The Italian architect arrived in Moscow in 1469 as part of the retinue of the Polish Cardinal Vissarion to prepare the marriage of Ivan III and Sophia Palaeologus. Anton Fryazin in 1485 laid the foundation of the Taynitskaya Tower of the Kremlin and for the first time used bricks for fortification construction. This innovation marked the beginning of a general renovation of the Moscow Kremlin.
• In 1670-1680, Russian craftsmen erected a stone top over the four-sided tower - an open arched four-sided roof, topped with a four-sided tent with an observation tower.
• The height of the tower is 38.4 meters.
• Until the 18th century on the Moskva River, opposite the Taynitsky Gate, the Jordan was arranged on the feast of the Epiphany. The royal exit to the Jordan was one of the most magnificent ceremonies.
• In 1770 - 1771, in connection with the construction of the Kremlin Palace according to the project of V.I.Bazhenov, the Taynitskaya Tower was dismantled, but then restored.

• Annunciation tower

• The name comes from the icon “Annunciation” that previously existed on the tower.
• The height of the tower is 32.45 meters.
• The tower was supposedly built in the years 1487-1488; in the 1680s, a stone four-sided tent with a decorative watchtower was built over the main quadrangle.
• The lower quadrangle of the tower ends with mashicules, a defense platform and a parapet. The inner space of the lower quadrangle has the shape of an irregular quadrangle and is covered with a closed vault. The middle arched quadrangle with wide windows is separated from the tent by a flat ceiling.
• The same flat ceilings divide the tiers inside the tent. In the old days, there was also an underground floor in the tower, now half-buried.

• Vodovzvodnaya tower

• It is located at the corner of the Kremlin Embankment and the Aleksandrovsky Garden, on the banks of the Moskva River. Built in 1488 by the Italian architect Anton Fryazin (Antonio Gilardi). The name Sviblova tower comes from the boyar surname Sviblova, whose courtyard adjoined the tower from the side of the Kremlin.
• The height of the tower is 61.25 meters.
• One of the most beautiful buildings in the Kremlin. It received its modern name in 1633 after the installation of a water-lifting machine in it, made under the direction of Christopher Galovey, to supply water from the Moskva River to the Kremlin.
• Hence the modern name - Vodovzvodnaya. This was the first water supply system in Moscow from tanks installed in its upper tiers. The water from it was brought to "the Tsar's Sytny and Kormovaya Palace", and then to the gardens.

• Overlooks the Alexander Garden and Borovitskaya Square, located next to the Bolshoi Kamenny Bridge. The name of the tower, according to legend, comes from the ancient pine forest that once covered one of the seven hills on which Moscow stands. According to another legend, the tower got its name from the builders of the white-stone Kremlin under Dmitry Donskoy - this part was built by the inhabitants of Borovsk.
• The tower is 54 meters high.
• Before the construction of the modern Borovitskaya tower, another tower existed in its place, which had the same name. This is evidenced by the record of the construction in 1461 of the Church of St. John the Baptist "on the forest", where it was written that this church stood at the "Borovitsky gate".
• The new Borovitskaya Tower was built by the Italian architect Pietro Antonio Solari during the renovation of the Kremlin in 1490, by order of Vasily III (the architect arrived from Milan to Moscow in 1490).

• Borovitskaya (Forerunner) tower

• It is located between the Borovitskaya and the Commandant towers on the northwestern side of the Kremlin wall, which today stretches along the Alexander Garden. At the beginning of the 17th century, it had a passage gate to the Konyushenny yard in the Kremlin. Hence its ancient name.
• The height of the tower is 38.9 meters.
• The tower was built in the years 1493-1495. It is possible that the Italian architect Aleviz Fryazin (Old) took part in its construction. In the years 1676-1686, the tower was built on with a hipped roof and to this day it has well preserved its medieval forms.

• Armory (Konyushennaya) Tower

• Commandant (Deaf, Kolymazhnaya) tower on the north-western side of the Kremlin wall, which today stretches along the Alexander Garden. It was formerly called Kolymazhnaya after the Kolymazhny yard in the Kremlin located nearby. In the 19th century, the tower was named "Commandant", when the commandant of Moscow settled in the Kremlin's Amusement Palace of the 17th century.
• The height of the tower is 41.25 meters.
• The Commandant's Tower was built in 1495 by the Italian Aleviz Fryazin. In 1676-1686, this tower, like all the others, was built on with a decorative hipped roof.

• Commandant (Kolymazhnaya) tower

• Trinity Tower (formerly - Rizopolozhenskaya, Znamenskaya, Karetnaya) - a tower with a gate in the middle of the north-western wall of the Moscow Kremlin, facing the Alexander Garden.
• Trinity Tower is the tallest tower in the Kremlin. The height of the tower, together with the star from the side of the Alexander Garden, is 80 m.
• The Troitsky Bridge, protected by the Kutafya Tower, leads to the gates of the Trinity Tower.
• The tower gates serve as the main entrance for visitors to the Kremlin.
• The Russian Presidential Orchestra is based in the Troitskaya Tower.
• Built in 1495-1499. by the Italian architect Aleviz Fryazin Milanese (Italian: Aloisio da Milano). The tower was called differently: the Robe of the Robe, Znamenskaya and Karetnaya. It received its current name in 1658 after the Trinity courtyard of the Kremlin. A prison was located in the two-storey base of the tower in the 16th-17th centuries. From 1585 to 1812 there was a clock on the tower.

• Trinity Tower

• Kutafya (Predmostnaya) Tower - a tower opposite the Trinity Tower, at the end of the Trinity Bridge. It is a barbican.
• The height of the tower is 13.5 meters.
• The tower was built in 1516 under the direction of the Milan architect Aleviz Fryazin. Low, surrounded by a moat and the Neglinnaya river, with the only gates, which in moments of danger were tightly closed by the lifting part of the bridge, the tower was a formidable barrier for those who besieged the fortress. She had loopholes of the plantar battle and mashikuli. In the 16th-17th centuries, the water level in the Neglinnaya River was raised high by dams, so that the water surrounded the tower from all sides. Its original height above ground level was 18 meters.
• The only way to enter the tower from the city side was via an inclined bridge.

• Kutafya tower

• Medium Arsenalnaya (Faceted) Tower.

• The Middle Arsenalnaya Tower is a tower of the Moscow Kremlin, located on the northwestern side of the Kremlin Wall, which stretches along the Alexander Garden.
• The height of the tower is 38.9 meters.
• The tower was built in 1493-1495 on the north-western side of the Kremlin wall, on the site of the corner tower of the time of Dmitry Donskoy.
• The name is from the Arsenal building.

• The corner Arsenalnaya tower (Sobakina) is the most powerful tower of the Moscow Kremlin. She completed the defensive line from the side of Red Square and controlled the crossing of the Neglinnaya River.
• Built in 1492 by Pietro Antonio Solari (circa 1450-1493), an Italian architect.
• The height of the tower is 60.2 meters.
• In the past, it has performed more than just defense functions. A well was dug in the tower, which in the event of a siege could be used by the garrison of the fortress. From the Corner Arsenal Tower there was a secret passage to the Neglinnaya River. In the 15th-16th centuries, the tower was reinforced with an additional wall that wrapped around it in a semicircle. In 1672-1686, an octagonal tent was erected over it, which ended in an openwork octagon with a hipped roof and a weather vane.

• Corner Arsenalnaya (Sobakin) tower.

• Nikolskaya Tower is one of the towers of the Moscow Kremlin overlooking Red Square.
• Built in 1491 by the Italian architect Pietro Antonio Solari. It is named after the icon of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker, which was located above the gate of the diversion arrow.
• Tower height: up to the star - 67.1 m, with the star - 70.4 m.
• In 1612, it was through the gates of the Nikolskaya and Spasskaya towers that the people's militia, led by Prince Dmitry Pozharsky and Kuzma Minin, solemnly entered the Kremlin on November 1. Muscovites and residents of the surrounding villages greeted the winners with jubilation. (On October 27, an agreement was signed on the surrender of the Polish garrison).
• In 1806, the tower was overhauled by the architect A.I. Ruska: the former superstructure was replaced by a Gothic top with openwork decorations. These decorations, as well as four turrets at the corners of the lower quadrangle, are the main differences between the Nikolskaya Tower and other Kremlin towers.
• In 1812 it was blown up by the French retreating from Moscow, restored in 1816 by the architect Osip Ivanovich Bove.

• Nikolskaya tower

• The Senate Tower was built in 1491 by the architect Pietro Antonio Solari.
• The tower received its name after the completion of the construction of the Senate Palace on the territory of the Kremlin in 1787. Until that time, it had no special name. In 1680, a stone tent was built over the tower, ending with a golden weather vane.
• The tower is 34 meters high.
• Inside, the tower has three tiers of vaulted rooms.
• The Lenin Mausoleum is located in front of the tower.

• Senate tower

• The main gate of the Kremlin - Spasskiy, is located in the tower, the famous clock - chimes - are installed in the tent of the tower.
• The height of the tower to the star is 67.3 m, with the star - 71 m.
• The tower was built in 1491 during the reign of Ivan III by the architect Pietro Antonio Solari, as evidenced by the white stone slabs with commemorative inscriptions installed on the tower itself.
• When built, the tower was approximately half the height. In 1624-1625, the English architect Christopher Galovey, with the participation of the Russian master Bazhen Ogurtsov, erected a multi-tiered top over the tower in the Gothic style (there are flying buttresses in the fifth tier) with elements of mannerism (unpreserved nude statues - "boobies"), the figurative solution of which goes back to the town hall tower in Brussels (completed in 1455), ending with a stone tent. Fantastic figurines - an element of decor - under Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich whose nakedness was shyly covered with specially sewn clothes. In the middle of the 17th century, the first two-headed eagle, which was the emblem of the Russian state, was hoisted on the main tower of the Kremlin. Subsequently, two-headed eagles appeared on the Nikolskaya, Troitskaya and Borovitskaya towers.

• Spasskaya (Frolovskaya) tower

• Located on the slope of the Kremlin hill opposite St. Basil's Cathedral. The name comes from the Spassky alarm bell that hung on it, which served as a fire alarm.
• This tower, which has preserved its ancient forms, was built in 1495.
• The main quadrangle ends with mashicules with a parapet. Its interior consists of two tiers: the lower one with a flat ceiling and numerous rooms, with stairs and openings that provide access to the walls, and the upper one with a closed vault.
• The height of the tower is 38 meters.
• In 1680, an upper arched quadrangle and a tent with an observation tower were built on the tower. The quadruple is open into the cavity of the tent. The details and decoration of the upper quadrangle and the tent (the brick semi-columns of the quadrangle and the observation tower with white-stone capitals and belts) resemble the completion of the Arsenal Tower.

• Alarm tower

• Located on the eastern side of the Kremlin, above the Beklemishevskaya tower.
• The tower was built in 1490 by the Italian architect Pietro Antonio Solari (Pyotr Fryazin) on the site of the Timofeevsky gate of the white-stone Kremlin of Dmitry Donskoy. The tower received its modern name after the construction of the Church of Constantine and Helena in the Kremlin in the 17th century (the church was destroyed in 1928).
• The height of the tower is 36.8 meters.
• The tower was intended to protect the entrances to the pier on the Moskva River and the nearby streets of Veliky Posad, going towards Zaryadye: Vsekhsvyatskaya (now Varvarka) and Velikaya (which later became Mokrinsky Lane, and now completely disappeared). Initially, the Konstantino-Eleninskaya tower was a passable one, with a drawbridge over the moat and a diversion arrow (an additional tower connected to the main bridge). After 1508, the second diverter arrow was completed

• Konstantino-Eleninskaya (Timofeevskaya) tower

• This youngest and smallest tower was built in 1680.
• Strictly speaking, this is not a tower, but a stone tower, a tent set on the wall. Once there was a small wooden turret, from which, according to legend, Tsar Ivan IV (the Terrible) loved to watch the events taking place on Red Square - hence the name of the tower.
• The height of the tower is 16.7 meters.
• White stone belts on pillars, high pyramids in the corners with gilded flags, a tent, ending with a gilded graceful weather vane - all this gives the tower the appearance of a fairytale tower.

• Tsar tower

• Execution Ground is a monument of ancient Russian architecture, located in Moscow, on Red Square. It is an elevation surrounded by a stone fence.
• There are various versions about the etymology of the name. Under one of them, for example, it is argued that the name of the Execution Ground arose from the fact that at this place they "chopped off their foreheads" or "folded their foreheads." Other sources claim that "Execution Ground" is a Slavic translation from Greek - "Kranievo place" or from Hebrew - "Golgotha" (this name was given to the Calvary hill due to the fact that its upper part was a bare rock, vaguely resembling a human skull). In fact, the word "frontal" means just location: Vasilievsky Spusk, at the beginning of which there is Lobnoe Mesto, in the Middle Ages it was called "forehead" (a common name for steep descents to the river in medieval Russia).

• Place of execution

• The creation of a unique monument of artistic casting - the Tsar Bells - dates back to the 18th century.
• In 1730, Empress Anna Ivanovna ordered to cast the broken Grigoriev bell with the addition of metal and to bring the weight of the bell to 10 thousand pounds.
• The son of Field Marshal Munnich was instructed to find a skilled craftsman in Paris to make the bell. Munnich proposed to the royal mechanic Germaine to do this difficult job, but he took it as a joke that he should pour out a bell of this size.
• The master Ivan Fedorovich Motorin, who undoubtedly was the most outstanding caster of his time, contracted to cast the bell that broke in the fire of 1701 and install it on the bell tower of Ivan the Great.

• The Tsar Bell

• One of the remarkable monuments of military equipment and foundry art of the 16th-19th centuries. is the Tsar Cannon - the largest caliber weapon in the world. It stands at the building, built in 1810 by the architect I. V. Egotov for the Armory.
• The Tsar Cannon was cast by Andrey Chekhov in 1586 in Moscow, at the Cannon Yard on the banks of the Neglinnaya River (modern Teatralny Proezd).
• The length of the gun is 5.34 m, the outer diameter of the barrel is 120 cm, the diameter of the patterned belt at the muzzle is 134 cm, the caliber is 890 mm, and the weight is 39.31 tons (2400 poods). Decorated with belts of reliefs, on the right side of the muzzle - the image of Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich (in the crown and with a scepter in his hand) on horseback. On each side of the barrel there are four brackets designed to fasten the ropes when the gun is moving.

• Tsar Cannon

• The unveiling of the monument to Minin and Pozharsky by the sculptor Ivan Petrovich Martos took place on February 20, 1818 in the presence of the emperor, empress, "with an innumerable crowd of people."
• Russian sculptor Ivan Petrovich Martos (1754-1835). Initially, the monument was intended for Nizhny Novgorod, but at the insistence of Martos, it was erected in Moscow. They wanted to install it on Strastnaya Square, then chose a place in front of the Upper Trading Rows on Red Square, where it was installed.
• IP Martos depicts the moment when Minin (figure on the left) appeals to the wounded Prince Pozharsky with an appeal to lead the Russian army and expel the Poles from Moscow. Standing, he hands the sword to Pozharsky with one hand, and with the other shows him to the Kremlin, urging him to stand up for the defense of the Fatherland.

• Monument to Minin and Pozharsky.

TOWER OF THE MOSCOW KREMLIN

The presentation was prepared by

Elsesser N.P.

the Moscow Kremlin counts 20 towers and each of them is unique, with its own history and name. Only two towers remain unnamed, which are called: First Nameless and Second Nameless

Arsenal tower

Medium Arsenal Tower got its name after the construction of the Arsenal building. Her height - 38.9 m ... A grotto was built near the tower, which is a landmark Alexandrovsky garden

Corner Arsenal Tower

Corner Arsenalnaya tower -

it is a tower with 16 sides,

although from a distance it looks

In the underground palace

the towers are old

well to which

there are more than

The water in the well is fresh and

clean as it comes

from an ancient source.

Length towers - 60.2 m.

Kutafya Tower is familiar to all tourists who have visited the Kremlin - through it and the adjacent Trinity Tower entrance to the territory of the Moscow Kremlin ... The smallest, its height is only 13.5 meters,

Troitskaya

The Trinity Tower, built at the end of the 15th century by the Italian architect Aleviz Fryazin, is located opposite Alexander Garden ... Simultaneously with its construction, the Trinity Bridge was built over the Neglinka River. This is one of the most beautiful towers and the largest is its height together with the star is 80.8 meters.

Commandant's

Primary name

came from

Kolymazhny courtyard in

The Kremlin. And in the 19th century, near

towers settled

the commandant of the city and

that's why she was named

Commandant.

Its height is 41.25 m .

Armory tower

Near it, at one time, ancient weapons workshops were located,

where valuable jewelry and dishes were also produced. Height is

32.65 m ... The ancient workshops gave the same name to the museum,

located near the Kremlin wall - Armory ward ... In him

many antique things are preserved, as well as Kremlin values

(chain mail and helmets of ancient Russian soldiers).

On the corner from the Kremlin wall rises Borovitskaya tower. It is located near the Borovitsky hill,

where once upon a time, a pine forest grew. This is where the name of the tower comes from. Government gamblers are leaving the Borovitsky Gate.

The height of the Borovitskaya tower - 54.05 m.

Borovitskaya tower

Annunciation tower

According to legend

in Annunciation

tower saved

miraculous

icon "Annunciation",

and since 1731 she was

adapted temple

Annunciation,

which was later

disassembled. Height

windmill towers

- 32.45 m.

Beklemishevskaya

It is angular and visible at the same time Moskva rivers from Vasilievsky Spusk. Her height is 46.2 meters, and it got its name from the court of the boyar Ivan Beklemishev, which was previously located here.

The first Nameless Tower was used for storing gunpowder and therefore was formerly called Powder Tower. This circumstance led to the fact that during the fire of 1547, the gunpowder exploded, which led to its severe destruction. During the reconstruction of the Kremlin in the 17th century, the building acquired a four-sided tent with a watchtower and an octagonal dome with a weather vane.

Construction 34.15 meters high .

Unnamed

Konstantino-Eleninskaya

During construction, a tower

equipped with lifting

bridge, travel cards

gate and strong

diverter arrow.

The name comes from

church of Constantine and

Helena, who was

in the Kremlin. Height - 36.8 m .

Alarm tower

Used to guard the tower

sentinels who

should have been in

alarm bell if

enemies were approaching.

Therefore, the tower is

named - Alarm tower .

The tower rises on

Tsar tower

Located to the right of

Nabatnaya. It differs from

the rest of the towers

Moscow Kremlin, so

as there are no massive

walls and close loopholes. And all

because it was built with

another target - Ivan

Grozny loved from this tower

watch the beauty

your city. She

considered the smallest

height - 16.7 m .

Spasskaya Tower

In the 17th century on her

installed the Russian coat of arms.

The tower was named so in

honor of two icons - Savior

Smolensky and Spas

Not made by hands. Spasskaya

tower as high as 10-

storey house .

Senate tower

Senate tower

got its name

already after construction

Senate. Erected a tower

in 1941, her height

is 34.3 m.

Nikolskaya tower

Named after the icon

saint Nicholas, which

installed above her gates

walls. Next to this icon

tackled various

conflicts. Tower dome

decorated with a red star.

Its height is

70.4 meters.

Vodovzvodnaya

Vodovzvodnaya tower is located at the end Alexander Garden ... The waterworks have a circular cross-section. It was built in 1488 under the direction of the architect Antonio Gilardi (Anton Fryazin). It has height 61.45 meters

Petrovskaya tower was

Petrovskaya tower

built to

reinforce the south wall.

The name comes from the temple

dignity Peter on Ugreshsky

courtyard in the Kremlin. Tower in

their time, used

gardeners from the Kremlin for

your needs.

Height - 27.15 m .

Taynitskaya tower

When constructing

Moscow Kremlin the first

laid tower

was Taynitskaya tower .

The name is this because

a secret

underground passage

to the river. This move was created

for the purpose of access to water, in

case the tower

will be captured by enemies. Its height

Lesson on the course WORLD AROUND

Grade 3

Teacher: Oslyuk Zinaida Andreevna

• 1 Nikolskaya
• 2 Senate
• 3 Spasskaya
• 4 Tsarskaya
• 5 Nabatnaya
• 6 Konstantin-Elenenskaya
• 7 Beklemishevskaya
• 8 Petrovskaya
• 9 Second Nameless
• 10 First Nameless
• 11 Taynitskaya
• 12 Annunciation
• 13 Vodovzvodnaya
• 14 Borovitskaya
• 15 Armory
• 16 Commandant
• 17 Troitskaya
• 18 Kutafya
• 19 Medium Arsenalnaya
• 20 Corner Arsenalnaya

Nikolskaya tower

Built in 1491 by the Italian architect Pietro Antonio Solari. It got its name from the icon of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker. Until 2010, the gate icon was considered lost.

Spasskaya Tower

It is considered the most beautiful and slender tower of the Kremlin. The architect Pietro Antonio Solari, who built it in 1491, was the main entrance to the Spasskaya Tower. Kremlin.

The Spasskaya Tower has 10 floors. Three floors are occupied by machinery Kremlin chimes - the main clock of the state.

The height of the tower is 67.3 meters (with a star - 71 meters).

Senate tower

The tower is located immediately behind the Spasskaya tower, behind the V.I. Lenin. The tower was built in 1491 by the architect Pietro Antonio Solari.

The Senate Tower performed purely defensive functions - it defended Kremlin from the side of Red Square.

Tsar tower

The Tsar's Tower is the youngest and smallest. It was built in 1680. More precisely, this is not a tower, but a stone tower, a tent, placed on the wall of the Nabatnaya Tower.

Alarm tower

It was built in 1495. It got its name from the alarm bell that alerted Muscovites about impending events or danger. The tower was placed on a hill and from it an overview of the southern surroundings was opened. Guards were on duty at the tower all day and night.

Konstantino-Eleninskaya tower

The Konstantino-Eleninskaya tower was built by the architect Pietro Antonio Solari in 1490 on the site of the Timofeevsky gate of the white-stone Kremlin, through which Dmitry Donskoy in 1380 went to the Battle of Kulikovo.

The height of the tower is 36.8 meters.

Beklemishevskaya tower (Moskvoretskaya)

The Beklemishevskaya Tower is located in the southeastern corner of the Kremlin triangle. It was erected in 1487 by the Italian architect Marco Ruffo.

In the defense of the Kremlin, the Beklemishevskaya tower performed a very important function. She was the first to take the blow of the enemy hordes.

Peter's Tower (also Ugreshskaya)

The Petrovskaya Tower, erected "for a better look and strength", served for the household needs of the Kremlin gardeners.

The height of the tower is 27.15 meters.

Second Nameless Tower

The tower was built in the middle of the 15th century. She has always performed a purely defensive function.

In 1771, in connection with the construction of the Kremlin Palace, it was demolished, and after the cessation of construction, it was restored anew.

First Nameless Tower (Powder)

In the 1480s, next to the Taynitskaya Tower, the First An unnamed tower, characterized by sparse architectural forms. She has always performed a purely defensive function.

The height of the tower is 34.15 meters.

Taynitskaya tower

The "oldest" tower of the Moscow Kremlin is Taynitskaya. The construction of the Kremlin fortifications began with it. A well was dug under the tower, to which the tower and its gates owe their name. In the event of a siege, it was possible to supply the Kremlin with water through this well and the underground passage.

Its height is 38.4 meters.

Annunciation tower

The tower was built in 1487 - 1788. It is a low four-sided tower. The name of the tower comes from the miraculous icon of the Annunciation that was once located here. In the depths of the tower there was a deep underground. Tower height - 30.7 meters (with a weather vane - 32.4 meters).

Vodovzvodnaya (Sviblova) Tower

In the southwestern corner, the Kremlin is guarded by the Vodovzvodnaya Tower. This is one of the most beautiful buildings in the entire ensemble. The tower was built in 1488 by the architect Antonio Gilardi and installed a water-lifting machine and devices of the first pressure water pipeline in Russia to supply water from the Moskva River to the Kremlin.

In 1937, a ruby \u200b\u200bstar was installed on the tower.

The height of the tower is 58.7 meters, with a star - 61.85 meters.

Borovitskaya (Forerunner) tower

At the foot of one of the seven hills on which Moscow stands, there is a tower that differs from others in its stepped shape. This is the Borovitskaya Tower. Borovitskaya Tower was built by the Italian architect Pietro Antonio Solari in 1490. Its height is 50.7 meters, with a star - 54.05 meters.

Weapon (Konushennaya) tower

This is a small tower. Its construction was completed by 1495. It received its modern name in the 19th century from the Armory building built on the territory of the Kremlin.

Commandant (Deaf, Kolymazhnaya) tower

It is a small, austere tower. Its construction was completed by 1495. Previously, it was called Kolymatnaya - from the Kolymatny courtyard in the Kremlin, where the royal carriages and carriages were kept. The height of the tower from the side of the Alexander Garden is 41.25 meters.

Trinity Tower

The tower was built in 1495-1499. The meaning of the tower for the western facade of the Kremlin is the same as the Spasskaya tower for the eastern one.

The tower is six-story, with deep two-story basements that served for defense purposes, and later in the 15th - 16th centuries were used as a prison.

Trinity Tower is the tallest tower in the Kremlin, its height with a star from the side of the Alexander Garden is 80 meters.

Kutafya tower

This is the only surviving bridge tower of the Kremlin, which served to protect the bridges leading to the fortress. It was built in 1516 under the direction of the Milan architect Aleviz Fryazin. Low, surrounded by a moat and a river, with the only gates, which were tightly closed in moments of danger, the tower was a formidable barrier for those who besieged the fortress.

The height of the tower is 13.5 meters.

Middle Arsenal Tower (formerly Faceted

On the northwestern side of the Kremlin wall, which stretches along Alexander Garden, by 1495 the Middle Arsenalnaya Tower had risen. It is located on the site of the corner tower of the Kremlin in the time of Dmitry Donskoy.

The tower got its current name during the construction of the Arsenal building at the beginning of the 18th century.

Corner arsenal (Sobakin) tower

In 1492, the architect completed the Kremlin's defense line from Red Square with this tower. According to Solari's plan, it was to become the most powerful corner tower. To this day, there is a secret well in the tower, which in the event of a siege could be used by the garrison of the fortress. In addition, there was a secret exit from the tower to the Neglinnaya River, which was subsequently laid.

The height of the tower is 60.2 meters.

Completed work:
Dubovtseva Margarita and
Dubovtseva Anastasia

A little about the Moscow Kremlin

The Moscow Kremlin has 20 towers. List of towers
drawn starting from the southeast corner
the Kremlin wall, counterclockwise.
Many towers of the Moscow Kremlin, except
the modern name indicated first have
and the second name is usually more ancient.
Moscow Kremlin - a fortress in
the center of Moscow and its oldest part, the main
socio-political and historical-artistic complex of the city,
the official residence of the President of the Russian
Federation.
Located on the high left bank of Moscow
rivers - Borovitsky hill, at the confluence of it
the Neglinnaya river. In terms of the Kremlin - wrong from Bolshoy Kamenny
bridge
a triangle with an area of \u200b\u200b27.5 hectares (ha). South
the wall faces the Moskva River, the northwestern one is
to the Alexander Garden, the east - to the Red
area.

Story

Antiquity
The first settlements on the territory of the Moscow Kremlin belong to the bronze
century (II millennium BC). The modern Archangel Cathedral had
found a Finno-Ugric settlement dating back to the early Iron Age (the second
half of the 1st millennium BC BC). At this time, the settlement of the clerk type occupied
the center of the upper above-floodplain terrace of Borovitsky Hill (area of \u200b\u200bmodern
Cathedral Square) and, possibly, already had fortifications. From the northeast, the village
was protected by two ravines: one - to the north of the present Trinity Gate
went out to the Neglinnaya river, the other lay between Petrovskaya and Second
Nameless towers of the modern Kremlin.
Modernity
In 1991, the Kremlin became the residence of the President of Russia. In the 1990s on
large restoration work was carried out on the territory of the Kremlin, as a result
which was restored the Red porch of the Faceted Chamber, restored
Alexandrovsky and Andreevsky halls of the Grand Kremlin Palace, carried out
restoration of the Senate building. Restoration was carried out in 1996-2000
Kremlin walls and towers. In July 2014, President Vladimir
Putin proposed to demolish the 14th administrative building on Ivanovskaya Square
The Moscow Kremlin and restore the
place of Miracles and Ascension Monasteries. April 29, 2016 building 14 was
completely dismantled, and a park was created in its place.

Characteristic

Moscow city
Year built 1482-1495
Kremlin area 27.7 hectares (0.277 km²)
The length of the walls is 2500 meters
Number of towers20
Number of gates4
Tower heights up to 80 m
Kremlin towers:
Vodovzvodnaya Borovitskaya Armory
Commandant Trinity Kutafya
Medium Arsenalnaya Corner
Arsenalnaya Nikolskaya
Senate Spasskaya Tsarskaya Nabatnaya
Konstantino-Eleninskaya Beklemishevskaya
Peter's Second Nameless First
Unnamed Taynitskaya Blagoveshchenskaya
height of walls from 5 to 19 m
Wall thickness from 3.5 to 6.5 m

Architecture Walls and towers

The existing walls and towers were built in the years 1485-1516.
The total length of the walls is 2235 m, their height is from 5 to 19 m,
thickness - from 3.5 to 6.5 m In plan, the walls form an irregular
triangle. The top of the wall, according to the Lombard tradition, is decorated with battlements in
in the form of a dovetail, 1045 in total on the top of the wall.
Most of the teeth have slit-like loopholes. The walls are arranged
wide embrasures covered with arches. From the outside of the wall
smooth, from the inside - decorated with arched niches - traditional
a technique designed to facilitate and strengthen the structure of the structure.
There are 20 towers along the walls. 3 towers standing at the corners of the triangle,
have a circular cross-section, the rest are square. The tallest tower -
Troitskaya, it has a height of 79.3 m.
Most of the towers are made in the same architectural style, given
them in the second half of the 17th century. Stands out from the general ensemble
Nikolskaya Tower, which was rebuilt at the beginning of the 19th century
in a pseudo-gothic style.

In 1485-1516, the construction of the Kremlin walls was led by the Italian
architects Anton Fryazin, Marko Fryazin, Pietro Antonio Solari and Aleviz
Fryazin Old. Brick walls were placed along the line of white stone, with
a slight retreat outward. Starting from the Spasskaya Tower the territory
The Kremlin was enlarged eastward. The first in 1485 with
the Taynitskaya Tower was laid on the south side, and after five years the entire
the southern part of the fortress was built. For the construction of walls and towers
used a large (30x14x17 cm or 31x15x9 cm) brick weighing up to
8 kg each. The front walls were laid out of bricks, which
filled with white stone. The tallest walls were erected along
Red Square, where there was no natural water barrier.
The sprouts on the walls were Spasskaya, Nabatnaya, Konstantino-Eleninskaya,
Troitskaya, Borovitskaya, Annunciation and Petrovskaya towers. Initially
inside the wall through all the towers there was a through passage, blocked
cylindrical vaults. Most of the passage was over time
covered with construction waste, the section between the Konstantino-Eleninskaya and Nabatnaya towers has been preserved. There were also caches and passages
under the walls, in some cases extending far beyond the line of fortifications.

At the beginning of the 18th century, Neglinnaya was retracted further from the walls. For
the installation of new cannons on the towers, loopholes were hewn. Then
the original plank roofs of the walls burned down. B 1702-1736
years for the construction of the Arsenal, part of the wall was dismantled, later
restored. In 1771-1773 for the construction of the Kremlin
the palace, designed by V.I.Bazhenov, also dismantled part of the southern wall
between the Beklemishevskaya and Annunciation towers, which was later
restored. Overhaul was carried out in 1802-1805
towers, during which almost all the diverter arrows were dismantled.
The war of 1812 caused heavy damage to the walls, especially
Nikolskaya tower, towers and walls along Neglinnaya. Repair and
the restoration of the fortifications was carried out from 1817 to 1822. During
repair work to the external appearance of the Borovitskaya and Vodovzvodnaya towers
pseudo-gothic decor details were added.
In 1866-1870, the restoration of the walls and towers of the Kremlin was carried out
architects N. A. Shokhin, P. A. Gerasimov, F. F. Richter,
who sought to give the buildings their original appearance.

During the restoration process, the pseudo-Gothic disappeared from the Borovitskaya Tower.
decorative details, however many elements of the original wall details and
the Kremlin towers were lost and replaced with inaccurate replicas. Damage
towers and walls was applied during the alterations of the second half of the XIX
century in the course of adapting their premises for household needs.
Nikolskaya and Beklemishevskaya towers suffered during the revolution
were renovated in 1918. Inspection and partial
the restoration of the walls was carried out in 1931-1936. In the years 1935-1937
ruby five-pointed stars were installed on five towers.
The next restoration of the Kremlin walls and towers was carried out in 1946-1953
years, during which the walls were cleaned and repaired,
loopholes and parapets were restored, details on a number of towers were revealed,
the tops of the Spasskaya, Troitskaya and Nikolskaya towers are covered with sheet copper. IN
the composition of the restoration commission included prominent scientists and
restorers: I.E. Grabar, V.N. Lazarev, M.V. Alpatov, P.D.
Korin, D.P. Sukhov and others.

Vodovzvodnaya tower

Vodovzvodnaya (Sviblova) tower - south-west corner
tower of the Moscow Kremlin. Located at the corner of the Kremlin
embankment and the Alexander Garden, on the banks of the Moskva River.
Built in 1488 by the Italian architect Anton
Fryazin (Antonio Gilardi). Name Sviblova Tower
comes from the boyar surname Sviblo (later Sviblova),
the courtyard of which adjoined the tower from the side of the Kremlin.
It received its modern name in 1633 after installation in
her water-lifting machine, manufactured under
the leadership of Christopher Galovey, to supply water from the Moskva River to the Kremlin. It was the first water supply from tanks in Moscow,
placed in the upper tiers of the tower. The water from it was
held "in the sovereign's Sytny and Fodder Palace", and then in
gardens.
On the Moskva River at the Vodovzvodnaya Tower there was a port wash raft
Vodovzvodnaya
for rinsing linen. On the bank of the river there was a port wash hut with
tower, 1883
accessories for the raft. In the Kremlin wall were arranged
small port wash gates through which clothes were carried.

The Vodovzvodnaya Tower was built in a classical style. Until the middle
heights, it is lined with alternating belts of protruding and
sinking masonry. A narrow strip of white stone covering
the tower in its middle part, as it were, emphasizes the arcature belt.
The tower is completed with dovetail teeth with
slots for shooting. Arcature belt, mashikuli, "swallow
tails "were not previously found in the Russian architecture of serfs
structures and were used here for the first time. Tent over the tower
was built at the end of the 17th century. In 1805 due to dilapidation
dismantled and rebuilt.
In 1812 Napoleon Bonaparte's army retreating from Moscow
blew up the tower. Restored in 1817-1819 by an architect
Osip Ivanovich Bove. Rustic walls, loopholes
replaced by round and semicircular windows. Dormer windows
decorated with Tuscan porticoes with columns and pediments.
Unlike other towers that have ruby
stars, on Vodovzvodnaya there was no completion in the form of an eagle before.
A star with a diameter of 3 meters was installed on the tower in 1937 and
is the smallest of the Kremlin stars.
View on
Vodovzvodnaya
the tower
from the Bolshoi
Stone
bridge

Borovitskaya tower

Borovitskaya (Forerunner) tower -
one of the southwestern
towers of the Moscow Kremlin. She
goes to Alexandrovsky
garden and Borovitskaya square,
located next to the Bolshoi
Stone bridge. Tower name, by
legend, comes from the ancient pine forest,
once covered one of the seven
the hills on which Moscow stands.
Borovitskaya
tower

Story

Before the construction of the modern Borovitskaya tower on its
another place existed with the same name.
This is evidenced by the record of the construction in 1461
year of the Church of John the Baptist "on the forest", where it was
it is written that this church stood at the "Borovitsky
gate ".
New Borovitskaya Tower was built in 1490
year by order of Ivan III by an Italian architect
Pietro Antonio Solari arriving
to Moscow from Milan. Then Solari erected and
the wall from Borovitskaya to the corner Vodovzvodnaya
towers.
In the XVI-XVII centuries. through the Borovitskaya tower
drove into the economic part of the Kremlin -
to Zhitny and Konyushenniy yards, isolated
from the front part of the fortress by a wall built in
1499 year.
In 1493 the tower was badly damaged by fire.
Borovitskaya
tower, 1883.

By decree of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich April 16, 1658 Borovitskaya
the tower was renamed to the Baptist - after the Church of the Nativity
John the Baptist in the Kremlin (dismantled in 1847), but this name is not
stuck.
Above the Borovitsky Gate in the icon case was an icon of St. John
Forerunners. The clerk of the Church of St.Nicholas Streletsky looked after the lamp,
located on Borovitskaya Square. The temple was destroyed in 1932
year when laying the Sokolnicheskaya metro line. Icon also
lost in Soviet times.
In the fall of 1935, the Soviet authorities installed on the Borovitskaya Tower
a five-pointed star 3.35 m high (beam span - 3.2 m). Before
the tower was crowned with a double-headed eagle. In addition to the Borovitskaya Tower, the stars
crowned Spasskaya, Nikolskaya, Troitskaya and Vodovzvodnaya towers. IN
In 1937, the star was replaced with a new one, which is located on the tower and
to this day.
Today Borovitsky Gate is the only one permanently operating
travel gate of the Kremlin. Through the Borovitskaya Tower and
visitors to the Armory.

Architecture

Borovitskaya tower Solari was based on a quadruple, which crowned
wooden tent. Then, in the 1666-1680s, the wooden tent was
removed and built on three more quadrangles decreasing upward, one
octahedron and stone tent. Therefore, the Borovitskaya Tower has
a kind of stepped (or pyramidal) shape. Also on the side
from the tower was attached a diverter arrow with a passage gate.
The gate had an iron grate, and was thrown across the Neglinnaya River
drawbridge.
In the 18th century, the tower was repaired and decorated with white stone details
in a pseudo-gothic style. When in 1812 to Moscow
entered the French army led by Napoleon, many architectural
monuments of Moscow were damaged or destroyed as a result of fires
and explosions. So, they blew up the Vodovzvodnaya tower adjacent to Borovitskaya.
During the explosion, the top of the tent fell from the Borovitskaya Tower.
In 1816-1819, the tower was renovated under the supervision of
architect O. I. Bove.

Apparently, at the same time, a clock appeared on the tower, at least on
The drawings that have survived from that time are marked with a gate and a clock.
In 1848, after the destruction of the Church of the Nativity of the Forerunner near Bor,
the tower was turned into a church. The throne was transferred there from the church and
destroyed pseudo-gothic decorations. Many other elements
decoration of the Borovitskaya Tower were destroyed during the next
renovation in the 1860s.
In the 1970s, the white stone decorations were restored, and over
the gate was placed a shield with the coat of arms of Moscow.
In the summer of 2006, regular repairs were carried out
Borovitskaya tower. During the week, government motorcade drove
through the Spassky Gate.

Internal layout

The main quadrangle (16.68 m): the inner part of the tower has two tiers,
covered with cylindrical vaults. From the first tier you can get
into a partially filled basement. Decor details remain on the second tier
the church that was here, for example, the 19th century Solea (the tower church was
destroyed after the October Revolution)
The second quadrangle (4.16 m): the room is covered with a closed vault
with formwork for windows.
Third (3.47 m) and fourth fours (4.16 m): combined into one
premises and also have a closed vault with formwork for windows.
Octagon (4.16 m) and a tent (18.07 m): combined into one room,
long narrow rumors cut through the walls.
The tiers are interconnected by ladders that are in the thickness
east and north walls. Spiral staircase in the southeast corner
the tower runs through the entire main quadrangle from the basement to the second
foursome.

Archer and gate

The diverter arrow has a triangular shape in plan.
It communicates with the basement of the main quadrangle. Over
the passage gates are narrow
holes previously used for drawbridge chains
through Neglinka. In addition, in the passageway of the gate, there are preserved
vertical grooves for the hersa (lowering grate).
It is believed that the Borovitsky Gate is the oldest of
Kremlin gates, they are the closest to the river
Neglinnaya.
From the outside of the Kremlin wall at the folds of the gates
coats of arms carved from white stone are visible, obviously ancient
origin - Lithuanian and Moscow. About time and
the reasons for their appearance at the Borovitskaya Tower experts
have not yet been answered. Anyway, two coats of arms
placed on a diverter arrow attached to the tower
in the 3rd quarter of the 17th century, however, they could be
transferred here from an older structure, for example
from the main volume of the tower, rebuilt at the same time.
Borovitskaya gate
towers

Armory tower

The Armory (Konyushennaya) Tower is located
between the Borovitskaya and Komendantskaya towers on the northwestern side of the Kremlin wall, which stretches
along the Alexander Garden. At the beginning of the 17th century, she
had a passage gate to the Stables yard in the Kremlin.
Hence its ancient name.
The tower was built in the years 1493-1495. It is not excluded
that an Italian took part in its construction
architect Aleviz Fryazin (Old). In the years 1676-1686
the tower was built on with a hipped roof and
today has well preserved its medieval
forms. The tower got its modern name in the XIX
century on the building built on the territory of the Kremlin
Armory.
The architectural solution of the Armory Tower is close to
architecture located in the neighborhood of the Commandant
towers. On a massive square in the plan of the four,
completed combat platform with a parapet, located
open quadruple, topped with a tent with a watch-room
tower.
Armory tower

Commandant Tower

Commandant (Deaf, Kolymazhnaya)
tower - tower of the north-western part
walls of the Moscow Kremlin, today
stretching along the Alexandrovsky
garden. It was formerly called Kolymazhnaya by
located near her
Kolymazhny yard in the Kremlin. In the XIX
century the tower was named
"Commandant", when next to the Kremlin,
settled in the Amusement Palace of the 17th century
commandant of Moscow.
The tower was built in 1493-1495
years by the Italian Aleviz Fryazin. IN
1676-1686 this tower, like
others added decorative
hipped top.
View
Commandant's
Towers

Trinity Tower

Trinity Tower (formerly -
Epiphany, Rizopolozhenskaya, Znamensk
I, Kuretnaya) - a tower with a gate in the middle
the northwestern wall of the Moscow Kremlin,
facing the Alexander Garden.
Trinity Tower - the tallest tower
The Kremlin. The height of the tower at present
together with a star from the side of Aleksandrovsky
garden is 80.1 m.
Troitsky leads to the gates of the Trinity Tower
bridge protected by the Kutafya tower. Goal
the towers serve as the main entrance for visitors
The Kremlin.
The President's office is based in the Troitskaya Tower.
orchestra of Russia. There is a rehearsal in the tower
hall and studios.
Troitskaya and Kutafya
towers.

Story

Trinity Tower was built in 1495-1499. italian
architect Aleviz Fryazin Milanese. The tower was called differently: the original name was Epiphany, then
Rizopolozhenskaya, Znamenskaya (in honor of the
Kremlin Cathedrals) and Karetnaya (in honor of Karetny Dvor). Its current
received the name in 1658 by decree of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich on
located next to the courtyard of the Trinity Monastery. In a two-story
the base of the tower in the XVI-XVII centuries housed a prison. From 1585 to
the tower had a chime, removed after a fire in 1812.
At the end of the 17th century, the tower received a multi-tiered hipped roof superstructure
with white stone decorations in gothic forms. In 1707, due to the threat of a Swedish invasion, the loopholes of the Trinity Tower were
extended for heavy cannons. In 1870, under the leadership
architect A.A. Martynov, the tower was adapted for
placement of the Archives of the Ministry of the Imperial Court, as a result
whereby many of the original details of its design have been lost. At the end
The 19th century restoration of the tower was carried out by the architect N.A.Shokhin.

There was an icon in the icon case over the Trinity Gate
Kazan Mother of God, damaged during the assault
the Kremlin by the Bolsheviks in 1917. The fate of the gate
icons in Soviet times are unknown. In the present
time is the place of the icon above the Trinity Gate with
the sides of the Alexander Garden take hours, and from
sides of the Kremlin - the same empty architectural
a niche resembling an icon case.
Until 1935, the top of the tower was crowned by the state
the coat of arms of Russia is a double-headed eagle. To the next
the date of the October Revolution, it was decided
remove the eagle and install on it and the rest of the main
travel towers of the Kremlin gilded
semi-precious stars. Double-headed eagle of Trinity
tower turned out to be the oldest - 1870
year of manufacture and prefabricated on bolts, so when
Troitskaya
dismantling it had to be dismantled at the top
and the Kutafya tower,
towers. In 1937, a faded semi-precious star
1883-1905 year
replaced with the modern ruby.

Kutafya Tower

Kutafya (Bridgehead) tower is the only one
the preserved diversion tower of the Moscow Kremlin. Located
opposite the Trinity Tower, in front of the Trinity Bridge.
The tower was built in 1516 under
the leadership of the Milan architect Aleviz
Fryazina. Low, surrounded by a moat and
the Neglinnaya river, with the only gates,
which in moments of danger were tightly closed
the lifting part of the bridge, the tower was formidable
an obstacle for those who besieged the fortress. She
had loopholes of the plantar battle and mashikuli.
In the old days, Kutafya, like other Kremlin towers, ended
with two-horned teeth and a hip-roofed roof. In 1685 she was crowned
an openwork "crown" - a parapet with white stone details. In the 18th century
the vault covering the tower was dismantled.

In the 16th-17th centuries, the water level in the Neglinnaya River
was raised high by dams, so that the water
surrounded the tower on all sides. Enter the tower
from the side of the city it was possible only along an inclined
bridge. Currently the lower part of the tower
backfilled: its initial height above the level
land was equal to 18 meters; now - 13.5 meters.
There are two common versions
the origin of the name "Kutafya": from the word
"Kut" - shelter, corner, or from the word "kutafya",
denoting a plump, clumsy woman.
However, the first seems to be very dubious,
since the word "kut" would form the name
"Kutovaya", not "Kutafya".
In 2011, construction began on the sides of the tower
modern pavilions, which, for fears
specialists in the preservation of cultural heritage,
distort the historical appearance of the monument.
The appearance of the tower before
restructuring in 2012
year

Corner Arsenal Tower

Corner Arsenal Tower (Sobakin) - the most powerful
tower of the Moscow Kremlin. She was completing defense
line from the side of Red Square and controlled
crossing the Neglinnaya river to Torg.
Built in 1492 by the Italian architect Pietro
Antonio Solari (circa 1450-1493). From the moment
buildings for a long time tower
was called Sobakina in the courtyard nearby
the boyars of the Sobakins; received its modern name after
the construction of the Arsenal building in the 18th century.
Originally Sobakin Tower was the tallest
the tower of the Kremlin. In the past, she has performed not only
defense functions. A well was dug in the tower,
which in the event of a siege could be used by the garrison
fortress. From the Corner Arsenal Tower came a secret
passage to the Neglinnaya river, and its sixteen-sided volume
Corner
had seven rows of loopholes; the passage and loopholes were laid,
Arsenal tower
probably in the 1670s-1680s with the device
expanding plinth, attached
in a semicircle to the original wall.

In 1672-1686 they erected over the tower
octagonal tent on a stepped base,
which ended in an openwork octal with
tent and weather vane. In 1707, Peter I during
preparation of Moscow for defense from the Swedes gave
order to crush the remaining five
tiers of tower loopholes for installation
artillery. In 1812, when the French
troops of the Arsenal within the walls of the tower formed
cracks and the watchtower collapsed. Soon the tower
has been restored to its previous forms
architect O. I. Bove. In 1894 there was
the tower was repaired, the interiors were redesigned and
its adaptation to accommodate the Moscow
provincial archive. In the 1948-1950s during
the tower's restorations were restored in
original forms located in six
embrasure levels.

Medium Arsenal Tower

Medium Arsenal Tower (formerly Faceted) -
the tower of the Moscow Kremlin, located on the northwestern side of the Kremlin wall, stretching
along the Alexander Garden. The tower was built in
1493-1495 on the site of the corner tower
the time of Dmitry Donskoy. In the XV-XVI centuries about
the towers on the Neglinnaya River were dams. In the 1680s
she got the completion - open four with
tetrahedral tent, finished through
watchtower with a tent.
The tower got its current name when
the construction of the Arsenal building at the beginning of the 18th century.
Previously, it was called Faceted - from the dismembered
on the verge of the facade. In 1821, when broken down
Alexander Garden at the foot of the tower
Average
The amusement grotto was built to the project of O. I. Bove. Arsenalnaya
tower

Nikolskaya tower

Nikolskaya Tower - one of the towers of the Moscow
Kremlin overlooking Red Square. In the tower
the Nikolskie gates of the Kremlin are located. Until the end of XV
century, that is, before the creation of Red Square, from
Nikolsky Gate began Nikolskaya Street.
Tower height: up to the star - 67.1 m, with a star -
70.4 m.
Built in 1491 according to the design of the Italian
architect Pietro Antonio Solari. Most
it is likely that the tower got its name from the icon
St. Nicholas the Wonderworker, located on
east facade. A number of researchers believe that
the tower was named after the monastery of St. Nicholas the Old,
located nearby on the ancient Nikolskaya
street.
Nikolskaya
tower

In the fire of 1737, the Nikolskaya Tower burned down and after restoration
under the leadership of I.F. Michurin acquired baroque decor, as well as
the original design of the Arsenal. By 1780, the tower was
built by K. I. Blank with a round top with a low tent.
In 1805-1806 the tower was overhauled
architect A.I. Ruska, together with A.N.Bakarev: the former
the superstructure over the quadrangle was replaced by a Gothic octal top with a high white-stone tent and openwork
decorations. The Gothic look is the main distinguishing feature of Nikolskaya
towers from other Kremlin towers.
In 1612, it was through the gates of the Nikolskaya and Spasskaya towers that the people's
militia led by Prince Dmitry Pozharsky and Kuzma
Minin solemnly entered the Kremlin on November 1 (October 27 was
signed an agreement on the surrender of the Polish garrison). In ancient times, on
the tower housed a clock, the last mention of which refers to
1614 year.

1883 year

Nikolskaya
tower, October 11
1812
Nikolsky gate,
November 1917
1883 year

Senate tower

Senate Tower - one of the towers of the Moscow wall
The Kremlin. Located on the east side of the Kremlin
between the Spasskaya and Nikolskaya towers.
Built in 1491 by architect Pietro Antonio
Solari. The tower received its name after graduation
construction on the territory of the Kremlin
in 1787 the Senate Palace. Until that time
had no special name. In 1680, there was
built on a stone tent, ending
with a gold weather vane. The tower has three tiers inside
vaulted rooms. The height of the tower is 34 meters.
In 1918, a completed
sculptor S. T. Konenkov plaque
brotherhood of peoples ”. In the 1920s the board was removed and
moved to the Russian Museum. In 1924 in front of the tower
Lenin's Mausoleum was built on Red Square. IN
1948 a passage was made from the tower to the Mausoleum,
so that members of the CPSU Central Committee can go to the stands
directly from the Kremlin, bypassing Red Square.
Tower view from
Red Square

Spasskaya Tower

Spasskaya Tower (formerly Frolovskaya Tower) -
one of 20 towers overlooking Red Square
Moscow Kremlin. The tower houses
the main gate of the Kremlin - Spassky, in the tent of the tower
the famous chimes were installed.
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Story

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the tower
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Konstantino-Eleninskaya
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bridge

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