Presentation on the theme "Water extravaganza: fountains". Fountains of the world from antiquity to the present day Presentation on the theme of the fountain of hero
Grade 7 students completed
Mokaev Alim, Tumenov Amiran, Boziev Islam, Orakova Margarita
Purpose: consider the operation of the law of communicating vessels using the example of the operation of circulating fountains.
Tasks:
1. To study material about fountains: their types and principles of operation.
2. Design the layout of the circulation fountain
3. Create a collection of fountains in the city of Nalchik.
4. Analyze the information received and draw conclusions about the structure and operation of the fountains.
Methods:
Study of literary and other information sources, conducting experiments, analyzing information and results.
The urgency of the problem
The effect of water on a person can be called truly magical. The murmur of the fountain relieves stress, soothes and makes you forget about anxiety.
Now the ideas of art have received a new embodiment - combining the ideas of architects, artists and specialists in high-tech fields .
The device of the fountain is based on the principle of communicating vessels known to us from physics: In communicating vessels of any shape and cross-section, the surfaces of a homogeneous liquid are set at the same level .
Water is collected in a container located above the fountain basin. In this case, the water pressure at the outlet of the fountain will be equal to the difference in water heights H1. Accordingly, the greater the difference in these heights, the stronger the pressure and the higher the jet of the fountain beats. The diameter of the fountain outlet also affects the height of the fountain jet. The smaller it is, the higher the fountain beats.
Circulating fountain
In circulating fountains, water runs in a vicious circle. Their main tank is located at the bottom. The water from the tank rises up the hose using a pump. The hose goes inside and is not visible from the outside. Fountains based on the principle of circulation do not require water supply to them. It is enough to fill in the water once, and then top up as it evaporates.
Natural fountains
geysers, springs and
artesian waters
Artificial fountains:
street, landscape, interior
Fountain in the spa hotel
"Sindica"
Fountain in front of the State Cinema and Concert Hall
Fountain at the cinema
"East"
Fountain on the avenue Shogentsukova
Fountain on the square of the 400th anniversary of reunification with Russia
10 most amazing fountains in the world
Moonlight Rainbow Fountain (Seoul) - the longest fountain on the bridge
2. Fountain of King Fahd (Jeddah) -
highest
3. Fountain complex Dubai Fountain (Dubai) - the largest and most expensive
4. Crown Fountain (Chicago) -
the most international
5. Fountains of Peterhof (St. Petersburg) - the most luxurious
6. Fountain of Wealth (Singapore) - Feng Shui fountain
7. Bellagio Fountain (Las Vegas) - America's most famous dancing fountain
8. Soaring fountains (Osaka)
- the most airy
9. Mercury Fountain (Barcelona)
- the most poisonous
Experimental part of the work
Making a fountain is a problem, or a task that needs to be solved. Naturally, development problems arose immediately.
Hypothesis:
- Try to use the fact that in communicating vessels a homogeneous liquid is at the same level to make a fountain
- If the fountain works, find out if the height of the fountain depends on the diameter of the tube
Results of work:
We would like to present to your attention circulating fountains.
Conducted research: "Checking the dependence of the height of the column of the fountain on the diameter of the tube"
Output:
The height of the fountain depends on the diameter of the tube. The smaller the tube diameter, the higher the fountain column.
Findings:
1.All fountains use communicating vessels
2. In communicating vessels, a homogeneous liquid tends be on the same level
3. The fountain beats due to the difference in water heights in communicating vessels
4. The difference between fountains - in the way water is supplied to the main tank
Results:
- Piggy bank of the fountains of the city of Nalchik
2. DIY circulating fountains
Heron of Alexandria The author of works in which he systematically outlined the foundations of the achievement of the ancient world in the field of applied mechanics. In "Pneumatics" Heron described various mechanisms set in motion by heated or compressed air or steam: the so-called. eolipil, that is, a ball rotating under the action of steam, an automatic door opener, a fire pump, various siphons, a water organ, a mechanical puppet theater, etc. In "Mechanics" Heron described 5 simplest machines: a lever, a gate, a wedge , screw and block. Heron also knew the parallelogram of forces.
He created a vending machine for "sacred" water, which was the prototype of our automatic dispensers for liquids.
Heron's fountain consists of three vessels, placed one above the other and communicating with each other. The two lower vessels are closed, and the upper one has the shape of an open bowl into which water is poured. Also, water is poured into the middle vessel, which is later closed. Through a tube running from the bottom of the bowl almost to the bottom of the lower vessel, water flows down from the bowl and, compressing the air there, increases its elasticity. The lower vessel is communicated with the middle one by means of a tube through which the air pressure is transferred to the middle vessel. By producing pressure on the water, the air forces it to rise from the middle vessel through the tube to the upper bowl, where a fountain gushes from the end of this tube, which rises above the surface of the water. The fountain water falling into the bowl flows from it through a tube into the lower vessel, where the water level gradually rises and the water level in the middle vessel decreases. Soon the fountain stops working. To restart it, you just need to swap the lower and middle vessels. Heron's miraculous inventions. Fountain of Heron.
The most common method of illumination in ancient times was with oil lamps, in which an oil-soaked wick burned. The wick was a piece of rag and burned out pretty quickly, the oil also burned out. One of the main disadvantages of such lamps was the need to ensure that there was always enough wick above the surface of the oil, the level of which was constantly decreasing. While it was easy to keep track of it with one lamp, when there were several lamps, there was already a need for a servant who would regularly walk around the room and fix the wicks in the lamps. Heron invented the automatic oil lamp. Heron's oil lamp.
Self-propelled cabinet. For the first time in history, Geron developed a self-propelled mechanism. The mechanism was a wooden cabinet mounted on four wheels. The interior of the cabinet was hidden behind doors. The secret of movement was simple: a suspended plate was slowly lowered inside the cabinet, which set the entire structure in motion with the help of ropes and shafts. A supply of sand was used as a speed regulator, which was gradually poured from the top of the cabinet to the bottom. The speed of lowering the slab was regulated by the speed of pouring sand, which depended on how wide the doors were opening, separating the top of the cabinet from the bottom.
Automatic theater. Most of the drawings of Heron's mechanical dolls have not survived, but there are descriptions of them in various sources. It is known that Geron created a kind of puppet theater, which moved on wheels hidden from the audience and was a small architectural structure - four columns with a common base and architrave. The dolls on his stage, set in motion by a complex system of cords and gears, also hidden from the public eye, reproduced the ceremony of the festival in honor of Dionysus. As soon as such a theater went to the city square, a fire flashed on its stage above the figure of Dionysus, wine from a bowl poured onto the panther lying at the feet of the deity, and the retinue began to dance to the music. Then the music and dancing stopped, Dionysus turned in the other direction, the flame flared up in the second altar - and the whole action was repeated from the beginning. After such a performance, the dolls stopped and the performance ended. This action invariably aroused the interest of all residents, regardless of age. But street performances of another of Geron's puppet theaters were equally successful. This theater (pinaka) was very small in size, it was easily carried from place to place.It was a small column, at the top of which there was a model of the theater stage, hidden behind the doors. They opened and closed five times, dividing into acts the drama of the sad return of the victors of Troy. On a tiny stage, it was shown with exceptional skill how the warriors built and launched sailing ships, sailed on them on the stormy sea and died in the abyss under the flashing of lightning and peals of thunder. To simulate thunder, Heron created a special device in which balls fell out of the box, hitting the board.
Heron's Pump Heron's Pump. The pump consisted of two communicated piston cylinders equipped with valves, from which water was alternately displaced. The pump was driven by the muscular force of two people who took turns pressing the lever on the shoulders. It is known that pumps of this type were later used by the Romans to extinguish fires and were distinguished by high quality workmanship and surprisingly accurate fit of all parts. Pumps like them, up to the discovery of electricity, were often used, both for extinguishing fires, and in the fleet for pumping water from holds in case of an accident. As we can see, Geron developed three very interesting inventions: eolipil, piston pump and boiler. By assembling them, you could get a steam engine. Such a task, for sure, was within the power, if not of Heron himself, then of his followers. Even then, people knew how to create sealed containers, and, as can be seen from the example with a piston pump, they achieved significant success in the manufacture of mechanisms that require high precision manufacturing. The steam engine, of course, is not a jet engine, for the creation of which the knowledge of ancient scientists was clearly lacking, but it would also significantly accelerate the development of mankind.
An amazing creation of the ancient inventor Heron of Alexandria - the eternal fountain
Ancient Arabic manuscripts brought to us a story about the amazing creations of the ancient inventor Heron of Alexandria. One of them is a beautiful miracle bowl in the temple, from which a fountain gushed. There were no supply pipes anywhere, but inside there were no mechanisms
The claimed invention differs significantly from the toys of Viktor Zhigunov (Russia) and John Folkis (USA), patented during the Cold War. Who knows, since such great powers were interested in this invention, whether it is a perpetual motion machine or just one of the universal engines of the ancient Greek scientist Hero of Alexandria lost by mankind for 2000 years.
The purpose of the invention is to prove to the whole world that the Fountain of Heron is not a myth or a primitive design, but a real, practically possible design, which they have been trying to solve for 2000 years.
The claimed invention is intended to disclose the true design fountain of Heron, at the level of knowledge of ancient Greek scientists, which many scientists tried to reveal for 2000 years, to the present day, without visible mechanisms and supply pipes, which could create the effect of a perpetual motion machine.
Fountain of Heron consists of three glass vessels - outer 1, middle 2 and inner 3, but unlike the prototype of Viktor Zhigunov, placed one inside the other. The outer vessel 1 has the shape of an open bowl, into which water is poured, so that the water hides two vessels 2 and 3 - glued together, so that a vacuum 6 and thermal insulation between the water from the vessel 1 and the air in the vessel 3 are formed. is a working container. There are two holes in the vessel 3 - from the top, where the tube is tightly inserted, to the bottom of the vessel, and from the bottom, where the valve 5 is located. Water from the outer vessel 1, under atmospheric pressure, flows through the valve 5 into the inner vessel 3 and squeezes between the tube 4 and the outer walls of the vessel 3 air until the atmospheric pressure in the vessel 1 and the air pressure in the vessel 3. The sun's rays pass through vessels 1 and 2, forming a water magnifier (two glass lenses filled with water), are amplified through a vacuum 6 between the vessels 2 and 3, the walls of the vessel 3 and the air in the vessel 3. The air in the vessel 3 expands and pushes the water out of the vessel 3 through the tube 4, forming a fountain. The water level in vessel 1 rises and, accordingly
the atmospheric pressure of the water in the vessel 1 rises, thus, as soon as the equality of the atmospheric pressure in the vessel 1 and the air pressure in the vessel 3 is violated, the water flows through the valve 5 into the bowl 3, cools and compresses the air in the vessel 3, the process is repeated. Thus, in this invention, the energy of the sun's rays is converted into the movement of water. The fountain works every day, without visible mechanisms and
supply pipes.
The advantage is that the vessels do not need to be rearranged or inverted. The fountain works every day without visible mechanisms and supply pipes, and in any place where the sun's rays fall.
Through a glass vessel 1 filled with water, it is difficult to see the inner glass vessels and the effect of a perpetual motion machine is created, which no scientist could repeat for 2000 years.
Objectives:
developing
- development of students' creative abilities (imagination, observation, memory, thinking); development of the ability to establish interdisciplinary connections (physics, history, MHC, geography); development of fine motor skills when designing models;
- repeat the basic properties of communicating vessels; determine the reason for the installation at the same level of a homogeneous liquid in communicating vessels of any shape; indicate the practical application of communicating vessels; disassemble the principle of operation of the fountain of Heron
- learn to see beauty in the world around you; to form a sense of responsibility for the assigned work; fostering the ability to listen and hear; to raise the general intellectual level; promote interest in physics
- Video presentation of fountains
- Introduction
They say there are three things that you can look at endlessly - fire, stars and water. The contemplation of water - whether it be the mysterious depth of a flat surface, or transparent streams, flowing and rushing somewhere, as if alive - is not only pleasant for the soul and beneficial to health. There is something primitive in this, which is why a person always strives for water. It is not in vain that children can play for hours even in an ordinary rain puddle. Why are the fountains so drawn to themselves? So magically mesmerizing? Maybe because in the rustle, rustle, noise of their pouring streams, you can hear the laughter of a mermaid, the stern cry of the water king or the splash of a goldfish? Or because the beating foam streams awaken in us the same joy and delight as springs, streams and waterfalls. The air near the reservoir is always clean, fresh and cool. And it is not in vain that they say that water - "cleans", "washes", not only the body, but also the soul.
Probably, everyone noticed how much easier it is to breathe near the water, how fatigue and irritation disappear, how invigorating and at the same time pacifying being near the sea, river, lake or pond. Already in ancient times, people thought about how to create artificial reservoirs, they were especially interested in the riddle of running water.
- The history of the development of fountains
The first fountains appeared in ancient Greece. They had a very simple structure, and did not at all look like the magnificent fountains of our time. Their appointment was purely practical. To supply cities and towns with water. Gradually, the Greeks began to decorate their fountains. They covered them with tiles, built statues, achieved high jets. Fountains have become an attribute of almost every city. Lined with marble, with a mosaic bottom, they were combined with a water clock, then with a water organ, then with a puppet theater, where the figures moved under the influence of jets. Historians describe fountains with mechanical birds that sang merrily and fell silent when an owl suddenly appeared.
Following the ancient Greeks, fountains began to be built in Rome. The word fountain itself has Roman roots. The Romans significantly improved the arrangement of fountains. For fountains, the Romans made pipes from baked clay or lead. During the heyday of Rome, the fountain became an obligatory attribute of all wealthy houses. The bottom and walls of the fountains were decorated with tiles. Jets of water gushed from the mouths of beautiful fish or exotic animals.
The development of fountains was facilitated by the invention of the law of communicating vessels by the ancient Greek mechanics, using which patricians arranged fountains in the courtyards of their houses. The decorative fountains of the ancients can be safely called the prototype of modern fountains.
After the fall of the ancient world, the fountain again turns into only a source of water. The revival of fountains as an art begins only during the Renaissance. Fountains become part of the architectural ensemble, its key element.
The most famous are the fountains of Versailles in France and Peterhof in Russia.
Modern fountains are beautiful not only during the day, when they shine and sparkle in the sun, but also in the evening, when they turn into a color-musical water fireworks. Invisible lamps immersed in the water make its jets either soft lilac, then bright orange, almost fiery, or sky blue. Multi-colored jets beat and emit sounds that merge into a melody ...
F.I. Tyutchev.
FOUNTAIN
Look like a living cloud
The shining fountain swirls;
How it flames, how it crushes
Its damp smoke in the sun.
Raising a beam to the sky, he
He touched the cherished height -
And again with fire-colored dust
Condemned to sink to the ground.
A water cannon about mortal thought,
O inexhaustible water cannon!
What an incomprehensible law
Does it strive for you, does it bother you?
How eagerly you rush to the sky !.
But the hand is invisibly fatal
Your stubborn ray, refracting
Drops in a spray from a height.
- How the fountain works
The tube and funnel experience
QUESTIONS for children (assignments)
Task 1. Historical. The inhabitants of modern Rome still use the remains of the aqueduct built by their ancestors. But the Roman aqueduct was not laid in the ground, but above it, on high stone pillars. Engineers feared that in reservoirs connected by a very long pipe (or gutter), the water would not settle at the same level, that, following the slopes of the soil, in some areas the water would not flow upward. Therefore, they usually gave the water supply a uniform downward slope along the entire path (this often required either leading the water around or erecting high strong supports). One of the Roman pipes is 100 km long, while the straight distance between its ends is half that.
? Were the engineers of ancient Rome right? If not, what is their mistake?
Task 2. Construction. You have a ruler and fluid-filled communicating vessels at your disposal.
? How to draw a strictly horizontal line on the board with their help? Demonstrate this. Think about where in practice you might encounter such a problem.
Fountain in thin air experience
Fountain of Heron
One of the devices described by the ancient Greek scientist Heron of Alexandria was the magic fountain of Heron. The main miracle of this fountain was that the water from the fountain gushed by itself, without using any external source of water. The principle of operation of the fountain is clearly visible in the figure. Let's take a closer look at how Heron's fountain worked.
Geronov's fountain consists of an open bowl and two sealed vessels located under the bowl. From the upper bowl to the lower container, there is a completely sealed tube. If you pour water into the upper bowl, then the water begins to flow through the tube into the lower container, displacing air from there. Since the lower container itself is completely sealed, the air pushed out by the water, through a sealed tube, transfers air pressure to the middle bowl. The air pressure in the middle tank starts to push the water out and the fountain starts to work. If, to start work, it was required to pour water into the upper bowl, then for the further operation of the fountain, water was already used that entered the bowl from the middle container. As you can see, the structure of the fountain is very simple, but this is only at first glance.
The rise of water into the upper bowl is carried out due to the pressure of water with a height of H1, while the water is raised by the fountain to a much greater height H2, which at first glance seems impossible. After all, this should require much more pressure. The fountain shouldn't be working. But the knowledge of the ancient Greeks turned out to be so high that they guessed to transfer the pressure of water from the lower vessel, to the middle vessel, not with water, but with air. Since the weight of air is much lower than the weight of water, the pressure loss in this area is very small, and the fountain hits from the bowl to the height H3. The height of the stream of the fountain H3, without taking into account the pressure losses in the pipes, will be equal to the height of the water head H1.
Thus, in order for the water of the fountain to be as high as possible, it is necessary to make the structure of the fountain as high as possible, thereby increasing the distance H1. In addition, you need to raise the middle vessel as high as possible. As for the law of physics on the conservation of energy, it is fully observed. Water from the middle vessel, under the influence of gravity, flows into the lower vessel. The fact that she makes this way through the upper bowl, and at the same time beats there with a fountain, does not in any way contradict the law on the conservation of energy. As you can imagine, the operating time of such fountains is not infinite; eventually, all the water from the middle vessel will flow into the lower one, and the fountain will stop working. On the example of the device of Heron's fountain, we see how high the knowledge of scientists of ancient Greece was
- Fountains of Peterhof
In the east there are the Monplaisir palace, the Chess Mountain cascade and the Roman fountains, the Pyramid and the Sun fountains, and the cracker fountains. In the western part there are the Hermitage pavilion and the Marly palace, the Golden Mountain cascade, Manager fountains and Kloshi. It was not by chance that Peter chose this place for the construction of Peterhof. Examining the area, he discovered several bodies of water, fed by springs gushing from the ground. During the summer of 1721, sluices and a canal were built, along which water flowed by gravity from the reservoirs from the Ropsha heights to the storage pools of the Upper Garden, and here only small jets-fountains could be arranged. A different matter is the Lower Park, which spreads out at the foot of the terrace. Water from a 16-meter height through pipes from the pools of the Upper Garden, according to the principle of communicating vessels, rushes down with force to soar in many high jets in the fountains of the park. In total, there are 4 cascades and 191 fountains (including cascade water cannons) in the Lower Park and Upper Garden.
The principles of water supply found by Peter the Great are still valid today, testifying to the talent of the founder of Peterhof.
During the Great Patriotic War, the fascist invaders completely destroyed the fountain system of Petrodvorets. They removed and removed sculptures, including the famous sculpture "Samson", which was cut into pieces and also sent to Germany; Fortunately, a significant portion of the sculptures and other works of art were evacuated in a timely manner.
The Soviet Army, which liberated Petrodvorets, found only ruins there; the fountain system was destroyed by 80 percent. Currently, as a result of extensive restoration work, the main fountains of Petrodvorets have been restored.
- Fountains in literature
Fountains have long attracted artists and poets. Many poems have been written about these magical streams of water. One of the famous poems is the poem by A.S. Pushkin's "Fountain of Bakhchisarai" (excerpt)
The fountain of love, the fountain is alive!
I brought you two roses as a gift.
I love your incessant talk
And poetic tears.
Your silver dust
It sprinkles me with cold dew:
Oh, layya, layya, a joyful key!
Murmur, murmur your truth to me ...
Our guys were also invited to try themselves in the role of poets. Let's hear what came of it.
Poems of the guys
- Conclusion
etc.................
